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七年级英语寒假补习讲义英语语法一、名词不可数名词口诀 可数不可易分辨, 名词所示物分半; 每半不能称原名, 该词可数最公平; 每半能把原名叫, 不可数词就遇到; 有的名词两张脸, 意变不可为可数。一个名词分成两半时还能叫原名,该名词就是不可数名词。如water分成两半还能叫water,该名词便为不可数名词。一个名词分成两半时不能叫原名,该名词就是可数名词。如bike分成两半,每半只能叫自行车的一部分,不能再叫自行车,故bike为可数名词。有的名词有两种用法。如orange作可数名词时指“桔子”,作不可数名词时指“桔汁”。到目前为止,我们已见过的不可数名词。water, milk, tea, drink, orange;food, bread, rice, meat;work;语言名词都包括。至于不可数名词的用法,要注意哪些问题呢?再来记住下面的歌诀:一是不用变复数,二是谓语用单数;三是前面无a(an), 四是修饰无基数;五是修饰没几个,much, some和any; 六表数量很固定,“计量名词+of”。、 不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数,如:There is some milk in the bottle.、 不可数名词不可直接用不定冠词和基数词直接修饰,但可用some、any和much等词修饰;、当表示不可数名词的数量时,其前应用“计量名词+of”短语,注意计量名词有复数形式。如:Id like two cups of tea.专有名词和物质名词不可数,常见名词30多人名地名油国家, 钢铁金木水火沙, 天气肉食面酒茶, 面包咖啡果汁奶, 粉笔墨水作业纸, 玻璃头发煤新闻。抽象名词不可数,常见名词10多个幸福时光和爱情,友谊关系和仁慈(kindness),青春勇气和信息(information),发明知识和力量(power)。规则名词复数口诀名词复数有规律, 一般词尾加s;辅音字母+y型, 变y为i,es;ch,sh真有趣, s,x,es; f,fe真小气, 字母v来把它替, es在后别忘记;字母o来真神奇, 有生命来es, 没有生命+s。1、book_ _ map_ _, girl_ _, day_ _2、party_ _, family_ _, story_ _, city_ _toy_ _, boy_ _ _, day_ _ _, ray_ _, 3、watch_ _, match_ _, coach_ _, branch _ _,dish_ _, lash(鞭子) _, wish(祝愿;渴望;希望的事;许愿) _ _,class_ _, ass(驴子) _, box_ _, fox_ _,truth_ _, mouth_ _, month_ _, path_ _,4、half_ _ thief_ _, sheaf_ _, loaf_ _, knife_ _, leaf_ _, oneself_ _ wife_ _, life_ _, shelf_ _, calf_ _ wolf_ chief(首领)_ _,belief(信仰)_ _, roof(屋顶)_ _,cliff(悬崖)_ _,reef(暗礁)_ _, safe(安全)_ _, gulf(港湾)_ _wharf(码头)_ _, scarf(头巾)_ _, handkerchief(手绢)_ _, hoof(蹄)_ _, 5、Negro(黑人)_ _, hero(英雄)_ _, potato(土豆)_ _, tomato(西红柿)_ _,piano_ _, photo_ _, kilo_ _, radio_ _, zoo_ _, zero_ _, kangaroo(袋鼠)_ _,不规则名词复数口诀中日葡瑞永不变, 英法荷兰a变e, 其余s加后面。 绵羊/鹿/鱼也不变, 人们警察更不变, 公牛(en)孩-r-e-n,男士/女士a变e, 牙齿/双脚o变e, 老鼠变成-i-c-e。 主体名词变主体, 无主名词变最后, 男女合成皆要变。1、Chinese_ _, Japanese_ _, Portuguese_ _,Swiss_ _。 Englishman _ _ Frenchwoman _ _ Dutchman_ _,German_ _, American_ _, Australian_ _,European_ _, Greek_ _, Swede_ _,2、sheep_ _, deer_ _, fish_ _,people_ _, police_ _, ox_ _, child_ _,3、man_ _, woman_ _, tooth_ _,foot_ _, mouse_ _,4、son-in-law_ _, looker-on_ _ _, passer-by_ _,story-teller_ _, boy friend_ _,grown-up_ _, housewife_ _, stopwatch_ _,woman singer_ _, man servant_ _,名词的所有格口诀 名词所有格,表物是“谁的”, 若为生命词,s即可行, 词尾有s,仅把逗号择; 并列名词后,各自和共有, 前者分别加,后者最后加; 若为无生命,of所有格, 前后须倒置,此是硬规则。 s所有格的用法 单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,有s复数名词后加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 无s复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 有s结尾的人名后加 the Smiths hous 无s结尾的人名后加s Dickens novels, Charles表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys fatherof所有格的用法用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students名词双重所有格的用法1、含义:s所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起,构成of所有格形式,即双重的所有格。 表示全体中的一部分,在意义上与one of.相似。of前面是一部分,of后面是一个整体。不定冠词、数词、某些不定代词(some,any,many,no,few等) 以及which等 限定词,一般不与形容词性物主代词或s所有格等一起放在名词前修饰名词,而采用of所有格或双重所有格形式。2、结构:名词of 名词性物主代词名词of 名词s所有格。Uncle Wang is a friend of my fathers. 王叔叔是我父亲的一个朋友.