从文化差异的角度看中国学生二语习得过程中中式英语和中国英语的产生.doc

从文化差异的角度看中国学生二语习得过程中中式英语和中国英语的产生xihua universitymaster degree dissertationon the formation of chinglish and chinaenglish in the process ofchinese studentssla-from the perspective of cultural differencescandidate : shi yuanpengmajor: foreign linguistics and applied linguisticsstudent id: 212010050211010supervisor: pro. zhang zhihuaapril，20132西华大学硕士学位论文西华大学学位论文独创性声明作者郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用内容和致谢的地方外，本论文不包含其他个人或集体已经发表的研究成果，也不包含其他已申请学位或其他用途使用过的成果。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的贡献均已在论文中做了明确的说明并表示了谢意。若有不实之处，本人愿意承担相关法律责任。学位论文作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期:西华大学学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权属于西华大学，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅，西华大学可以将本论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复印手段保存和汇编本学位论文。(保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定)学位论文作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期:西华大学硕士学位论文摘要随着英语在中国的广泛使用与普及，出现了两种具有争议的语言现象，一是英语本土化形式 “中国英语”，还有另一形式 中国式英语，也称为“中式英语”。一直以来，国内外对“中式英语”的研究仅散见于各类期刊，关于此二者的研究各有偏重，并没有对其进行较为深刻的对比性的系统研究。鉴于此，本文旨在二语习得相关理论基础上，从中西文化差异对语言造成影响的角度，佐以大量从日常对话，报刊文献，电视节目中收集的例子加以比较和说明，来理解分析“中式英语”与“中国英语”的现象与特征，形成和发展的原因。通过对比和分析，可以得出结论：中式英语是中国的英语学习和使用者由于受母语干扰和自身英语学习水平低下的影响，硬套汉语规则和习惯，在英语交际中出现的不合规范英语或不合英语文化习惯的畸形英语。英语学习者需要尽力去避免使用中式英语。而中国英语作为英语在中国本土化的成果，它是以标准英语的相关规则为基础的。它在我国向世界传递本国文化的过程中发挥着重要的作用。对于中国英语，英语学习者应该促进其发展。正因为此二种语言现象存在如此巨大差异，所以对待它们要有不同的态度。“中式英语”的使用需要减少或根除，与之相反，“中国英语”需要被大为推广普及，以此奠定中国英语的地位，促进更流畅的国际文化交流。本文中提到中式英语和中国英语存在的合理性，学习者及教学者需要以正确的心态来对待英语学习过程中出现的这些现象。除此之外，本文还提出了一些在教学中有可行性的方法来防止“中式英语”的形成以及促成“中国英语”的推广。希望此论文能为英语学习者和研究者了解“中式英语”与“中国英语”提供帮助，对英语教学有所启示，最重要的是，能为中西文化的交流贡献一份力量。关键词：文化差异；二语习得；中式英语；中国英语i从文化差异的角度看中国学生二语习得过程中中式英语和中国英语的产生abstractwith the extensive use of english, there have been two disputed variants of english in ourcountry: 1) localized form-china english; 2) abnormal form-chinese english, also calledchinglish. the research of them has always been listed in many kinds of periodical, while theemphasis of these researches is different. moreover, there is no systematic contrast researchbetween these two phenomena.accordingly, this thesis will do a relatively systematic analysis and contrast of them. it ison the basis of some relative theories of second language acquisition. from the perspective ofcultural differences, and be in harmony with lots of examples found in daily conversation,magazines, tv programs, the author analyzes the features of chinglish, china english and thereasons of formation. at last, the author puts forward some strategies for dealing with thesephenomena.by contrast and analysis, there comes to a conclusion: chinglish is a kind of abnormalenglish that is formed under the influence of the language learners mother language and thelow level of english competence, the language learners should try their best to avoid usingchinglish. while china english is a kind of language which is formed as the result oflocalization of english in china, and it is based on standard english. china english plays itsrole in conveying the traditional culture of china to the outside world. thus, the languagelearners should promote the development of china english.its due to the great differences between these two languages, we learners should havedifferent attitude towards them. that is, chinglish “should be reduced and even eradicated;while china english should be promoted positively. only in this way, can we set up the statusof china english, and promote a more effective international communication.in this paper, the author mentions the rationality of the existence of chinglish and chinaenglish. both the language learners and teachers should treat them with a correct attitude.besides, the author also puts forward some feasible strategies to avoid the formation of“chinglish”and those to promote “china english”.with the help of this paper, the author hopes to provide the assist to the learners andteachers for comprehending “chinglish”and “china english”. the most important thing is todo a favor for international cultural communication.key words: cultural differences; second language acquisition; chinglish; china englishii西华大学硕士学位论文目录摘要 . iabstract . ii目录 .iiicontents.v第一章 导言 .11.1 中式英语和中国英语的定义 .11.1.1 中式英语的定义.11.1.2 中国英语的定义.21.2 将要研究的问题和目前存在的问题 .51.3 研究目的和意义 .51.4 结构介绍 .6第二章 文献回顾 .72.1 国外相关研究 .72.2 国内相关研究 .8第三章 相关理论框架 .103.1 二语习得 .103.1.1 中介语.103.1.2 语言迁移.113.1.3 固化和石化.143.2 中国传统文化的语言观 .16第四章 中式英语和中国英语特征 .184.1 中式英语特征 .184.1.1 词汇层面.184.1.2 句法层面.214.2 中国英语特征 .23iii从文化差异的角度看中国学生二语习得过程中中式英语和中国英语的产生4.2.1 词汇层面.234.2.2 句法层面.24第五章 中式英语和中国英语的形成原因 .255.1 词汇层面 .255.1.1 相同词汇的不同内涵意义.255.1.2 不同的语法表现形式.265.1.3 语义缺失.285.2 句法层面 .295.3 篇章层面 .315.4 中国文化层面 .325.4.1 哲学观念.325.4.2 机器辅助翻译.34第六章二语习得过程中对中式英语和中国英语的解决策略 .386.1 克服母语负迁移 .386.1.1 掌握不同的语法规则.386.1.2 增加文化背景输入.396.2 克服固化 .406.2.1 提前进行二语学习.406.2.2. 