春季疾病的预防.ppt

SpringIllnesses春季疾病 BeverlyYoung MD2010TheWarrenAlpertMedicalSchoolofBrownUniversity Somespringtimeillnessesoccurbecauseoftheincraesedprevalenceofenvironmentalallergens Others themajority occurbecauseofvirusinfections 因为环境过敏原增加流行 有些春季疾病的发生 多数是因为病毒感染引起的 AllergicRhinitis Hayfever 过敏性鼻炎 枯草热 Oversensitivitytosomethingintheenvironment especiallycommoninthespringbecauseofplantsmakingpollen对环境中的有些东西极度敏感 在春天花粉过敏特别常见Nofever没有发热School agedchildren学龄儿童Runnynose usuallyclearorwhitish流涕 通常流清鼻Mayhavedarkcirclesaroundtheeyes可能有黑眼圈Associatedwithasthma eczema与哮喘 湿疹有关Frequentlyothersinthefamilyhaveallergy asthma eczema家庭成员经常有过敏 哮喘 湿疹 AllergicRhinitis过敏性鼻炎 Treatment治疗Avoidallergens避免过敏原Animals pets ifseemstoworsen动物 宠物 如果好像变严重Medication loratadineorcetirizine canbeboughtatthepharmacy药物 氯雷他定或西替利嗪 可以在药店买到 AsthmaExacerbation哮喘加剧 Wheezing shortnessofbreath cough especiallyatnight 哮鸣 气短 咳嗽 特别是在晚上 Overreactionoftheairwaystoenvironmentalallergens气道对环境过敏原反应过度Childrenwithasthmaarepronetoexacerbationinthespringbecauseofthepresenceofallergensintheenvironment pollenfromgrassesandtrees 因为环境中存在过敏原 花草和树木花粉 哮喘患儿春季易加重Givealbuterolasneeded根据需要 给予沙丁胺醇Ifsymptomsdonotgoawaywithalbuterol seeyourdoctor如果沙丁胺醇没效果 要看医生Ifasthmaisactingup seeyourdoctortomakesurethatmedicinessuchasinhaledsteroids montelukast cromolynareoptimized如果哮喘复发 让医生确认控制药物是否有效 比如 吸入内固醇 孟鲁司特 色甘酸钠 controller UpperRespiratoryViralInfections上呼吸道病毒性感染 The commoncold 普通感冒Sorethroat runnynose nasalcongestion cough headache fever stomachupset喉痛 流涕 鼻塞 咳嗽 头痛 或伴有发热 胃部不适Causedbyavirus thereforeantibioticsarenothelpful Medicinescanhelprelievesymptoms病毒引起 所以抗生素没有用 药物能缓解症状Acetaminophenoribuprofenforfevers IFtheyaremakingthechilduncomfortable扑热息痛或布诺芬用于发热 如果发热让孩子不适Throatlozenges coughmedicine润喉糖 止咳药DONOTgiveaspirin 不要用阿司匹林Plentyofrest plentyoffluids多休息 多饮水 Bronchiolitis毛细支气管炎 Viralillnessinbabies 2yearsold小于2岁的婴儿病毒性疾病Babydevelopsmildcoldsymptoms sneezing clearrhinorrhea decreasedappetite fever38 5 39 C婴儿有轻微感冒症状 打喷嚏 流涕 食欲减退 发热38 5 39度Gradually wheezycough difficultybreathing fastbreathing irritability thismayrequirehospitalization逐渐出现喘咳 呼吸困难 急促 烦躁 需要住院治疗Aslongasthebabyisbreathingcomfortably itisverysafetotakecareofthebabyathome 只要孩子呼吸正常 在家中照顾小孩很安全 Hand Foot MouthDisease手足口病 Viralillnessinchildren 10yearsold10岁以内的儿童 病毒性疾病Fever mouthulcers rashonthehands feet buttocks andgenitalia发热 口腔溃疡 手 足 臀部和会阴区皮疹Goesawayonitsownin7days7天后自行消失Thebesttreatmentisprevention最好的治疗是预防Carefulhandwashing勤洗手Goodhygienewithstool soileddiapers接触尿裤及粪便的手要及时清洗干净 Hand Foot MouthDisease手足口病 Chickenpox水痘 Low gradefeverandgenerallyillfeelingmaycomefirst开始时低度发热 感觉不适Skinlesions clearvesiclesthatandscaboverashortperiodoftime皮肤病变 短时间内水泡 脓疱 结痂Newgroupsofskinvesiclesappearforseveraldays几天之后又有新的皮肤水泡出现Scabseventuallyfalloff leavingasmalldentintheskin Thesedentsarenotpermanent 最后痂脱落 在皮肤上留下一个凹痕 这些凹痕不是永久的 