二、非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词非谓语动词既有非动词特征，又有动词特征。非动词特征：不定式具有n. adj. adv. 的特征，在句中担任除谓语外任何成分；动名词具有n. 特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语；分词具有adj. adv. 特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾补、状语；动词特征：有语态和部分时态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，同其宾语和状语一起构成短语；还可有逻辑主语区别：动名词名词；习惯性动作不定式将来；一次性动作分词：现在分词动作正在进行；表主动 过去分词动作已经完成；表被动（一）不定式1 形式： to + v.原形 否定式：not to do主动形式：一般式to do 进行式to be doing 完成式to have done 完成进行式to have been doing被动形式：一般式to be done 完成式to have been done1)一般式：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或者在谓语动词表示的饿动作之后发生。Im glad to see you.（同时发生）They invited us to come to a party.（不定式动作后发生）2)完成式：不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前Im glad to have seen your mother.= Im glad that I have your mother.The enemy was reported to have surrendered.= It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.3)进行式：谓语动词表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行。They are said to be building another bridge over the river.= It is said that they are building another bridge over the river.4)完成进行式：在谓语动词表示的动作发生前，不定式表示的动作一直在进行。They are said to have been collecting folk songs there.= It is said that they have been collecting folk songs there.关于不定式的时态，考试中主要测试一般式、进行式和完成式的区别，多数试题将正确答案设置在完成式上。为了更好地理解和掌握这一语法测试点，研读和比较下列句子。They expected their son to do well in the examination.They expected their son to be doing well during the examination.They expected their son to have done well in the examination.2 不定式作用作主语Eg. To master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language.Its the greatest happiness of life to love and to be loved.注：不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语） 其中it 是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）作表语Eg. Her wish is to be a teacher. She seems to be happy.作宾语Eg. He loved to listen to music.I find it difficult to speak English fluently. 下列及物动词要求不定式作宾语：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, 作定语Eg. He is the best man to consult with.There is a lot of work to do.注：不定式通常作后置定语，而且vi.后要加介词作状语a目的状语Eg. I started early so as to /in order to get there before dark. so as to 和in order to 是不定式的强调形式so as to用在句中in order to 用在句中或句首否定形式：not to do so as not to do in order not to dob原因状语Eg. We are proud to be members of this team. We jumped with joy to hear of the good news.c结果状语Eg. He is too young to go to school.He is old enough to go to school.I hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had left.He behaved so foolishly as to make me think that he is out of his senses.His story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.so as to / such as toso as to/such as toso/such 区别：so + adj. such + n.so/such排序：so + adj. + a/an + n.such + a/an + adj. + n.Eg. Hers is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.Hers is so sad a story as to arouse our sympathy.Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy.作补语a宾补Eg. China expects everyone to do his duty.I could make them understand me. 补：要求不定式作宾补的动词：ask, tell, want, expect, invite, allow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuadesb. to do sth. 要求省to不定式作宾补的动词：make/have/let sb. do sth.help sb. to do sth. 主语不直接参与动作help sb. do sth. 主语直接参与动作Eg. This kind of soap will help us to wash the clothes more easily. They always help me do my homework.b主补Eg. We were made to pay the money.A man was seen to enter the house.注：主被动语态转换S. make sb. do sth.sb. be made to do sth.S. saw a man enter the house.A man was seen to enter the house.S. saw a man entering the house.A man was seen entering the house.3 结构与考点否定式You must promise never to do that again. 疑问词+不定式（作主语、宾语、宾补、表语）介词+疑问词+不定式（作状语）Eg. Where to stay has not been decided yet.（主语） She doesnt know what to do.（动词宾语） He had no idea of how to do.（介词宾语）I ask him where to get this book.（宾语补足语） The question is which to choose.（表语） I want a room with big windows, through which to see the sea.（状语）复合结构：for sb. to do sth.It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth.（当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind, wrong, polite, wise）Eg. The book is too difficult for the students to read.There is no need for her to come.Its difficult for us to learn English well.Its kind of you to help me with my English.独立结构：作插入语，表示说话人的看法or态度Eg. To be frank (with you), I dont care much for your project. They are, so to speak, grown up boys.（可以这么说） He is not a bad man, to be sure.（固然） to be honest with you; to tell you the truth;分离不定式：在to与v.原形之间插入adv.Eg. She prepared to silently accompany him.4 省略不定式符号to的情况（省to不定式即动词原形）had better/had best (not) dowould rather/would sooner do sth. than do sth.would just as soon do sth. as do（宁愿也不愿 ）may /might (just) as well do（还是好；还不如;不妨）can not but do(不能不；不得不）Eg. I would just as soon stay as go with him.We may as well begin at once.You may as well tell the truth.We might just as well stay at home.I can not but admire his courage.感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补make /have /let + sb./sth. + do常见感官动词：see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel etc.注：make/have + sb./sth. + done若连词(than, as)或介词(except, but)前有do的某种形式，省to;反之则不省Eg. He did not so much as say he was sorry.I did no more than make a beginning.I have no choice but to accept the fact.I did nothing but/except repair the farmtools.My dog does everything except speak.