定语从句与类似句型结构的辨析4.18.doc

定语从句与类似句型结构的辨析定语从句是英语中常用的句型之一，也是英语语法教学和学习的重点。所谓定语从句，是用一个句子(从句)来修饰主句中的名词或代词(一般在主句中充当主语或宾语)。但在实际运用中，许多学生常常将其与其它类似句型结构混淆，导致出错频频。针对这一现象，笔者根据自己的教学经验，在此对其作一辨析，希望能对英语学习者有所帮助。 一、定语从句与简单句 用一个恰当的词完成句子(下文横线处要求相同，故略)： He tried to use a new way to solve this problem，_ didnt work. He tried to use a new way to solve this problem. _ didnt help. 辨析：含定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别为：前者是复合句，主从句间需用关系词连接；而后者是两个独立的句子，不需任何关系词连接。题两个句子间用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然是主从句关系，且为非限制性定语从句，需用关系代词 which；题中句号分隔两个句子，第二个句子中用It指代前一个句子。可见，标点符号是区分这类句子的切入点。 二、定语从句与并列句 I have three brothers，none of _ is a teacher. I have three brothers，but none of _ is a teacher. I have three brothers； _are teachers. 辨析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别为：定语从句一般都是用关系代词或关系副词引起，而并列句用but，so，and等表示转折、因果、并列关系的连词或分号连接。因此题是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词whom引导，被修饰的先行词brothers在从句中作of的宾语；题有转折连词but，是并列句，要用代词 them；题是用分号连接的并列分句，后一句缺主语，可用none或they。在其它情况下，除了none，代词all, both或表示数量的基数词亦可用在此类句型中。 让我们再来看看下面的例子： On May 5 we reached Beijing，where we stayed for a week. On May 5 we reached Beijing，and there we stayed for a week. On May 5 we reached Beijing；there we stayed for a week. 句是由关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词Beijing在从句中作地点状语；句则是由and连接的并列句，there在句子中作地点状语； 句同样是并列句，由分号连接，there在句子中也作地点状语。另外，句中，there的位置相对灵活，亦可紧跟动词之后。 三、定语从句与强调句 It was October 1st，1949 _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. It was on October 1st, 1949 _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 辨析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别为：强调句的句型结构为“Itbe被强调部分that从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语外任何其它成分，当被强调部分指人时，可用who (whom)代替that；当被强调部分是时间或地点时，则不能用when或where代替 that。把强调句中的it，be和that去掉，再把被强调部分还原，句子仍然成立，而定语从句则不成立。由此得出：题是用关系副词when引导的定语从句，修饰主句的表语 October 1st，1949，这里的when相当于on which；题为强调句，强调句中时间状语on October 1st，1949，应填that。 四、定语从句与地点状语从句 This kind of plant grows well at the places _there is very dry. This kind of plant grows well _ there is very dry. 辨析：定语从句与地点状语从句的主要区别为：定语从句有表示地点的先行词，而地点状语从句则没有。另外，引导定语从句的关系副词where在从句中充当状语，可由“介词which”代替，而地点状语从句通常只能由连接副词where引导。题中the places是表示地点的先行词，被由where引导的定语从句修饰，此处的where可由at which 代替；题中没有表示地点的先行词，是由连接副词where引导的地点状语从句。五、定语从句与结果状语从句 I have the same book _ you have. It is so beautiful a place _ everybody want to visit. Such people _ you described are rare nowadays. She is such a kind girl _ all of us like to make friends with her. It is so big a stone _ no one can lift it. 辨析：so / such / the same.as均是固定搭配，the same.as中as是关系代词，引导定语从句，而so such.that中的that是从属连词，引导结果状语从句。定语从句和结果状语从句的区别在于：定语从句中as既引导从句又在从句中充当成分，而在结果状语从句中that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。 另外，同是定语从句，the same.as结构表达的意思是“像一样”，是指两件事物的比较,而the same.that结构则指的是同一件事物。例如： This is the same bicycle as I lost yesterday. 这辆自行车和我昨天丢的那辆很像。 This is the same bicycle that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢的那辆自行车。 由此可见，题为定语从句，填as；题为结果状语从句，填that。 六、定语从句与宾语从句 Do you remember the day_I met you for the first time? Do you remember _ I met you for the first time? I dont know the reason_she is crying. I dont know_she is crying. 辨析：定语从句和宾语从句的区别主要在于：定语从句有被修饰的先行词，而宾语从句则没有，宾语从句充当主句的宾语，受谓语动词支配。由此可以判断，题为定语从句，分别用关系副词when和why；题为宾语从句，分别用连接副词when和why。 七、定语从句与主语从句 _ is known to us all，the earth is round. _ we all know, the earth is round. _ is known to us all that the earth is round. 辨析：由as引导的非限制性定语从句与由it在主句中作形式主语的主语从句的区别在于：as在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，这类定语从句的位置相当灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末。而主语从句以形式主语it开头，that引导的从句一般位于句末，是句子的真正主语。题中填As代替整个主句，在定语从句中充当主语；题中填As代替整个主句，在定语从句中充当know的宾语；题填形式主语It，that从句是句子的真正主语。 