where是从属连接词.doc

where是从属连接词,引导地点状语从句.ColumbiaWhere Im from were pretty relaxed about time.If you tell a friens youre going to their house for dinner,its okay if you arrive a bit late.Spending time with family and friends is very important to us.We often just drop by our friends homes.We dont usually have to make plans to meet our friends.Often we just walk around the town center,seeing as many of our feiends as we can!In Switzerland,its very important to be on time . Were the land of watches,after all ! If someone invites you to meet them at 4:00, you have to be there at 4:00. If youre even fifteen minutes late,your friend may get angry.Also,we never visit a friesds house without calling first.We usually make plans to see friends.We usually plan to do something interesting,or go somewhere together.哥伦比亚：无论我来自(哥伦比亚的)任何地方，我们对时间是非常随意的。如果你告诉一位朋友你回去他们家吃饭，你稍晚一点到也没关系。对我们来说，和家人、朋友一起度过时光是非常重要的。我们经常顺便走访一下朋友家。我们不需要为见面准备什么。我们经常就是在城镇中心走走，尽可能多的看看我们的朋友们！瑞士：在瑞士，守时是非常重要的。毕竟我们是手表王国！如果有人纸你在4点钟见面，你必须在4点钟到那里。如果你甚至晚了15分钟，你的朋友就要生气了。我们也不会不事先打电话就拜访朋友家。我们经常计划去见朋友。我们（和朋友）经常计划去做一些有趣的事，或者是一起走走。suppose和supposing可用于引导条件从句吗suppose本来是动词，supposing本来是现在分词，但它们有可用作连词，引导条件状语从句，其意为“假若”“如果”等；此时主句通常为疑问句。如：Supposing he cant come, who will do the work? 假使他不能来，这工作谁做? Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 如果他不来，是不是不带他去? Suppose you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept? 假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗?Suppose Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do? 假如我们误了火车，我们将怎么办?注意，suppose用作连词引导条件状语从句时，它必须置于主句之前，但supposing用作连词引导条件状语从句时，则可置于主句之前，也可以置于主句之后。如：Wed love to come and see you on Saturday, supposing I dont have to work that day. 我想星期六来看你，假若那天我不上班的话。unless与ifnot表示否定条件时有何区别两者都可表示否定的条件，有时可换用。如：Come tomorrow unless I phone if I dont phone. 要是我没有打电话，明天就来。You wont catch the train unless you hurry if you dont hurry. 你要是不赶快，你就赶不上火车了。但是在下列情况下，通常要用 if . not 而不用 unless：1. 当从句所引出的情况不是表示主句情况发生的一种例外而只是一种可能，并且这种可能正是导致主句情况发生的主要原因时，英语习惯只用if.not，不用unless。如：Ill be surprised if he doesnt win. 如果他不赢，我会感到惊奇。Shed look nicer if she didnt wear so much make-up. 要是她不过分打扮，本来会更好看的。Ill be sorry if they do not come tomorrow. 如果他们明天不来，我将感到非常遗憾。2. 当从句内容与已知事实相反时（即引出虚拟条件时），通常要用if.not，而不用unless。如：If he werent so silly, he would understand. 他要不是那样傻的话，他就会明白了。（实际上他很傻）If I hadnt stopped her, she would have jumped down. 要不是我阻止了她，她就跳下去了。（实际上我阻止了她）unless有时可引出一个过去未曾实现的假想法情况，对前面主句进行补充说明（此时必须置于主句之后，且前面常用破折号而不用逗号）。如：I couldnt have got to the meeting on timeunless I had caught an earlier train. 我不可能及时赶到会场，除非我赶上了较早一班火车。（事实是“我”没有及时到会）此句若将unless改为if.not，则成为：I couldnt have got there If I hadnt caught an earlier train. 如果我没赶上较早一班火车，我就不能到达那儿了。（事实是“我”及时到会了）providing和provided可用于引导条件从句吗虽然 providing 和 provided 形式上为动词provide的现在分词和过去分词，但它们均可用作连词，引导条件状语从句，其意为“只要”（=as long as）、“如果”（=if）等。如：Providing Provided you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off. 只要你到今晚把案头上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。Providing Providing you promise not to tell anyone else. I11 explain the secret. 只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密讲给你听。Provided Providing that you keep quiet, you can come to the concert. 只要你保持安静，你就可以去听音乐会。Providing there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 如果没人反对我们将在这里开会。这类从句通常置于主句之前，但置于主句之后也是可能的。如：I will stay here provided providing the climate agrees with me. 如果这里的气候合适的话，我就待下来。You can borrow my bike providing provided you bring it back. 你可以借我的自行车，只要你还给我。让步状语从句学习指导让步状语这是一个比较奇怪的名字。所谓让步，简单地说就是降低标准或者说是退一步，相当于汉语的“虽然”“尽管”“即使”等。英语中用于引导让步状语从句的连词不多，主要有although, though, even though, even if等。1. 用although / though引导：although与though虽然拼写不同，但意思相同，都表示“虽然”，常可互换。如：Though they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生，但是相貌却完全不同。Although she didnt say anything I sensed (that) she didnt like the idea. 她虽然什么也没说但我已意识到她不喜欢这个主意。注意，不要按汉语习惯说althoughbut。如：尽管她父亲在公司里，但她那份工作却是靠自己得到的。误：Although her father is in the firm, but she got the job on her own.正：Although her father is in the firm, she got the job on her own.2. 用even though / even if引导：even though和even if意思相同，均表示“即使”，常可互换。如：Even though you have a lot of money, I wont love you. 即使你有很多钱，我也不会爱你。Even if you saw him pick up the money, you cant be sure he stole it. 就算你看见是他拾起的钱，你也不能肯定钱就是他偷的。3. 用whetheror引导：whetheror的意思是“无论还是”“不管还是”。如：Ill do it whether you like it or not. 不管你是否喜欢，我都要做。Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 不论我们帮助他与否, 他都将失败。4. 用特殊词引导：除上面提到的最常用的引导让步状语从句的词语外，有时还可用那些以-ever结尾的词语来引导，如whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever等，它们的意思与no matter what, no matter who, no matter how, no matter when, no matter where等，意思是“无论什么”“无论是谁”“无论多么”“无论什么时候”“无论什么地方”等。如：Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。Whoever