专业英语(医电专用)期末考试复习资料.doc

。医疗仪器导论（英）Introduction toMedical EquipmentTechnology主讲教师：朱祯敏医用电子信息系Key words and conceptsC1Each body systems name and its basic functionANS and CNS (ANS: 自主神经系统(Autonomic Nervous System);CNS: 中枢神经系统)Homeostasis & negative feedback controlC2The structure of the heart and the circulatory system: atria（心房）, ventricles（心脏）, valves（瓣膜）, veins and arteries（静脉和动脉）Blood flow rate（血管内的血液流率） Resting and action potentials（静息和动作电位）Polarization and depolarization（极化和去极化状态）The electrical conduction of theheart: SA node（窦房结）, AV node（房室结）C3Averages: mean（平均数）, median（中位数）, and mode（众数） Significant figure（有效数字） Accuracy & precision（精确度）C6Sensor（传感器）, electrode （电极）and transducer（换能器）Active & passive sensors（有源和无源传感器）Half cell potential（hp 搬电池电位）DC & AC coupling（直流和交流耦合）Insertion & application errors（插入误差，应用误差）Surface indwelling（宏电极）micro-（微电极）, needle electrodes （针电极）C7Important kinds of op-amps（运算放大器）Inverting & noninverting（反相与同相运算放大器）Input & output（输入输出）C8Diagnostic and Monitoring （诊断和监测）ECG Lead（心电图导联）, limb & chest lead（肢体和胸）, unipolar & bipolar lead（单极和双极导联）, augmented lead（加压导联）Other important words and phrasesCircuit（电路系统） Voltage（电压）, current（电流）, resistance（电阻） Ohms law（欧姆定律）, Kirchhoffs law（基尔霍夫定律）Direct and alternating （直流和交流）Resistance（电阻）, capacitance（电容） and Inductance（电感）Resistor（电阻器）, capacitor（电容器） and inductor（电感器）Other important words and phrasesAnalog and digit electronics(模拟和数字电子)Diode & transistor(二极管和三极管)Continuous range of voltages(持续的电压范围)Discrete voltage levels(离散电压等级)Waveform(波形)ECG（心电图）, EEG（脑电图）, EMG（肌电图）, EOG（动眼电波图）, EGG（胃电图）What are the main contents of our MET course?The Heart and Circulatory SystemIntroduction to Biomedical Instrumentation and MeasurementElectrodes,Sensors,and TransducersBioelectric Amplifiers1The Human Body:An Overview课程介绍17Medical Ultrasonography8Electrocardiography14Intensive and Coronary Care Units9Physiological Pressure and Other Cardiovascular MeasurementsVocabulary transducer词根trans：转换 transfer translate transformer electrocardiography词根cardio：心脏的cardiology cardiologist Vocabulary ultrasonography词根ultra：beyond，超过ultraviolet（UV）ultramanC1. The Human Body:An OverviewC6.Electrodes,Sensors,and TransducersC8. ElectrocardiographyC9.Physiological Pressure and Other Cardiovascular MeasurementsHow can you study MET well?ReadingExerciseTranslationVocabularyA Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) is a vital component of the healthcare delivery system. Employed by hospitals, clinics, and the military; BMETs are highly skilled technicians responsible for ensuring medical equipment is deemed serviceable, safe, and properly configured to meet the mission of a hospital organization. These men and women are responsible for installing, inspecting, repairing, calibration, preventive maintenance, education, and modification of biomedical equipment and support systems. Examples of different areas of biomedical equipment technology are: Radiographic and flouroscopic x-ray, Diagnostic ultrasound, LASERs, Mammography, Telemedicine, Film image processing, Nuclear Medicine, Gamma cameras, Positron emission tomography (PET), Medical imaging, Computed Tomography (CT),Electronmicroscope, Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), Magnetic Resonance Imaging instrument (MRI scanner), Physiological monitoring,Sterilization, Dental, Optometry, Surgical, Anesthesia, Laboratory, Dialysis, Respiratory Services (ventilators) , Computers, and Information Technology. Radiographic