除此之外，定语从句与主语从句的区别还反映在以下例子中： The thing that we need is a dictionary. What we need is a dictionary. The day when he will visit us has not been decided. When he will visited us has not been decided. 和，和虽句意相同，但句子结构完全不同。为定语从句，the thing / the day为主句主语，被由关系代词that和关系副词when引导的定语从句修饰；为由代词what和连接副词when引导的主语从句，整个从句充当主句主语。只要掌握了定语从句需要有被修饰的先行词，而主语从句则在整个复合句中充当主语，辨别二者并不困难。 八、定语从句与表语从句 Is the house _ he lived near the hospital？ Is the house the one _ he lived？ Is the house _ he lived？ 辨析：定语从句和表语从句的主要区别为：定语从句有先行词，而表语从句没有。定语从句修饰先行词，而表语从句作主句系动词的表语。先将上述疑问句变为陈述句有助于我们对从句结构的理解。例句可分别变为：The house _ he lived is near the hospital.The house is the one _ he lived.The house is _ he lived.显然题中的从句为定语从句，分别修饰the house和the one，应由关系副词where引导，也可由in which代替；题中的从句为表语从句，作系动词is的表语，由连接副词where引导。 九、定语从句与同位语从句 The news _ he died in the war is true. The news _ they told me last night is true. 辨析：定语从句和同位语从句的区别在于：定语从句与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，而同位语从句与先行词是同位关系，说明前面名词的内容。引导同位语从句的连词that在从句中不充当任何成分，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等成分。判断that从句是定语从句还是同位语从句，可去掉that，如从句结构仍完整，是同位语从句，如不完整，则是定语从句。题填that，如去掉that，从句为he died in the war，结构仍然完整，所以题中的从句为同位语从句；题亦填that，但去掉that，从句they told me last night，缺少直接宾语，结构不完整，因此题中的从句为定语从句。定语从句难点突破定语从句是学生解题的难点，下面就定语从句的难点进行归纳总结，从而让学生深刻地领悟理解定语从句，进而掌握解题技巧。1.先判断先行词是人还是物。2.确定关系代词或关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中充当何种句子成分。3.还原定语从句，检验先行词在定语从句充当的成分。在处理综合试卷的过程中，遇到这样的一道题：He didnt put the things _ they belonged, for reason he got his punishment.（D）A.which; that B. what; this C. that; whose D. where; which学生答错率较高。“他没有把那些东西放回到他们本该在(原来)的地方，为此他受到了惩罚。” 第一空语境分析，东西应放在什么地方。Where引导状语从句时意为“在的地方”；结构分析，belong 为不及物动词，常用固定搭配belong to。They belonged句从结构上说选出的词只能用来做状语；如句子为they belonged to则要补足宾语。第二空reason 前的限定词为that/this，故应用which来连接相当于and for this/that reason。类似的用法有in which case、during which time相当于and in that/this case、 during that time。1. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union. （05重庆） AA. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time2. They stayed with me for two weeks, _ they drank all the beer i had . CA. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which3. I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone. CA. in whose case B. in which C. in which case D. in that case一、Suchthat引导的状语从句与suchas引导的定语从句的区别：Suchthat引导的状语从句，that引导的是一个完整的句子；而suchas引导的定语从句，as在定语从句中充当句子成分。如：His plan was such a good one _ we all agreed to accept.中，应用as，因为we all agreed to accept 缺少宾语，完整的句子为we all agreed to accept it.如为 His plan was such a good one _ we all agreed to accept it,则应用that, 因为we all agreed to accept it 是一个完整的句子。1. I dont like such books _ he recommended. AA. as B. that C. so D. after which2. Mr. Smith is _ a good teacher _ we all respect him. AA. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as3. Such a book _ you lent me is too difficult to understand. CA. that B. which C. as D. like二、一些特殊的先行词如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析。这些词基本上都是表示时间、地点的词，做具体题目时，要判断他们在定语从句充当的成分来决定关联词。主语、宾语和表语用that/which，状语用where/when/介词+which。如：There is one point_ we must insist on.Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.第一句定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point,所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that或省略。第二句定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/介词+which。1. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.（D）A. when B. whose C. which D. where2. Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons cant be the only preparation for all of the situations _ appear in the working world. CA. Where B. when C. that D. what3. (08上海卷 38) We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas. C A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which4. (08山东卷 26)Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. DA. who B. which C. why D. when5. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. (2001上海) AA. where B. which C. while D. why6.I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. (2003上海卷)D A. why B. which C. as D. where7.Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger. （05广东）A A. in which B. by which C. which D. that8.Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. (山东卷)AA. where B. that C. when D. which9.- Do you have anything to say for yourselves?- Yes，theres one point _we must insist on (江西卷) D Awhy Bwhere Chow D/10.After graduation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do. 2007年江西卷 D A. that B. what C. which D. where三、先行词为地点、时间及reason和way的定语从句。表示时间、地点先行词以及先行词为reason、way在定语从句中作状语时，相应的用: 表示时间的先行词：when/介词+which；表示地点的先行词：where/介词+which；reason为先行词：why/for which/that/; way为先行词：in which/that/但解题关键要判断先行词在定语从句中作状语还是作主语、宾语和表语。作状语，则适用上面得语法规则，如作主语、宾语和表语，则仍需用that/which（作宾语that/which可省略）。This is the reason _ he gave me.This is the reason _ he didnt come to school today.第一句定语从句可还原为：he gave me the reason, 先行词reason在定语从句中作宾语，故关系词用that/which或省略；第二句定语从句可还原为：for the reason he didnt come to school today, 故关系词用why/for which/that或省略。1. The place _ I visited last summer is just the place _ I spent my childhood. BA.that; that B. that; where C. where; where D. where; that2. Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for my brother? BA. Which B. where C. on which D. that 3. Is this the house _Shakespeare was born? （1988全国） C A. at where B. which C. in which D. at which 4.Is this the reason at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春) A A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained5.The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. （05江苏）C A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which6.In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. （06上海） CA. where B. when C. which D. what四、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。它们的常见结构有：(1). 介词+which/whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.(2). 名词+of+ which/whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue.(3). 数词+of+ which/whomShes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.(4). 代词+of +which/whom In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad. (5). 最高级+of + which/whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.介词的选择根据介词与定语从句中动词的搭配关系；根据介词与前面的名词先行词的搭配关系；同时考虑与动词和名词的搭配关系。1. John, _ money is no problem, still leads a simple life.（D）A. for whose B. of whose C. of whom D. for whom2. (08上海春卷 38)37. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry，_ there wont be much work DA. where B. that C. by which D. without which 3. (08湖南卷31)The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control. BA. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that 4. (08陕西卷13) The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. DA. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which5. (08福建卷31) By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. D A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which 6.He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows , most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. （1990全国） DA. these B. those C. that D. which7.n the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. (1992全国) D A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 8.The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (2000上海春) BA. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom9.There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high . (04湖北) DAthe larger Bthe larger of them Cthe larger one that Dthe larger of which 10.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% are sold abroad . (04辽宁) AAof which Bwhich of Cof them Dof that 11.Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. (04北京春招) D12. A. it B. that C. this D. which13.He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge.（05山东） A. from whichB. after thatC. after whichD. from this14.I have many friends, _ some are businessmen. （05全国II）D Aof them Bfrom which Cwho of Dof whom15.The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _ they are being trained.（05江西）C Ain thatBfor thatCin whichDfor which16.-why does she always ask you for help? （05北京） -There is no one else _, is there? B A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn17.I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed. (浙江卷) B A. of thatB. of whichC. thatD. which18.She was educated at Beijing University, _she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (陕西卷) AA. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that19.We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us. _we gave some bells and glasses. (湖南卷) BA. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which20.The book was written in 1946, the education system has witnessed great charges. 2007年山东卷 DAwhen Bduring which Csince then Dsince when21.It is reported that two schools，_ are being built in my hometown，will open next year. 2007年四川卷 D Athey both Bwhich both Cboth of them Dboth of which22.We shouldnt spent our money testing so many people, most of _are healthy 2007年北京卷 DA. that B. which C. what D. whom23.Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it. 2007年安徽卷 D A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom24.The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. 2008年陕西卷 DA. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which五、As 与which引导的非限制定语从句的区别。(1). As 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前或之后，一般用逗号与主句隔开；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。(2). As引导的非限制性定语从句常与主句意义一致，常译为“正如”、“就像”；which引导的非限制性定语从句常与主句有因果关系。(3). As 常与一些词连用形成的定语从句，已形成了固定的说法，如：As is known to all; as has been said before; as is often the case; as often happens, as has been pointed out等。1. Carol said the work would be done by October, personally I doubt very much. (1999全国) DA. it B. that C. when D. which2.Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. (1991全国) CA. it B. that C. which D. he3.These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected. (2000上海春) B A. like B. as C . that D. which4._ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. (2003上海春)B A. That B. As C. It D. What六、As is known (to us all),与it is known (to us all) that或what is known (to us all)is that的区别。As is known (to us all),引导的为非限制性定语从句；it is known (to us all)that引导的是主语从句；what is known (to us all) is that为主语从句+表语从句。As is known to us all, the earth is round.=It is known to us all that the earth is round.=What is known to us all is that the earth is round.1. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001全国)B A. It B. As C. That D. What2._ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. (04北京) BA. It B. As C. That D. What3. _ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress. AA. It B. As C. That D. What4. _ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. C A. It B. As C. That D. What七、Where 引导的定语从句和where引导的状语从句的区别。He found the books where he had put.He found the books in the place where he had put them.第一个句子为where 引导的句子为状语从句，where意为“在 地方”，从句前无表示地点的先行词。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place，主句为he found the books in the place,定语从句可还原为he had put them in the place,先行词place在定语从句中作状语，故关联词用where/介词+which。1. The village has developed a lot _ we learned farming two years ago. 2007年福建卷D A. when B. which C. that 2. Plants grow best _ it is warm and wet. CA. which B. in which C. where D. that3. After the war, a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre. DA. that B. when C which D where4. Now he works in a factory _ his father used to work. AA. where B. when C. that D. /5. You should let your children play _ you can see them. AA. wher