创造英语使用氛围.416.2.3. 确立积极二语学习态度.426.3 克服对机器辅助翻译的依赖 .43第七章 结论 .44参考文献 .46攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文及学术成果 .49致谢 .50iv西华大学硕士学位论文contents摘要 .iabstract .i目录 . iiicontents . vchapter one introduction .11.1 definition of chinglish and china english .11.1.1definition of chinglish.11.1.2 definition of china english.21.2 problem to be studied or existing problem .51.3 purpose and significance of the study.61.4 the structure and brief introduction of each chapter .6chapter two literature review .72.1 related studies abroad .72.2 related studies at home .8chapter three related theoretical framework.103.1 second language acquisition .103.1.1 interlanguage .103.1.2 language transfer .113.1.3 stabilization and fossilization.143.2 chinese traditional philosophical view on language .16chapter four features of chinglish and china english .184.1 features of chinglish .184.1.1 at the lexical level.184.1.2 at the syntactic level .214.2 features of china english.23v从文化差异的角度看中国学生二语习得过程中中式英语和中国英语的产生4.2.1at the lexical level.234.2.2 at the syntactic level .24chapter five reasons of the formation of chinglish and china english .255.1at the lexical level .255.1.1 different connotation of same words .255.1.2 different grammatical forms .265.1.3semantic zero .285.2 at the syntactic level .295.3 at the context level .315.4 from the perspective of chinese culture.335.4.1 at philosophical level.335.4.2 machine-assisted translation .34chapter six strategies and methods for dealing with chinglish and china english insla.386.1 overcoming negative transfer of mother language.386.1.1 grasping the different grammatical rules .386.1.2 increasing the cultural introduction.396.2 overcoming stabilization .406.2.1getting l2 input in advance .416.2.2. creating an english-using atmosphere.416.2.3. establishing positive attitude towards l2 learning .426.3 overcoming the machine-assisted learning only .43chapter seven conclusion.44bibliography .46攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文及学术成果 .49acknowledgements.50vi西华大学硕士学位论文chapter one introductionwith the economic globalization day by day, english has already been an internationallanguage. while the multifarious communications have made various english variations comeinto being in the world-wide locations within a long period of time. these kinds of englisheswhich are with local characteristics play a more and more important role in the internationalcommunication. thus, “world englishes”come into being just under this circumstance. asthe second biggest country in world economic and trade, china has had more interactions andexchanges with the world day by day. accordingly, the variants of english have developedgreatly and fast in china. “china english and its variants”was first put forward by chineselinguist ge chuangui in 1980. after that, this phenomenon has attracted great attention ofspecialists and scholars in the field of foreign language research.1.1 definition of chinglish and china english1.1.1definition of chinglishgenerally speaking, chinglish, as a combination of “chinese”and “english”, is a kind ofenglish variant produced in the process of international communications between chineselanguage learners and english speakers. it is also usually called “chinese english”. both athome and abroad, many scholars and experts have paid attention to the existence of“chinglish” and have done lots of research on it. however, since it is unsystematic andunsteady, different linguists usually give different definitions and explanations on chinglish.wikipedia gives the definition of chinglish as follows: chinglish refers to spoken orwritten english language that is influenced by the chinese language. the term “chinglish”iscommonly applied to ungrammatical or nonsensical english in chinese contexts, and mayhave pejorative or deprecating connotations, reflecting the attitudes of those who apply thelabel. other terms used to describe the phenomenon include “chinese english”, “chinaenglish”, and “sinicized english”. the degree to which a chinese variety of english exists orcan be considered legitimate is disputed.at abroad, joan pinkham(2007), the author of the book “the translators guide tochinglish”pointed out that “of course, chinglish is a bind of misshapen mixed