and flouroscopicx-ray（X线照相术）Mammography（乳房影像）iagnostic ultrasound（诊断用超声）Photo courtesy Philips Research3D ultrasound images LASER（激光）Laser Burn Debridement ProcedureNuclear Medicine（核医学）Nuclear medicine imaging techniques give doctors another way to look inside the human body. The techniques combine the use of computers, detectors, and radioactive substances. These techniques include: Positron emission tomography (PET) Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Cardiovascular imaging Bone scanning Methods of Radioactive Decay（放射性衰变的方式）Gamma camera（伽马照相机）肺 胸腔 心室Gamma camera（伽马照相机）准直器 探测晶体 光电倍增管 铅板Gamma camera（伽马照相机） Positron emission tomography (PET)正电子发射体层摄影A positron-emission tomography (PET) image is a photograph of high-energy -raysemitted from a positron-emitting radioisotope. PET脑PET充盈心肌PET缺血心肌Computed Tomography (CT)X射线计算机断层摄影A CT (computed tomography) scan is a much more sensitive imaging technique than x-ray, allowing high definition of not only the bony structures but also the soft tissues. Clear images of organs and structures, such as the brain, muscles, joints, veins and arteries, as well as of tumors and hemorrhages（n.出血）, may be obtained with or without the injection of contrasting dye.CT肾Computed Tomography (CT)X射线计算机断层摄影Imagean object from many different directionsUse a computer to calculate the interior structure of that object from these projected imagesMRI脑Magnetic Resonance Imaging instrument (MRI scanner)核磁共振仪An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain creates a detailed image of the complex structures in the brain. An MRI creates a three-dimensional picture of the brain, which allows doctors to more precisely locate problems such as tumors or aneurysms（n.动脉瘤）.An Intravenous X-Raypyelogram（IVP，静脉注射肾盂造影）is a conventional x-ray test using dyeto examine.This x-ray allows visualization of the upper and lower urinary tract todetermine the presence of any abnormality. CTCT scanning is essentially a detailed X-ray of the body. CT shows cross-sections of the body and allows your doctor to see details of the anatomythat would not be seen on regular x-ray.MRIMRIis more sensitive than CTscanning. CT and MRI have the added benefitofdetecting enlarged lymph nodes near the tumors, which can suggest that a cancer has spread (metastasized) to the lymph nodes. MRI与CT相比较的各自优缺点MRI的缺点钙化及骨病灶不能显示；扫描时间一般较长，每日能检查的人数较CT少；上腹部MRI仍存在运动伪影干扰；体内有磁性金属物者不能检查；价格昂贵。 MRI的优点无放射线损害，迄今也未见有MRI对人体产生损伤的报道；软组织密度分辨率高于CT，而空间分辨率也可与CT相媲美，直径小于2厘米的胰癌也能发现；可直接作任意的切层扫描；成像参数及方法多，所获得诊断信息较CT丰富；一般无需作增强扫描，近年采用的一种特殊的MRI增强剂（Gd-DTPA）以增强病灶的信号对比，且无潜在危险的碘过敏反应；借助于质子的流动效应，可清晰显示血管，尤其是运用数字减影原理可作MRI血管造影；无骨性伪影，对颅窝病变的诊断比CT优越得多。MRI与CT相比较的各自优缺点CT的优点钙化及骨病灶能显示；扫描时间一般较短，每日能检查的人数较MRI多；上腹部不存在运动伪影干扰；体内有磁性金属物者能检查；价格便宜。CT的缺点软组织密度分辨率低于MRI；成像参数及方法少，所获得诊断信息较较MRI少；有骨性伪影，对颅窝病变的诊断比MRI差得多；有放射线损害。 Borsook et al. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery advance online publication;published online 07 April 2006 | doi:10.1038/nrd2027 Magnetic resonance images (MRI) are used to take pictures of and study the brain. PET (positron emission tomography) scans show brain activity, and chemicals show how transmitters function. Telemedicine（远程医疗）The defining aspect of telemedicine is the use of electronic signals to transfer nformation from one site to another. C1. The Human Body：An Overview（人体概述）ObjectivesList major systems of the body.Describe the principal functions of body systems.Describe how the body controls and regulates itself.State the relationships among body systems.