2014全国职称英语综合类新增文章.doc

第二部分阅读判断第九篇What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freuds. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：第 3 页，共 15 页psychologist / sakldst / n心理学家psychiatrist /sai kaitrst/ n精神病学家(医生)Austrian / strn / adj奥地利的gender / dend / n性别注释：1Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（18561939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有性学三论梦的释义图腾与禁忌日常生活的心理病理学精神分析引论精神分析引论新编等。2Carl Jung：卡尔荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。3For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。练习：1Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Men and women dream about different things.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解1A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感活动。2A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思维和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。3B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为，梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。4C文中没有提及。5A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，他认为做梦也是一项心智机能，需要随着年龄增长而发展。6A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。7B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。第十三篇Stage Fright1Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Dont deny that youre jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. “And not one of these please dont kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.”She doesnt want performers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job.”5 Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,”Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have any expectations,”Soprano June Anderson said. “Theres less to lose. Later on, when youre known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note.”词汇：veteran / vetrn / adj经验丰富的jittery / dtri / adj紧张不安的mentor / ment: / n指导者soprano / sprpr:n / n女高音；女高音歌手cellist/ telst / n大提琴演奏家abdominal / bdmnl / adj腹部的fallible/ flbl / adj易犯错误的tenor /ten/ n男高音注释：1Stage Fright：舞台恐惧2The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic资深大提琴家米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇故意把他绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症cure somebody of illness (problem)：医治好病（解决问题）3 its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞台恐惧的症状有：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白4Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out：老师和心理学家给出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如详细地学习曲目 inside out：in great detail详细地，从里到外地5I came to a point where I thought，If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job.：我曾经一度认为，如果演奏音乐就必须过怯场这一关的话，那我可能得换其他工作了。6Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.：他后来说，要克服恐惧重要的是学会谦逊，即认识到不论自己多有才，总有可能会失误，一个有瑕疵的音乐会绝对不是世界末日。练习：1Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned2There are many signs of stage fright.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned3Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned4To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned5If you have stage fright, its helpful to have friendly audience.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned6Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned7Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned答案与题解：1B本文第一段讲的是钢琴家弗拉基米尔菲兹曼被米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈的经历。2A第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。3B本文的第三、第四、第五和第六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。4A依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正常甚至是必要的。5C第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们做眼光交流。而克服舞台恐惧是否需要观众友好文中未提。6A第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。7B第七段讲的是：不只是年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧，钢琴家弗拉基米尔霍洛维茨和男高音弗朗科科莱里亦不能幸免。never一词不恰当。第三部分概括大意与完成句子第十三篇Ward off1 Travel Bugs1 As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn2. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems.2 You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria3, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to4 poisoning brought on5 by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria.3 By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.6 The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut.4 In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However，if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.5 Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7 can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses，allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti- parasitic，anti-viral and anti-fungal agent.6 Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules9 ward off motion sickness，but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing，you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure.7 The greatest concern is “economy class syndrome”, the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol.8 You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin10. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat.9 Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor.词汇：/kecheng/english/zhicheng/第 15 页，共 15 页bug / bg / n臭虫；病菌；病毒diarrhea / dari: / n腹泻taint /tent/ v感染；污染pancreatic / pkritik / adj胰腺的antibiotic / ntbatk / n抗生素option /pn / n选择jet lag (跨时区高速飞行后）生理节奏的破坏，飞行时差反应anti-parasitic /ntprstk / adj抗寄生虫的anti-fungal / ntfgl / adj抗真菌的，杀真菌的nibble /丨nbl/ vt一点点地咬下pathogenic /pdenk / adj病原的；致病的；发病的thrombosis /rmbusis / n血栓anti-viral / ntvarl / adj抗病毒的hydrate /haidr(e)it/ v保持水分注释：1ward off ：避开；防止2As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn.：随着假日的临近，由于高空飞行时差引起的生理不适、胃痛或日光灼烧等潜在问题也接踵而至。第二个分句是由so引导的倒装句。例如：“He is a doctor. ” “So am I.”3lactobacillus and bifidobacteria：乳（酸）杆菌和双歧杆菌4succumb to：屈服，屈从5bring on：引起，导致6By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.：通过改善消化道内的细菌平衡，你就可以排出致病细菌，使它们没有立足之地。crowd out：驱赶出。7silicol gel：偏磷酸酪蛋白氧化硅胶8grapefruit-seed extract：葡萄軒榨汁9peppermint oil and ginger capsules：薄荷油和生姜胶囊。medicine 般指内服药（包括液体药剂，例如可以说a drop of medicine），pill指小的丸粒，tablet指药片，但有时medicine可代表药品的总称。10bioflavonoid quercetin：生物类黄酮槲皮素ABasics of What to Eat and DrinkBMedicine Against Bacteria and VirusesCAvoiding Holiday TroublesDBasics of Having a Pleasant FlightEA Teaspoonful of Helpful SilicolFPreparations Against Food Poisoning练习：1Paragraph 1 _.2Paragraph 4 _.3Paragraph 5 _.4Paragraph 6 _.5Food-poisoning may pose a problem _.6Special earplugs can make you feel better _.7It is important to drink a lot of water _.8Dont forget to bring necessary medicine _.Awhen your plane is about to landBwhen you are taking tabletsCwhen you suffer from food-poisoningDwhen you are travellingEwhen you are packing for your tourFwhen you are having a cold答案与题解：1C实际上，这段也点明了全文的中心思想。2A本段说明旅行时在吃与喝方面应注意的基本卫生问题。3B注意E没有概括本段的中心意思。4D本段开始介绍坐飞机旅行时的注意事项。5D第二、第三、第四、第五段都谈到了注意旅行中的饮食卫生。6A答案的根据为文章第六段的第三句。7C第四段提到当食物中毒时要多喝水，以免脱水。8E答案的根据在第五段。第四部分阅读理解第二十九篇Ill Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people cant tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Copes computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers，brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They werent good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.A few years later，Copes computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computers musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesnt like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!词汇：original/rdnl / adj有独创性的collaboration / klbren / n合作review/ rvju:/ n评论feedback /fi:dbk / n反馈注释J. S. Bach约翰塞巴斯蒂安巴赫（德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日一1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方现代音乐之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。练习：1The music composed by David cope is about _.Aclassical musicBpop music CdramaDcountry music2By developing a computer software，David cope aimed _.Ato be like BachBto study BachCto write an operaDto create a musical database3What did cope realize about a great composers brain?AIt works like a big database.BIt writes a computer program.CIt can recognize any music patterns.DIt can create melodies.4Who is Emmy?Aa databaseBa computer software Ca composer who helped DavidDan opera5We can infer from the passage that _.ADavid Cope is a computer programmer.BDavid Cope loves music.CBachs music helped him a lot.DEmmy did much more work than a composer.答案与题解：1A第一段的第一句：作曲家大卫科普编写了一个计算机软件，它能创作出古典音乐作品。2C从第二段的第一句可以看出，大卫编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。3D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。4B从第五段第一句可知艾米是计算机软件。5D从本文第一句可知大卫是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A，B和C项内容没有提及；从本文的第五段和第六段可知，艾米大大提高了大卫的创作速度，最后一句，大部分重活都由艾米来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。第三十六篇Life as a Movie ExtraOrdinary people have always been attracted to the world of movies and movie stars. One way to get closer to this world is to become a movie extra. Although you have seen movie extras, you may not have paid attention to them.