language that1从文化差异的角度看中国学生二语习得过程中中式英语和中国英语的产生is neither english nor chinese. maybe, it can be described as english with chinesecharacteristics”.the world well-known british linguist and educator l.g.alexander(1995) alsorepresented his opinion on chinglish “chinglish is a kind of english that can present chineseculture. as an english-speaking person, if i begin to learn chinese, i will never use chineselanguage like those chinese people do. i must speak english-chinese all the time.”in domestic, pro.deng yanchang(1989) has given a definition to chinglish in 1989 asfollows: chinglish is a kind of english language and expression which comes out under theinfluence of chinese. in fact, some english expressions are not just the translation of theircorresponding chinese sentences. chinglish is correct in grammar, but is inappropriate in itsvocabulary and phrase. although at most time, it can be understood during communication, itis unacceptable. “(deng, liu, 1989)in 1993, pro.li wenzhong (1993) put forward his viewpoint on chinglish: chinglish is akind of misshapen english, which doesnt conform to standard english. chinglish isproduced because chinese language learners use chinese language grammar rules in theirenglish communication.”besides, lin qiong gave a similar definition on chinglish in 2001.in 2003, li shaoming set another definition of it: chinglish is a kind of english which issimilar to chinese in pronunciation and structure. maybe it is formed because of the learnerslow level in english or their incorrect habits in writing or it may be formed due to theirthought mode and writing method.based on the definitions above, here comes a conclusion: chinglish is a failure intranslation and is unacceptable. it is influenced by the language learnersthinking mode andtheir mother tongue. it is unacceptable not only because it is wrong in the use of vocabularyand syntax, but also because it is incompetency in the communication.1.1.2 definition of china englishin respect of chinglish, “china english”, which is closely related to the former, alsoshould be discussed. scholars and specialists in our country offered their viewpoints of it oneafter another.pro. ge chuangui (1980) first mentioned the term “china english ”, which has becomeinfluential in the last twenty years. he thought that there were some special things to expresswhen. chinese people were speaking english. such as ham linyuan(翰林院)，four books(四书)，etc. china english refers to all the vocabularies which convey the meaning of special2西华大学硕士学位论文things in china.wang rongpei (1991:1-8) held on the point that china english exists objective. he alsodid some research on lexical borrowing from the perspective of synchronic.li wenzhong (1993:24) pointed out that china english is a kind of normative languagewhich shows the special things in chinese culture and conveys the unique meaning ofchinese culture to the outside world.jiang yajun (1995:51-53) thought that china english belongs to the family of worldenglish。 exactly speaking, it belongs to the extending field of kachru model.lin qiuyun (1998:17) put forward the idea that china english are those words which canshow our chinese feature.tao yuelian & gu minghua (2003:27) discussed the characteristics of chinese lexicalborrowing.zhang wenxia (2002:90-105), jiang yajun &du ruiqing (2003:27) analysed thefeatures of china english from the perspective of discourse and text respectively.jin huikang (2004:5) explained china english from its narrow sense and broad sense.narrowly speaking, china english refers to those whose meanings and components areextending during the process of describing chinese civilization, society and language, etc. healso distinguished china english with chinglish. the former was normative, while the latterwas a transitional language as a result of mother language negative transfer and englishdiscrepancy.as a matter of fact, they are not quite distinct from each other. with the development oflanguage use, some chinglish can be transformed into china english. they can be regardedas a continuum.in a broad sense, yang narang and yan hong(2002) said that china english is theenglish used in china (including mainland china, the hong kong special administrativeregion, macao special administrative region, and taiwan) by the chinese people. chinaenglish includes both the essential part of english and the other part that is featured withchinese characteristics. in a limited sense, china english has typical chinese features and isused for expressing chinese social culture. the characteristics