列出人体的主要组成系统。描述人体各组成系统的基本功能。描述人体如何进行自我调控。阐述人体各组成系统之间的关系。学习目标 C1. The Human Body：An Overview（人体概述）Text Notes 1.Feedback Control SystemThe body contains literally hundreds of feedback control systems that attempt to keep the bodys internal environment constant.This process is called homeostasis. 1. 反馈控制系统确切地说，人体含有数百个反馈控制系统用以维持其内环境稳定。该过程称为体内平衡。 C1. The Human Body：An Overview（人体概述）Text Notes 2.The CellAll mammals,including humans, are made up of basic building blocks called cells.They are all similar in their basic constituents. 2. 细胞包括人类在内的所有哺乳动物都是由基本结构单元（称作细胞）构成的。不同的细胞的基本组成要素却是相似的。Text Notes 3. Cell MembraneThe cell is surrounded by a semipermeable membrane.This membrane not only contains the substance of the cell but also allows selective passage of materials in and out of the cell.3. 细胞膜细胞由半透膜包裹。该膜结构不仅能容纳细胞自身物质，同时还可实现细胞内外的物质选择性透过。 C1. The Human Body：An Overview（人体概述）100%-0%:The imbalance is maintained because the membrane is impermeable to that ion.Diffusion50%-50%:ions diffuse across the membrane because it is permeable. Equilibrium is reached.Selective PermeabilityTwo kinds of ions: The membrane is impermeable to both.Semipermeable: permeable to only one kind of ion, but is impermeable to the other. 4. Musculoskeletal SystemThe muscles and bones of the body provide locomotion(i.e.,theability to move around and manipulate our surroundings).The skeletal system consists mostly ofbones and some cartilage.Thebones are joined together to form articulations and joints and so are able to move with respect toeach other.Ingeneral,musculesare connected between bones across a joint,sothat the bones move with respect to each other when the muscle contracts.4. 肌肉与骨骼系统肌肉和骨骼可使人体产生运动（即，能够自由移动、改造自然的能力）。其中骨骼系统主要由骨骼和一些软骨构成，且骨骼连接在一起形成关节以进行协同运动。而肌肉一般跨过关节附着在骨骼之上，因此肌肉收缩便会产生骨骼协同运动。5. Respiratory SystemThe respiratory system takes oxygen into the body and gives off carbon dioxide waste products from the cells. The respiratory system includes the mouth; nose;trachea, or windpipe;bronchi and lungs.5. 呼吸系统呼吸系统从外界摄取氧气并排出细胞产生的二氧化碳废气。呼吸系统由嘴、鼻腔、气管、支气管和肺构成。 We need to get oxygen into the blood from the air, and we need to remove waste carbon dioxide from the blood into the air. Moving gases like this is called gas exchange. The alveoliare adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently. 6. Gastrointestinal SystemThe GI system takes in raw materials in the form of food and liquids and pocesses them so that they are absorbed into the body.Certain digestive organs are needed to chemically and physically process these raw materials:the liver,gall bladder, salivary glands, pancreas, stomach, and intestinal tract.The system includes the mouth,esophagus,stomach,small intestine,and large intestine.6. 肠胃（消化）系统肠胃（消化）系统对食物和液体中的未经加工的物质进行消化，以便机体吸收。包括肝脏、胆囊、唾液腺、胰腺、胃和肠道在内的多个消化器官对食物进行化学性和物理性消化。消化系统由口腔、食道、胃、小肠和大肠构成。7. Nervous SystemThe nervous system is essential to the functioning of the human organism.Itregulates our automatic control systems,integratesand assimilates data from the outside world and our internal organs,andregulates and controls the locomotorsystem.The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the automatic subconsciousfunctions of the body.The sensory nervous system receives data from the outside world and certain internal organs through cells that function as sensory receptors.The central nervous system(CNS) gathers,assimilates,andintegrates data from the outside world,informationon the state of internal organs,etc.7. 