Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy Causes in Tess of D’Urbervilles《徳伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧分析英语专业毕业论文.doc

Analysis of Tesss Tragedy Causes in Tess of DUrbervilles徳伯家的苔丝中苔丝的悲剧分析英语专业毕业论文 Foreign Language DepartmentGraduation ThesisAnalysis of Tesss Tragedy Causes in Tess of DUrbervillesName Han XX Class X-X Major English Advisor XXXXXXX Time May 15th 72013 黑龙江财经学院毕业论文设计任务书系别 外 语 系 专业 英 语 班级 X级英本X 学生姓名 韩X 2012年11月8日说 明1本任务书为我院各专业下达毕业论文设计任务之用2本任务书由指导教师填写并签字系主任批准签字批准后由系部统一保存3本任务书中阶段检查必须按时进行填写以保证毕业论文设计按时如期完成4毕业答辩完成后本任务书与毕业论文设计一起装入学生毕业论文设计资料袋由系部统一保存教务处二00七年十一月毕业论文设计任务书姓名韩X系别外语系专业英语班级X级英本X毕业论文设计题目Analysis of Tesss Tragedy Causes in Tess of DUrbervilles徳伯家的苔丝中苔丝的悲剧分析毕业论文设计目的意义徳伯家的苔丝作者通过讲述美丽纯洁善良的女孩苔丝悲剧的一生表达了对英国下层阶级特别是农村妇女在道义上的深切同情善良的苔丝的人生之路充满了崎岖与坎坷但是苔丝已经开始觉醒并萌生了反抗的意识争取自身独立在资本主义社会堕落腐化的文化氛围中分离保持纯洁的本性最终却被淹没在恶劣的社会环境中以悲剧形式结束了年轻的生命作者在小说的副标题中称女主人公为一个纯洁的女人公开地向虚伪的社会道德挑战毕业论文设计评语及成绩一指导教师评语 指导教师签字 20 年 月 日二评阅人评语 评阅人签字 20 年 月 日三答辩委员会评语四毕业论文设计成绩 学生所在系盖章 201 年 月 日五答辩委员会主任单位 答辩委员会主任职称 答辩委员会主任签字 201 年 月 日托马斯哈代曾一度被评论家誉为英国小说中的莎士比亚他用史诗般的文字描绘了贫穷的农家女子苔丝短促而不幸的一生苔丝是一个贫穷农民的女儿她的父亲获悉自己本是骑士世家徳伯家的嫡系子孙于是便派苔丝去附近一个富户徳伯家认本家从而遭遇到亚力克的引诱而失身苔丝回家后生下一个孩子不久后夭折在农场做工的时候他遇到了安吉尔一个牧师的儿子两个人很快坠入爱河并且订了婚新婚之夜苔丝向安吉尔坦白了自己的遭遇可是安吉尔却未能原谅她反而离开了她后来贫穷再一次迫使苔丝回到亚力克身边于是悲剧发生了苔丝的悲剧不仅是社会的悲剧同时也是性格的悲剧她的悲剧不仅是客观的更是主观的苔丝是资产阶级社会和资本主义入侵农村的受害者导致主人公苔丝悲惨命运的原因是多方面的如家庭社会宗教不公平的法律传统的伦理道德及自身弱点关键词 徳伯家的苔丝悲剧原因性格AbstractThomas Hardy was once called Shakespeare in British novel He described poor Tess short and unfortunate life in an epic way Tess a daughter of villager who discovered that he was the descendant of an ancient family DUrbervilles was persuaded by her parents to claim kindred with a more prosperous DUrbervilles and was seduced by the master Alec Then she had to return home in disgrace After back home she delieved a child who died soon after born Then she meets Angel Clare son of a clergyman and she falls in love with him and married him On their wedding night Tess and Angel tell each other about their own past Angel who gets the hypocritical morality deserts her seduction by Alec then poverty makes her come back to Alec again and the tragedy happens The tragedy of Tess is an individual one as well as a social one Tess is the victim of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the English peasantryKey Words Tess of DUrbervilles tragedy cause characterContents摘要iAbstractiiContentsiii1 Introduction12 Analysis of the Character Causes of Tesss Tragedy321 Analysis of Self-factor in Tesss Tragedy3com Analysis of Tesss Family4com Analysis of Tesss Resistance7com Analysis of Tesss Compromise722 Analysis of Alec and Clares Character Causes of Tesss Tragedy8com Analysis of Alecs Character8com Analysis of Clares Character93Analysis of the Social and Environmental Causes in Tesss Tragedy1131 Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal System1132 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers1133 The Male Factor in Tesss Tragedy124Conclusion14References15Acknowledgements161 IntroductionTess of the DUrbervilles the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy 1840-1928 describes the misfortunate life of a poor peasant girl TessHardy is famous for novels of character and environment His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland this natural environment formed the main environment in the Hardys writes His father was a stonecutter but like music His parents paid more attention on Hardys education In his childhood he received the education for theology but when he grew up he turned to learn the literature Hardy left school became an architect apprentice in 1856 And then he went to London and became a post of the building draftsman in 1862 also in this time he took advanced courses for language in London University and began literature creation His literature career began with poetry His first long novel was published in 1871 the celebrated work was his fourth novel Farm from Madding Crowd in the 1874 From then on and he dropped construction industry and devoted to the novel creation From the late nineteen century Thomas Hardy and his works have always been the important topics of the criticism for a long time After the Second World War with the development of modern literary criticism different critics interpret Tess of the DUrbervilles and Thomas Hardys other novels from various perspectives For instance Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardys intentions in writing Tess According to his views Tess of the DUrbervilles is a contribution to Hardys war against mans inhumanity While Amold Kettle takes a different point of view For him the subject of Tess of the DUrbervilles is not the tragedy of a pure woman but rather the destruction of the English peasantry Mr Kettle considers it as a complete as a social novel Tess of DUrbervilles describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace Tess was a poor peasant girl At the beginning of the works we know Tess replaces her father to take the load of beehives herself to the retailers in Casterbridge for the Saturday market On the way a mail cart runs into her wagon and kills the horse The encounter gets her family into the trap For the benefit to her family Tess tries to struggle with the bitter fate Feeling guilty of indulgence in the outside pleasure without helping her mother After May-Day dance Tess hurries home to deal with the homework Though Tess does things for her family and makes sacrifices She still cant escape the tie of fate Sent by her mother to claim kindred with a more prosperous branch of the DUrbervilles family she was seduced by the young master of the house Alec and had to return home in disgrace After giving birth to a child who died in infancy she went to work as wage-laborer