of china english are as follows:(1) its a product of both english globalization and localization. (2) china english is animportant part of world english. (3) its a standard and reasonable variant of english forcommon using. (4) it can reflect the major characteristics of chinese social culture. (5) china3从文化差异的角度看中国学生二语习得过程中中式英语和中国英语的产生english has two main functions. it can not only be used as a tool of internationalcommunication but also be widely applied to various areas such as economics, trade, foreignaffairs, politics, science and technology, tourism and all kinds of media. (6) china english ismainly embodied in the aspects of pronunciation, glossary, sentence, and text. the formationof it relies on the combination of phonetics, vocabulary, and semantics, among which thecharacteristics of the vocabulary are the most notable.in a narrow sense, china english should have the following characteristics:1. appropriateness. with the development of sociolinguistic which is centeredon the usage and change of language in different societies, the stanard of language use haschanged from “whether it is normal and correct”to the issue that “whether it is appropriate”.although china english express the thing and meaning that is unique in china, it is alsoshould be guaranteed that the expression should be comprehended and accepted by thewestern people. thus, china english mainly consists of two groups: one is formed by themethods of tanslation-loans. that is to say, although the words do not appear in the standardenglish, english-speaking people can literally grasp the meaning of expression, such as 一国两制( one country two systems)、中草药(chinese herbal medicine)、一箭双雕( one arrow,two hawks) and so on. the other group is formed from transliteration, whose form is just thechinese phonetic alphabetof the chinese phrases, such as 麻将( mahjong)、功夫(kongfu)、汤圆(tangyuan )、风水（fengshui)、广东人( cantonese), etc. sometimes, some notes of the chinese phoneticalphabet is also necessary. it is not only can make the meaning much clearer toenglish-speaking people, but also is an addition and development of the english expression.2. chinese characteristics. as a most widely used language in the world,englishsometimes also cannot express the unique culture in china and the distinct thinking mode ofchinese people, because there is no correspondence in english, such as科举 (imperialexaminations )、五四运动(may fourth movement)、四个现代化( four modernizations)、廉政建设( construct clean politics) .under this circumstance, the using of china english can bemore faithful to the source language.3. cultural output. the cultural output has been doing by chinese people since16th century. for example, the vocabulary “tea, typhoon”, which were regarded as chinaenglish at that time, has turned into standard english now. nowadays, since the internationalcommunication has become more and more frequently, some english-speaking people havegradually accepted and even used china english to introduce chinese culture.4西华大学硕士学位论文a conclusion can be got from all the definitions above made by the specialists that thedefinition of china english consists of three main characters: the first part is using in themotherland of our country; the second part is that china english is produced on thefoundation of standard english; the third part is that it can show the unique elements andmeanings in china. among all of the three parts, the first part is a prerequisite for thedefinition. the english that is used by chinese people in the motherland of our country ischina english. it is the same like that american english is the kind of english that is used byamericans in the motherland of the us. if an american is born in england, then the languagehe use may be british english; and a chinese-american people may speak american englishin the process of growing up. it is the native culture in the motherland of china that leads tothe chinese character of china english. the second and the third part of the characteristicsare complementary to each other. as a media and tool for communication, china english hasa dual character. on one hand, it should be on the foundation of standard english. only inthis way, could it be correct in grammar and logic. on the other hand, it should has chinesecharacter which is the support of expressing chinese culture and custom.1.2 problem to be studied or existing problemwith the wide use and popularization of english in china, there have been two disputedlinguistic phenomena in our country: one phenomenon is the result of the localization ofenglish-china engli