神经系统神经系统是人体机能活动的基本要素。它能调节我们的自主控制系统，整合吸收外界和体内器官的信息数据，并调控运动系统。自主（植物性）神经系统负责调节人体的自主下意识机能。感觉神经系统通过感受器细胞接收外界和某些体内器官的信息数据。中枢神经系统搜集、吸收并整合外界数据以及体内器官状态信息等等。8. Endocrine SystemThe endocrine system is a chemical communications/control system and aids in the regulation of internal body.Chemicals called hormones are secreted by the eight major endocrine glands into the bloodstream,in which they act as control agents to regulate various organic functions.8. 内分泌系统内分泌系统作为一个化学性通信调节系统，能有效进行体内调节。八大主要内分泌腺分泌化学物质（名为荷尔蒙）进入血流，继而荷尔蒙便作为控制剂来调节多种组织功能。 Endocrine Disruptor松果体肾上腺Text Notes 9. Negative Feedback Control SystemAny negative feedback control systemcompares actualconditions with optimalconditions(those that should exist)and then causes a correction that cancels part of the difference,or error(i.e.,the difference between the actual and the optimal).9. 负反馈控制系统任何负反馈控制系统都会将实际响应同理想响应（即理论上应当出现）之间对比，然后调节系统以减少该差值或误差（即实际响应同理想响应间的差值）。10. Blood Pressure RegulationA phenomenon often used as an example of a physiological control system is the automatic regulation of blood pressure.Pressure sensors in the circulatory system,called baroreceptors,tell the CNS of the conditions that exist.If the pressure drops below a certain normal point,then the brain issues a command that causes the blood vessels to constrict,which brings the pressure up.But if the pressure increases above a normal point,then the brain causes the vessels to dilate(i.e.,increase their cross-sectional area,thereby reducing the pressure on the system).10. 血压调节血压的自动调节是生理控制系统的一个典型例子。压力感受器将循环系统现状反馈至中枢神经系统。若该血压低于正常值，大脑便会指示血管收缩，继而提高血压。但若血压高于正常值，大脑则会指示血管舒张（即，扩大横截面积，进而减小系统压力）。alveoli n. 肺泡artery n. 动脉atrium n. 心房articulation n. 关节bronchii n. 支气bladder n. 膀胱baroreceptor n. 压力感受器cytoplasm n. 细胞质cartilage n. 软骨capillary n. 毛细血管constrict v. 收缩chyme n. 食糜dilate v. 舒张、膨胀excretion n. 排泄esophagus n. 食道endocrine n. 内分泌gastrointestinal adj. 胃肠的homeostasis n. 动态平衡hormone n. 荷尔蒙、激素irritability n. 兴奋性joint n. 关节jaw n. 颌kidney n. 肾脏lymph n. 淋巴locomotion n. 运动metabolism n. 新陈代谢mitosis n. 有丝分裂nucleus n. 核pancreas n. 胰腺physiology n. 生理学receptor n. 感受器reproduction n. 繁殖saliva n. 唾液secretion n. 分泌（物）subconscious adj. 下意识的servomechanism n. 自动控制装置trachea n. 气管urethra n. 尿道vein n. 静脉ventricle n. 心室vessel n. 脉管、导管windpipe n. 气管C1. The Human Body：An Overview（人体概述）autonomic nervous system自主（植物性）神经系统central nervous system中枢神经系统cell division细胞分裂circulatory system循环系统extracellular fluid细胞外液feedback control system反馈控制系统fecal material排泄物gastrointestinal(GI) system胃肠系统gall bladder胆囊gastric juice胃液genetic coding遗传密码intracellular fluid细胞内液 internal environment内环境intestinal tract肠道locomotor system运动系统large intestine大肠musculoskeletal system骨骼肌系统negative feedback loop负反馈循环peristaltic wave蠕动波red blood cell红细semipermeable membrane半透膜salivary gland唾液腺small intestine小肠sensory nervous system感觉神经系统spinal cord脊髓C2. The Heart and Circulatory System （心脏与循环系统）ObjectivesState biological principles behind cardiovascular system.Describe the anatomy of the heart.Describe the dynamics of blood flow.Explain the generation and propagation of bioelectric potentials in tissue.Describe the internal electroconduction system of the human heart.阐述心血管系统生理结构。描述心脏解剖结构。描述血流动力学原理。解释组织内生物电位的产生和传播过程。描述人体心脏的内部电传导系统。学习目标 Text Notes 1.Dual PumpThe heart is a dual pump,consisting of a two-chamberedpump on both the left and right sides.The upper chambers are inputs to the pumps,and are called atria(singular,atrium).The lower chambers of the heart are called ventricles and are pump outputs.1. 