at a daisy farm Talbothays There she met Angel Clare a son of clergyman and he felled in love with her and married herOn the wedding night Tess and Clare told each other about their pasts and Clare after hearing Tesss confession left her abruptly for Brazil Poverty forced Tess to seek for work for a long time at a capitalist farm at Flint comb-Ash where she was insulted and oppressed by the master Then the news of her fathers death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage drive her to seek for assistance from Alec and the latter now a preacher soon resumes his former illicit relation with her In the end when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her Tess was bitterly unhappy She hated Alec because one again he had been the cause of her husbands reputation of her Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead in addition Alec said many bad words to satirize her She stabbed him as he slept Then she ran out of the houses and followed Angel They had a few happy days together Living with the husband she truly loved she was ready for her punishmentIn this novel we can see that Tess resisted her unjust fate again and again yet still to be destroyed We cannot help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of the Victoria times such a beautiful noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin What leads to her tragic destiny What killed her In the paper I try to show the various causes of Tesss tragedy on the base of some early researches and to prove the inevitability of Tesss tragedy2 Analysis of the Character Causes of Tesss TragedyThis story describes the miserable experience of a rural girl But too unfortunate to overthrow this girl who calls Tess she relies on her own hands to work moving people with her own sincerity She is a pure woman Finally she winds up with the tragedy which is why people often discuss her as the source of the tragedy She was fighting against the society the hypocritical religion She has shown in front of common people her own practical action that she is insulted which indicates a resisting powerful womans images 21 Analysis of Self-factor in Tesss TragedyTesss tragedy not only results from the external causes but also from the internal ones And only through the internal causes the external causes become operative The tragedy that results from the conflict between man and herself is the tragedy of character Tesss tragedy is the tragedy of character On one hand Tess struggles bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality She desires for happiness and true love On the other hand she cannot completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day which makes her believe that she has to pay for what she has sinned She yields to the arrangement of the fate Ackerman 1996 49 The latter is the weakness in her characterWhen Tess falls in love with angel Clare she still cannot get rid of her sense of guilt Her love for him acts to blot out the memories of the past in her but she is always aware that her forgetfulness is only temporary that the doubts fears and shame were only waiting like wolves just outside the light One night when the two of them were sitting indoor she suddenly exclaims that she is not worthy of him Hardy 1993 189 After their wedding ceremony Tess is sad by the time they come back to the farm She is tortured by guilt She asks herself if she has any right to be Mrs Angel Clare Tesss deep sense of guilt makes her submit to Angels maltreatment without resistance thinking she deserves it Undoubtedly this kind of character helps to make external causes operative Xu 2007 80 This is the first point about her character The second is her purity which can be reflected in two aspectsFirst there is not any trace of vanity in her behavior Although her parents are benighted and her family is poor Tess still keeps the working peoples virtue She detects her parent commonplace words and deeds despises noble origin and considers herself the daughter of villager she saysPooh-I have much of mother as father in All my prettiness comes and I was only a dairymaid Chapter 103 The second aspect is Tesss honesty Although she is seduced by Alec she is not willing to become his plaything and leaves him resolutely When Alec lures her with money Tess is describe like thatHer lips lifted slightly though there was little scorn as a rule in her large and impulsive nature I have said I will not take anything more from you and I will not-I can not I should be your creature to go on doing that and I wont chapter12 78 Although in the bourgeois society the moral standard for man and woman is very different Tesss faithful love to Angel and her honesty still make her confess her relation with Alec to AngelTess say it is not true No it is not trueIts trueEvery word Every word chapter36 239 In the novel Tess is portrayed as a brave girl hard working and sweet- natured and innocent yet she is free from the influence of social conventions and moral standards of the day Her purity obviously is not welcomed by the bourgeois societycom Analysis of Tesss FamilyTess is the daughter of a very poor villager Her parents are very benighted When her father finds he is the descendent of an ancient aristocratic family DUrbervilles he is immensely proud of himself although there is nothing valuable left in his hand He even goes to hotel and drinks very much until Tess and her mother come to look for him When Tess and her mother support his arms to go back home there is such descriptionOn reaching the fresh air he was sufficiently unsteady to incline the row if three at one moment as if they were marching to London and at another as if they were marching to Bath-with produced a comical effect frequent enough in families