作表语的不定式，若主语中有do的某种形式，可省to也可不省.Eg. All I did was (to) hit him on the head.The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again.The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again.What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.（二）动名词1 形式：v-ing 否定形式：not v-ing主动形式：一般式 v-ing 完成式 having done 被动形式：一般式 being done 完成式 having been done复合结构：ones doing2 作用作主语Eg. Seeing is believing.There is no denying this.Its no use/good/useless crying over the spilt milk.作表语Eg. His hobby is collecting stamps.作宾语动词宾语 I have finished reading the book.介词宾语 She is very fond of dancing.宾补He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul.Do you find staying here interesting?Do you find it interesting staying here?动名词作宾补经常转换成：vt.（谓语） + it（形式宾语） + v-ing（动名词短语为真正的宾语）定语动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系Eg. sleeping pills a sleeping child3 结构及考点：否定式和复合结构否定式 not v-ing复合结构: 名词所有格或物主代词+动名词（作主语或宾语） 名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或语中）Eg. Its no use buying books but not reading them. His/Him going there wont help much. Johns/John coming here will get us out of trouble. I dont remember his/him giving me back that dictionary. I dont remember my wifes/wife complaining about prices.I heard of Miss Marys/Mary coming back.附录：1有些动词后需接动名词作宾语：anticipate, appreciate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise, allow, permit, deny, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, understand, stop, approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,2有些介词和形容词后需接动名词作宾语：approach to doing, on the point of doing, busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, there is (no) point in doing3 有些句式要求动名词作宾语 Its no use/good doing Its useless doingthere to be和there being作介词宾语时的区别there to be和there being都是there be的非谓语形式，并且都可以作介词宾语，二者在作介词宾语时的唯一区别在于：如果介词是for，则后面接there to be；如果是其它介词，则后面接there being。It was unusual for there to be so few people in the street.John was relying on there being another opportunity.(三) 分词1形式 现在分词一般式：v-ing 否定式: not v-ing 主动一般式： doing主动完成式： having done被动一般式： being done 被动完成式： having been done过去分词一般式: v-ed否定式: not v-ed被动一般式: v-ed/done独立（主格）结构: (with) + n./pron. + 分词2作用作表语My pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语主语状态)Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语主语性质)作定语A lost opportunity never returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The material used is cement.注:分词(短语)作定语可以转化成定语从句作状语:分词(短语)作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致a时间状语 (When) Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him.(When) Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.b原因状语Being ill, he stayed at home.Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion.c条件状语Working hard, youll succeed.United, we stand; divided, we fall.d让步状语Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired.Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (连词though加强语气)e结果状语A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety.New machines were installed, thus/thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby加强语气) f方式状语Traveling by car, the students visited many places.Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another.g伴随状语The teacher, followed by some students, went onto the classroom.They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.补语a宾补 I am sorry I have kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month. (谓语v.多为使役v.和感官v.)b主补 She was seen going up stairs. The work was left half done.3结构与考点分词短语作状语(其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致)Having worked for an hour, he didnt feel tired yet. (现在分词working的现在完成式)Having been questioned for an hour, he admitted having stolen the money. (过去分词questioned的现在完成被动式)(having stolen为动名词现在完成式)现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别 一般说来，现在分词与过去分词作句子状语时的主要区别在于：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词表示被动的意思。Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.分词作状语时的时态1)一般式：分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同 时发生Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.2)完成式：分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. “when / while + 分词”结构 如果谓语动词表示的动作发生在分词表示的动作过程之中，分词的前面通常需要加上连词when或while，这样的分词结构可以放在句子前面，也可以放在句子后面。Be careful when crossing the street.= Be careful when you are crossing the street.While discussing the matter, many people got very excited.= While they were discussing the matter, many people got 分词的独立主格结构分词(短语)作状语时,无论是现在分词还是过去分词，是一般式还是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。否则，分词前必需有自己的主语，即用独立主格。可以说，独立主格结构是分词作状语的一种特殊形式。独立主格结构的特点：1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2) 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是主谓关系。3) 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。常考两种结构: 1) n./pron. +(现在/过去)分词(短语)作时间/原因/条件/方式/伴随状语2) with + n./pron. + (现在/过去)分词(短语)作时间/原因/方式/条件状语adj.(短语)作伴随状语 prep. phr. 作伴随状语注: 2)常被称为with独立主格结构解题关键:分词为v.的变化形式,先分析句子是否有谓语,若有则考虑分词作状语,如果分词(短语)的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,还要考虑分词独立主格结构作状语,然后看主被动关系确定用现在分词还是过去分词,最后考虑时态和语态. Being very poor in those days, my father couldnt send me to school.（分词短语作状语）= Because my father was very poor in those days, he couldnt send Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to her.（分词短语作状语）= Because he hadnt received an answer, he decided to write Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow.（独立结构作状语）= If weather permits, well have an outgoing tomorrow. All things considered, her paper i