Adultscanhavemoreseriousinfection成人会有更加严重的感染Canbepreventedwithavaccination疫苗可预防 AnUpdateonH1N1NovelInfluenza甲型H1N1流感 Cough sorethroat runnyorstuffynose bodyaches headache chillsandfatigue fever vomiting diarrhea咳嗽 咽痛 流涕或鼻塞 全身疼痛 头痛 寒战并疲劳 或伴有发热 呕吐Approximately90 offlucasesbeingseeninChinanowareanormalseasonalfluvariant ratherthanH1N1在中国常见的流感病例大约有90 是季节性流感 而不是甲流Prevention预防 Goodhandwashing勤洗手Don ttouchyourface 不要触摸脸Coveryournose mouthwhensneezingorcoughingwithyourelbow notyourhand打喷嚏或咳嗽时用肘遮住你的鼻子 嘴 而不是用手Don tgooutwhenyou resick生病时不要外出 Emergencywarningsignsofseverefluorflucomplications几种流感或流感并发症的紧急危险信号 Inchildren儿童 Fastbreathingortroublebreathing呼吸急促或困难Bluishskincolor皮肤发紫Notdrinkingenoughfluids液体摄入不足Notwakingupornotinteracting嗜睡或不与人互动Beingsoirritablethatthechilddoesnotwanttobeheld烦躁不安Flu likesymptomsimprovebutthenreturnwithfeverandworsecough流感症状改善 但复发 发热 严重咳嗽Feverwitharash发热伴有皮疹 Inadults成人 Difficultybreathingorshortnessofbreath呼吸困难或气短Painorpressureinthechestorabdomen胸痛或气闷或腹痛Suddendizziness突然眩晕Confusion意识不清Severeorpersistentvomiting多次或持续呕吐Flu likesymptomsimprovebutthenreturnwithfeverandworsecough流感样症状改善但复发并伴有发热和严重咳嗽 Howtokeepfromgettingsick inthespringtimeandallthetime 怎样预防生病 Washyourhandsoftenwithsoapandwater 勤用肥皂和清水洗手Virusescanremainaliveandinfectiveonsurfacesforupto2 8hours 病毒能在物体表面生存并引起感染长达2 8小时Avoidtouchingyoureyes noseormouth Germsspreadthisway 避免用手摸你的眼睛 鼻子或嘴 病菌通过此途径传播Trytoavoidclosecontactwithsickpeople 尽量不与病人近距离接触Ifyouaresick stayathomeforatleast24hoursafteryourfeverhasgone 如果你生病了 退烧之后在家最少呆24小时 Afewsummertimeproblems 几个夏季问题 Gastroenteritis胃肠炎Meningitis especiallyviralmeningitis 脑膜炎 特别是病毒性脑膜炎 Accidents意外事故 Gastroenteritis胃肠炎 Generallyaviralillnessaffectingthestomachandintestines总体来说是影响胃肠的病毒性疾病Nausea vomiting恶心 呕吐Diarrhea nonbloody 腹泻 没有血丝 Abdominalcramping腹绞痛Withorwithoutfever伴有发热或没有发热Mainriskisdehydrataion主要风险是脱水Mostimportant haveyourchilddrinkplentyoffluids Usuallyfrequent smallamountsisbest afewsipseveryfewminutes 最重要的是 让孩子多饮水 通常来说最好是少量多次 每隔几分钟喝几小口 Avoiddairy toomuchoil toomuchmeatuntildiarrheahasresolved在腹泻消失之前 避免奶制品 油腻食物 少吃肉 Diarrhea vomiting seekmedicalhelpif 腹泻 呕吐 如果出现下列情形 求医 Vomitingisveryforceful especiallyinababy 不自主的呕吐 特别是婴儿 Vomitingisgreen especiallyinababy 呕吐物是绿色的 特别是婴儿 Severeabdominalpain多次腹痛Bloodystools便中带血Youcannotmakeyourchilddrink孩子拒饮Childappearsdehydrated 孩子出现脱水Lethargicorconfused嗜睡或意识不清Lipsandmoutharedry cracked唇或嘴干燥 裂Eyeslooksunken眼睛凹陷Nourinefor 12hours超过12小时无尿 Meningitis脑膜炎 Aviral bacterial orfungalinfectionofthemeninges theliningofthebrain 脑膜的病毒 细菌或真菌感染Someformsofmeningitisareharmless butotherscanbedeadly difficulttotellwhichwithoutdoingatestcalledalumbarpuncture有些脑膜炎是无害的 但有些是致命的 很难区分 除非做腰穿Ifyoususpectmeningitis mustbringchildforevaluation如果你怀疑是脑膜炎 必须带孩子检查 Meningitis doesmychildhaveit 脑膜炎 我的孩子有吗 Fever发热Headache头痛Painuponbendingtheneckforward低头时疼Eyesensitivitytolight对光