(=Uncle Wang is one of my fathers friends.) a good friend of mine 我的一个好朋友 an interesting story of his 他的有趣的经历He is a friend of my sisters. 他是我姐姐的一个朋友。(one of my sisters friends) I have read some books of his. 我读过他的一些书。 Which book of Qiong Yaos have you read? 你读过琼瑶的哪一本书?3、区别:She is Marys brothers friend. She is a friend of Marys brother. She is a friend of Marys brothers. 句用的是s所有格,侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系,突出friend一词。句用的是of所有格,侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系,强调突出了Marys brother。句用的是双重所有格,侧重说明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一个,她只是其中的一个。特殊所有格to的所有格(一般有唯一性) 1、门的钥匙: the key to the door 2、问题的答案: the answer to the question 3、去公园的路: the way to the park表示路程或时间的所有格 走路二十分钟的路程: 20minute walk = 20 minutes walk 骑车10分钟的路程: 10-minute ride = 10 minutes ride 三十天的假日: 30-day holiday = 30 days holiday注意:a/an+名词所有格(X)练 习一、写出下列词的复数1. book_ 2.bus _ 3.orange _4.baby_ 5.boy_ 6.my _ 7.his_ 8.knife_ 9.watch_ 10.sheep _ 11. tooth _ 12. leaf _13.German_ 14.Chinese_二、选择正确的答案1. Are those _?-No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep; cows B.sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow D. sheeps ; cows2. Mum, Im quite thirsty. Please give me _.A. two orange B. two bottles of orangeC. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges3. I have got _ news from my friend. Do you want to know?A. a very good B. any C. a piece of D. two pieces4. _ room is on the 5th floor.A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lilys C. Lucys and Lily D. Lucys and Lilys5. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _ to his office.A. 20 minutes walk B. 20 minutes walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk6. This is James Allan Green. We can call him _.A. Mr. Green B. Mr. Allan C. Mr. James D. James Green7. Jack and Tom are _.A. good friends B. good friend C. a good friend D. good a friend8. Its only about ten _ walk to the nearest post office.A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute9. He often has _ for breakfast.A. two breads B. two piece of breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads10.Mrs. Green has two _. Theyre very bright.A. childs B. child C. childrens D. children11.What did the headmaster say about Jims _.A. two months holiday B. two months holidayC. two-month holidayD. two months holidays12. I wont go there with you, for I have a lot of _ to do.A. works B. job C. work D. working13.Li Lei is a friend of _.A. I sister B. my sisters C. me sister D. my sister of14.Have you read _?A. todays B. today paper C.the todays paper D. todays paper15. How many _ are there in the room?A. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes16. Many _ have been built in our city since 1987.A. factorys B. factories C. factoryes D. factorys17. There are lots of _ in the basket on the table .A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss18. The cat caught two _ last night.A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices19. Jack went to have two _ pulled out yesterday afternoon.A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes20. In our school there are fifty-five _.A. women teachers B. woman teachersC. women teacher D. womans teacher21.The three _ will be put into prison.A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thiefs二、冠词不定冠词a, an 表示“一个”之意,与可数名词单数使用。