2011上海高考英语试卷解析精读版.pdf

2011上海 考英语试卷解析精读版 选九 How would you like to wear the same underwear 内 裤 for weeks Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials this may not be as unpleasant as it sounds Self cleaning clothes have now been created and these new materials provide superior resistance to dirt as well as water As a result they require much less cleaning than traditional materials 穿同样的内 好 个星期 你会觉得怎么样呢 由于 我们的 努 已经进 发展智 能材料 这可能并不像它听起来令 不快 洁的 服已经被开创出来 这些新材料提供优 越的抗污垢抗 功能 因此 他们 传统材料需要更少的清洁 The creation of self cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products This self cleaning nature is known as the lotus effect The name comes of course from the lotus leaves which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost miraculously clean By observing nature scientists are applying the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered 设计 design project Because of this some remarkable new products have been launched Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water A special coating on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain In fact these new windows have already been fi xed to some cars Even when traveling at high speed through rain these cars never have to use their windshield wipers 刮器 洁 服的发明提供了 个 例 有关 然界是如何帮助科学家开发更好的产品的 这种 洁特性被称为 莲花效应 当然 这个名字起源于荷叶 荷叶 长在泥泞的湖泊和河 流 乎奇迹般的 净 由此 闻名 出淤泥 不染 通过观察 然 科学家们将荷叶 的特性运 于他们已经在设计的材料 正因为如此 些 凡的新产品推出了 其中就有 种特殊的窗 它耐污垢和 这些窗户上有 种特殊涂层不仅可以防 污垢黏在他们的表 且使得灰尘容易被 洗掉 事实上 这些新的窗户已经固定的 些汽车上 甚 当 天 这些车 速 驶时 从来没有使 刮器 Although we have already seen some practical applications even more dramatic advance will be made in the future and they will perhaps change our world completely Undoubtedly technology is an important development and it will have an even bigger impact on our lives 虽然我们已经看到了 些实际应 但是在未来 需要更 的进步 也许 他们会完全 改变我们的世界 毫 疑问 技术是 种重要的发展 它将对我们的 活产 更 的影响 完形填空 Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining 留住 customers It sounds simple and achievable But in reality words of wisdom are soon forgotten Once companies have attracted customers they often overlook the second half of the story In the excitement of beating off the competition negotiating prices securing orders and delivering the product managers tend to become carried away They forget what they regard as the boring side of business ensuring that the customer remains a customer 业中 每个 被告知 成功就是吸引和留住客户 这听起来简单 可以实现的 但实 际上 这些 理名 很快就会被遗忘 旦公司吸引了客户 他们经常忽略这事的后 半 1 直 处在击败竞争对 谈价格 获得订单 并交付产品的兴奋 管理者往往会被冲 昏了头脑 陶醉 他们忘记了他们认为 聊的业务 确保客户仍然 直是 他们的 客户 Failing to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs 付出 代 价 business huge amounts of money annually It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years In constantly changing markets this is not surprising What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost 法集中精 留住和吸引客户 使得每年 意损失 量的 钱 据估计 般公司每 年失去10 30 的客户 在不断变化的市场中 这并不奇怪 不 为奇 令 惊讶的 是 很少有公司知道他们已经失去了多少客户 Only now 倒装 are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the fi nancial implications 可能的影响 作 结果 Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big difference in its performance 投资的回报率 利 润率 Research in the US found that a fi ve per cent decrease in the number of defecting 流失 的 customers led to profi t increases of between 25 and 85 per cent 直到现在 机构 公司 开始意识到那些失去了的机会 并 开始 计算 这所造成 的 经济影响 减少公司失去的客户量 可以在其回报率 有很 影响 在美国的研究 发现 减少5 的客户数量的流失 促使25 85 的利润增长 In the US Domino s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than 5 000 over ten years A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their fi rst visit and as a result never returns is losing the company thousands of dollars in potential profi ts more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience 在美国 达美乐披萨估计 个常客是在 年值5000多美元 第 次来 店 顾客吃到 质量差的产品或受到差的服务 他们结果就不会再光顾 这就让公司损失数千美元的潜在利 润 如果你考虑 下他们可能会告诉多少 他们糟糕的体验 那么损失则更 了 The