双泵心脏是由左右两间隔部分组成的一个双泵系统。其上部腔室作为泵的输入部分，称为心房。而下部腔室作为泵的输出部分，称为心室。C2. The Heart and Circulatory System （心脏与循环系统）HEART VALVE 2.BloodBlood has two main components:cells and plasma.Blood cells make up approximately 40% of the total blood volume,and the remaining 60% is plasma.Since approximately 99% of the cells are red cells,it may be said that 40% of the blood volume consists of red cells.2. 血液血液由两大要素组成血细胞和血浆。血细胞约占血液总容积的40，而血浆约占60。由于99的血细胞是红细胞，因此也可以说血液容积的40是红细胞。C2. The Heart and Circulatory System （心脏与循环系统）Text Notes 3. Blood flowBlood flow rate(measured in volume per unit of time)in a blood vessel is described by two factors: the pressure difference along the vessel and the resistanceoffered by the vessel(a function of its cross-sectional area).Note that:The resistance is not constant;Since that flow quantity is directly proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius, blood flow rate is greatest in aortaand least in the capillaries.3. 血流血管内的血液流率（以单位时间内流过的体积计）由两因素决定沿血管走向的压力差和血管内阻力（为血管横截面积的函数）。注意：血管内阻力并非常数值；流量与血管半径的四次方成正比，因而主动脉中的血液流率最大，而毛细血管中的流率最小。At the center of the circulatory system is the heart. This muscle, the size of a fist, keeps blood moving throughout the body. The circulatory system allows blood to be transported throughout the body. The blood moves from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen, then back to the heart to be pumped throughout the body. 4. The HeartThe heart serves as a pump because of its ability to contract under an electrical stimulus. When an electrical triggering signal is received, the heart will contract, starting in the atria, which undergo a shallow,ripplelike contracting motion. Afraction of a second later, the ventricles also begin to contract, from thebottom up, in a motion that resembles wringing out a dishrag or sponge.The ventricular contraction is known as systole. The ventricular relaxation is known as diastole.4. 心脏在电刺激下心脏能够收缩，因而它充当血泵在工作。当接收到电触发信号时，心脏（始于心房）便产生小波纹样的收缩运动，不到一秒钟后，心室自下而上开始收缩，犹如拧抹布或海绵。心室收缩称作心缩，而心室舒张称作心舒。C2. The Heart and Circulatory System （心脏与循环系统）Theventricularcontractionisknownassystole.Theventricularrelaxationisknownasdiastole.Text Notes 5. BioelectricityDifference of ion concentration, creating an electrical potential, and this causes the cell to be polarized. The inside of the cell is less positivethan the outside, so the cell is said to be negativewith respect to its outside. 5. 生物电离子浓度差产生电位，因而使细胞极化。细胞内较之细胞外正电荷少，因此说细胞的极化状态为内负外正。C2. The Heart and Circulatory System （心脏与循环系统）Na+(red) K+(blue), or sodium-potassium pump(钠钾泵）Text Notes 6. Cell PotentialThe cell showing a resting potential is polarized,butwhen it is generating an action potential,itis said to be depolarized.Thereis a refractory period following depolarization,duringwhich the cell becomes repolarized.Inthis period the cell is resistant to another depolarization.Andthis action might resemble the monostablemultivibrator:theaction potential,oncetriggered,cannotbe retriggered until the cell has again become repolarized.6. 细胞电位细胞极化状态时呈现的是静息电位，而当其产生动作电位时，称为去极化状态。去极化的细胞会产生一个不应期，在此期间内细胞发生复极化。不应期内细胞不会重新被去极化，这好比单稳多谐振荡器：一旦细胞被触发产生动作电位，则其复极化之前不会响应其他任何触发。7. Electroconduction SystemThe SA node serves as a pacemakerfor the heart,andit provides the trigger signal.When the SA node discharges a pulse,thenelectrical currentspreads across the atria,causingthem to contract. Blood in the atria is forced by the contraction through the valves to the ventricles.It