a +辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an +元音音素开头的单数名词前。不定冠词口诀泛指首提为最多,有时表示某“一个”;物质抽象表“一场”,So加形容再“a”;可数名词为“一类”,序数词前“又一个”Quite等词常放后,固定短语须琢磨。注意:判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头,是根据读音而不是根据字母。泛指类人或物。 egThis is a pencil case SheS a doctor 指不具体的某个人或物。 eg.I met an old man On my way home 用在序数词前,相当于another。 egTheres a third boy near the shop. 表示“每(个)”,相当于every。 egThey have music lessons twice a week 固定搭配。 a lot Of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such aan, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo a couple of 一对a dozen 一打(也可以用 one dozen)a lot of 许多a great many 很多(修饰可数名词)a great deal/amount of 大量(修饰不可数名词) (2)不定冠词的位置 不定冠词般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。 eg,a bike,an egg 当名词被such,what,many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。 egIt took me half an hour to finish my homework He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door What a dangerous job it is! Many a man has gone to the big cities for work 当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。 Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took theblind man to the station How nice a film this is! 当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very时,不定冠词放在quite,rather之后,very之前。 egIt is quite a good book That is rather a useful too1. This is a very interesting story定冠词the定冠词口诀特指双熟悉,上文已提及;世上独无二,序数最高级;某些专有名,习语及乐器。有水无湖,有球无星,有山无峰,有独无欧,有族无球,有文无章,学而不专。以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况,即:特指某些人或物谈话双方都熟悉的人或事上文已经提到的人或事世界上独一无二的事物前序数词回形容词最高级前某些专有名词前一些习惯短语(如:in the day等)中和乐器前(如:play the violin / piano)。1.有水无湖:海、洋、海湾、河等,都用the;单个湖不用the,(但多个湖用the);the Red Sea,the Pacific Ocean,the Persian Gulf, the Yangtze RiverThe Great Lakes(五大湖);Lake Erie(伊利湖)2.有球无星:地球,月亮用the;行星不用the: Mars,Venus;3.有山无峰:The Huangshan Mountains(黄山);Mount Everest(珠穆朗玛峰);Mount(or Mt.) Tai(泰山).4.有独无欧(偶):独一无二的,the earth,the moon,the sun用the;欧洲等七大洲不用the.Europe,Africa,Asia,North America,South America,Antarctica,Oceania5.有(足)族无球(运动):种族用the:the Indians(印第安人);球类运动baseball,basketball6.有文无章:历史性的文件用the;小说等的章节不用theThe Constitution(宪法); chapter one7.学而不专:学校放在词组的前面时用the;专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the;The University of Fudan; Fudan University (1)用于指某个或某些特定的人或物。如:The woman in a green skirt is our English teacher.(2)用于表示上文已经提到的人或事物。如:There is a boy in the garden. The boy is Zhou Huas brother.(3)用于固定短语中。用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的短语或习惯用语中。如:in the morning, all the year round, the next morning, on the right, in the day, the day after tomorrow, at the same time等。零冠词特殊场合下不用冠词即零冠词。下面是零冠词的具体用法:(1)名词前已经有作定语用的物主代词,指示代词,不定代词或所有格修饰时。如:I have some questions to ask.(2) 名词复数表示某一类人或事物时。如:These are horses.(3) 在球类,棋类,语言,学科和三餐的名词前。