logic behind cultivating customer loyalty is impossible to deny In practice 实际上 in reality in effects most companies marketing effort is focused on getting customers with little attention paid to keeping them says Adrian Payne of Cornfi eld University School of Management Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profi ts Established customers tend to buy more are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers Furthermore they tend to be less price sensitive and may provide free word of mouth advertising Retaining customers also makes it diffi cult for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market 培养客户忠诚度背后的逻辑是 法否认的 在实践中 多数公司的营销努 专注于 获得客户 很少注意到留着他们 Cornfi eld 学的管理学院艾德 安 佩恩说 研究表明 留住客户和盈利之间有密切关系 已确 的客户 客户 倾向于购买更多的 且可以预 测的 通常 新客户的服务成本要低 此外 他们往往对价格不那么敏感 还可以提供免费的 碑宣传 留住顾客也使竞争对 很难进 该市场或增加他们的市场份额 2 阅读A The teacher who did the most to encourage me was as it happened 碰巧 偶然 actually as a matter of fact my aunt She was Myrtle C Manigault the wife of my mother s brother Bill She taught in second grade at all black Summer School in Camden New Jersey 实际上 想尽办法 励我的 师 是我的舅妈 她是Myrtle C Manigault 我母亲兄弟 尔的妻 她新泽西州卡姆登的 暑期学校教 年级 During my childhood and youth Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females I liked to sing she listened to my voice and pronounced 就 表态 发表意见 尤指正式庄严地宣 布 断 表 it good I couldn t dance she taught me the basic dancing steps She took me to the theatre not just children s theatre but adult comedies and dramas and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed 在我的童年和青年时代 默特尔舅妈 励我开发各 的潜 不顾所谓的实际或可 能 对 性 我喜欢唱歌 她听了我的声 认为很好 我不会跳舞 她教我跳基本 舞步 她带我去剧院 不仅去 童剧院 也去看成 喜剧和戏剧 她相信我可以欣赏 成 戏剧 并且没有失望 My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me I had books at home but they were all serious classics Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor and I ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis s Archy it is estimated that there are about 5000 7000 humpback whales worldwide 濒临灭绝 据估计 全 世界 约有5000 5000座头鲸 5 的的第 个迹象这个物种是什么 在当前法律实践那些仍然必须埋葬和有效地摧毁 Before 2008 guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of suffi cient age and historical interest while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary but has so far failed to revise it 在2008年之前 指导 针允许适当的保护和研究的 头 够年龄和历史的兴趣 1857 年埋葬法案应 于最近仍然存在 司法部向考古学家两年前 法律只是暂时的 但迄今为 未能修改它 Mike Parker Pearson an archaeologist at Sheffi eld University said Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem but we feel that we cannot wait any longer 谢菲尔德 学的考古学家迈克 帕克 尔森说 考古学家 常耐 因为我们相信铁道部 是解决这 问题 但我们认为 我们不能再等了 The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied or on what records should be kept 铁道部没有指南在哪 或如何仍然应该埋葬 或记录应保持什么 回答问题 Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free fl ow of information among the members Once their size goes beyond this fi gure the organizations are getting less fl exible So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication 社会学家早就认识到组织的不到200个 可以通过成员之间的信息的 由流动 旦 它们的 超出这个数字 组织越来越不灵活 所以看起来需要防 总障碍导致沟通的失 败 One solution to this problem would of course be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other larger organizations can be built up However merely having groups of say 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization Something else is needed the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships To allow free fl ow of information they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works 当然 这个问题的 种解决 案是结构 型组织成更 的单位的 可以作为 个 组 通过允许这些群体构建相互依赖 可以建 更 的组织 然 仅仅拥有 群150永远不 会本 是 个完整的解决 案的问题 还需要别的东西 涉及的 员必须能够建 直接的 际关系 允许信息 由流动 他们必须能够相互通信以随意的 式 维持太正式的结构关系 不可避免地防 系统的 作 式 The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station Whether by chance or by design it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the 6 station The whole process worked very smoothly as