on nocturnal home goings and like most comical effects not quite so comic after all The two women valiantly disguised there forced excursions and countermarches as well as they could from themselves and so they approached by degrees their own door the head of the family bursting suddenly into his former refrain as he drew near as if to fortify his soul at sight of the smallness of his present residence Liu 2007 103 Ive got a family vault at Kings beer chapter423 Hush-dont be so silly Jack Said his wife Yours is not the only family that was of count in world days Look at the Anktells and Horseys and the Thringhams themselves gone to seed almost as much as you-though you was bigger folks than they thats true Thank God I was never of no family and have nothing to be ashamed of in that wayDont you be so sure of that From your father tis my belief youve disgraced yourselves more than any of us and week kings and queens outright at one timeTess turned the subject by saying what was far more prominent in her own mind at the moment than thoughts of her ancestry-Im afraid father wont be able to take the journey with the beehives tomorrow so earlyI I shall be all right in an hour or two said Durbeyfield chapter4 24 From their conversation and the description of Durbeyfields drunkenness we can see the foolishness of Tesss parents and of course which is mainly caused by poverty The author Hardy takes some very humorous words to describe their bitterness caused by povertyAll these young souls were passengers in the Durbeyfield ship-entirely dependent on the judgment of the Durbeyfield adults for their pleasures their necessities their health their existence If the heads of the Durbeyfields household chose to sail into difficulty disaster starvation disease degradation death thither were these half dozen little captives under hatches compelled to sail with them-six helpless creatures who had never been asked if they wished for life on any terms much less if they wished for it on such hard conditions as were involved being of the shiftless house of Durbeyfield Chapter3 18 Under the great poverty Tesss parents become more and more apathetic and vulgar When they have a more prosperous relative what they have in mind is to ask Tess to claim kindred with Alec Tess isnt willing to go but she has no idea about her familys poverty On the day when she is going to visit Alec theres such a conversation in her familyHer mother expostulated You will never set out to see your folks without dressing up more than dand that chapter744 But I am going to work said TessWell yes said Mrs Durbeyfield and in a private tone at first there mid be a little pretence but I think it will be wiser ofee to put your best side outward she addedVery well I suppose you know best replied Tess with calm abandonmentAnd to please her parents the girl put herself quite in Joan hands saying serenely Do what you like with me mother chapter7 44 Along these lines we can see a very apathetic father and a vulgar mother and also a pure girl who is weak and incompetent Why Tesss family but also in many families especially peasants Her family started early in the story broken broken up by six or seven years ago As writers and issued by emotion in the book as Normans blood not Victoria-dynastys wealth as an aid and what of it dignitaries of origin did not bring any benefits to Tess her tragedy is Thus began They are farmers and the general difficulties of life Bitter Her father is a lazy hearts softened and he not only own ignoring the others and too alcoholic Her mother is just a superficial of the laity not so much a mother as she said she is a bog boy However the parents of these two incompetent but has seven children Therefore the heavy burden of the family will keep pressure on the shoulders of Tess Tess is so in love with her sisters and brothers that she could not bear to see them live in destitution among As a result her has been decided that-sooner or later tragedy but it may be in a different way In order to show off their so-called elite status and to meet the humble vanity delusion by Tesss parents claiming kin marriage approach to enhance their own status Although Tess hate the hypocrisy of their parents despised noble origin insisting that they are women and farmers She is to live on their own work but she is the boss at home Her parents can make a heavy family burden without premature drop on shoulder Tess reluctantly ordered the mother to comply with the counterfeit money to defect to his family Vices of the victim and the ritual became a sinner Later she uprooted from their homes for their families everywhere scoop Park suffered a lot when in the dead end Or for the family go back to Alec side com Analysis of Tesss ResistanceTreat with the bad young man Alec Tess revolts constantly Although she became a disgrace woman she always holds an inviolable attitude to Alec She dropped originally may enjoy easy and comfortable life fostered the child lonely Periphery discriminates the judgment has not certainly frightened her she silently endured the unfair in the life Although life gave her only attack and disaster she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life The second time Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time Faced every enticement of Alec she basic remains unmoved Tess was not willing to compromiseHowever disaster arrived Tesss father died and her family was expelled from the village Tess entrusted the body once again to Alec in order to get her mother and little brother and sisters a place to live but anti-makes in light of this had not ended submits is only temporary In the end when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her Tess was bitterly unhappy She now hated Alec