如:Some students are playing basketball, and others are reading English.(4) 在假日,星期,季节,月份等名词前。如:Womens Day is on March 8th.(5) 一些抽象的不可数名词前。如:Time waits for no man.(6) 在一些习惯用语中。如:day by day, face to face, day and night, right and wrong, back to back, from time to time, at school, go to school, at night, in time等。零冠词零冠词口诀下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前;专有名词不可数,学科球棋三餐饭;复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况,即:名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。 专有名词和不可数名词前。 表示学科的(如:maths、Chinese、physics)名词前。 球棋类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。 复数名词表示泛指(一类人或事)时。 节日、季节、星期、月份前。 表示颜色(如:Its red / yellow.)、语种(如:speak English/Japanese)和国家的非全称名词(如:We live in China. They come from America.)。 在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。 某些习惯短语中(如:in bed、go to school等)。针对性练习:一、选择填空。( )1.-What _ fine weather it is! Lets go to _beach. -Good idea.A. /; a B. an; the C. the; the D. /; the( )2.-Betty, could you please play _piano for me for half _hour while Im singing? -With pleasure.A. a; a B. an; an C. the; an D. the; a( )3. _China is _old country with _long history.A. /; the; a B. /; an; the C. /; an; a D. the; an; a( )4.-Where is Xiao Ming? -He is having _rest.A. a B. an C. / D. the( )5.He gets up early in _morning and goes to bed late in _evening.A. the; a B. a; an C. the; an D. the; the( )6.Jack has _useful book. _book is also very interesting,A. an; The B. a; The C. an; A D. a; A( )7.I have _aunt, she works in _Beijing University.A. a; the B. an; / C. an; the D. an; a( )8.The boy is _American. It means “He comes from _UnitedStates of _America”.A. an; an; an B. an; the; an C. an; /; / D. an; the; /二、在必要的地方用适当的冠词填空,不必要的填“/1._computer is _useful machine.2.There is _apple and _banana on the table.3.There are many boys playing _football on the playground.4._moon goes around _earth.5.-Can you play _guitar? -Sorry, I cant. But I can play _chess.6._bike under the tree is mine.7.Wang Ming is _excellent student.8.We are having _good time now.9.There is a new blackboard in _front of _classroom.10.We are in _Xinhua High School. _school is very beautiful.三、用适当的冠词完成下列短文,不需要的地方填“/“。(一)Hello! My name is Tony. Im from(1) _America. Im 13 years old and I study at Yuying Middle School in(2) _China. I like my new school .It has(3) _very big playground. After class I often play(4) _basketball on it. I have(5) _good friend here. Her name is Zhao Ming. She is(6) _Chinese girl .She is from(7) _Shanghai. She likes music .She plays(8) _guitar very well, and she plays(9) _chess very well, too. My teacher says she is (10) _good student.(二)Hello, boys and girls! Im Linda. Im (1) _eight-year-old girl. I have(2) _small family. There are three people in my family. My father is(3) _doctor. My mother is(4) _English teacher. Every day they are very busy. I have (5) _good friend .His name is Frank. He has(6) _white cat. Frank is very smart. He can play (7) _piano. Oh, where is(8) _Frank? He is on(9) _floor. He is playing with(10 _black cat.三、数词基数词口诀 基数词,不难记, 十二以内词各异;十三数到十九去, 后加 -teen,莫忘记;二十三十至九十, ty整十后面去; 要说基数“几十几”, 连字符号“-”别丢弃。基数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词。我们在生活中经常用到基数词,如表示年龄,房间号码,车牌号,年,月,日等。如:Im twelve years old.(1)1-12是独立的单词。如:one, two, three, seven, eight, eleven, twelve等。(2) 13-19是个位数加-teen构成。(3) 20-90整十数是个位数加-ty构成。(4) 21-99都是由“几十”和“几”合起来构成,十位数和个位数加连字符号“-”。(5) 101-999要先说“几百”再加and,再加末两位数。(6) 1000以上的数,先从后往前数,每三位加“,”第一个“,”号前为thousand,第二个“,”号前为million,第三个“,”号前为billion.注意:hundred, thousand, million前面有具体数字时,这三个词的末尾都不加“-s”,其前没有具体数字修饰时,其后加“-s”,再加of.即hundreds/thousands/millions of.【解说】 1. 基数词表示数目多少,其拼写形式有一定的规律,十二以内的词写法各不相同。例如:one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 2. 十三至十九每个词和各自对应的个位数三到九有关,而且后面都有 -teen。例如: thirteen, four-teen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen 3. 二十、三十至九十,表示整十的基数词之后都有 -ty。例如: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety 4. 表示二十以上“几十几”,由表示整十的词和个位数字之间加“-”组成。例如: twenty-one, thirty-five, sixty-three, ninety-nine 5. “一百”是 a / one hundred,英文中百位数和个位数或十位数之间用 and 连接。例如: 101 one hundred and one, 365 three hundred and sixty-five, 999 nine hundred and ninety-nine基数词变序数词 口诀第一、二、三要全变, 其余“th”加后边,“th”里有例外, 你需格外记明白: 八减t,九减e, 字母f代ve,ty变tie。 若遇到几十几; 只将个位变成序。eg. onefirst twosecond threethird eighteighth nineninth twelvetwelfthtwentytwentieth twenty-one -twenty-first英语分数口诀英语分数不费事;母序子基四个字;分子若是大于一;分母还须加-s分子(基数)、分母(序数),分子超过1时,分母加s one third 三分之一 two thirds 三分之二含分数的短语作主语由分数后的词决定谓语1)One third of the students are girls. 2)One third of the milk is mine.分数的特殊形式1)one third = a third2)one fourth = a quarter three fourths = three quarters3)one second = a half数词的应用口诀 整点表达很简单, 数字放在oclock前。表示几点几分钟, 两种方法要记清。小时在前分在后, 英汉一致好朋友。分钟在前时在后, 中间介词不能丢。 半小时内past连, 过半要用to来牵。 分钟过半60减, 小时加1不能欠。一、时刻表达法整 点:基数词 + oclockeg. Its eight oclock now.几点几分: 直接表达法:先小时后分eg. 3:25 three twenty-five 间接表达法:先分后小时1)(30分钟)用to:(60-分钟数) to (小时数+1)eg. 3:35 twenty-five (minutes) to four3) 30分钟 = half 15分钟 = a quartereg. 3:30 three thirty = half past three 3:15 three fifteen = a quarter past three. 3:45 three forty-five = a quarter to four二、日期表达法 月日,年(或日月,年)1949年10月1日 : October1st , nineteen forty-nine=the first of October, nineteen forty-nine2000年: the year two thousand=twenty hundred2001年: twenty and one3月1日: March the first = the first of March(一)年份在英语中,年份一般用阿拉伯数字写出,其读。写方法有以下几种:四位数的年份,一般前两个数为一个单位,后两个数为一个单位,依次按基数词读出。如:1763年写作:1763读作:seventeen sixty-three或seventeen hundred and sixty-three2006年写作:2006读作:two thousand and six2063年写作:2063读作:twenty sixty-three或twenty hundred and sixty-three1050年写作:1050读作:ten fifty或ten hundred and fifty三位数的年份,可以按基数词读出,或者第一个数字为一个单位,后两个数字为一个单位,按基数词读出。如:385年写作:385读作:three hundred and eighty-five或three eighty-five509年写作:509读作:five hundred and nine或five O nine两位数的年份,直接按基数词读出。如:公元前59年写作:59 B.C.读作:fifty-nine B.C. (B.C. /bi:si:/是英文before Christ/kraist/的缩写,用在年份后,表示公元前年。)公元8年写作:8 A.D.读作:eight A.D.(A.D.是拉丁文Anno Domini / AnEudCminai/的缩写,用在年份后,表示公元年。在不会引起误解的情况下常将其省略。)(二)月份月份开头第一个字母必须大写。月上/中/下旬的表达方式为:early/mid/late+月份名称。如:early February二月上旬;mid-February二月中旬;late February二月下旬。英语月份的名称

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