上市公司股利政策研究外文文献

Growth and the Valuation of SharesLintnerListed companies in the dividend distribution policy to some extent direct impact on the operation of funds of listed companies. The company paid to its shareholders the remaining surplus of retained earnings in the enterprise, there Cixiaobizhang relationship. Therefore, the dividend distribution policy is decided how much dividend distribution to shareholders, has decided to stay in the number of enterprises. Reduce the dividend distribution, which will increase corporate retained earnings, reducing the external financing needs. So dividend policy is also financing the internal decision-making enterprises. In this paper, often used to make a dividend distribution policy briefly discussed.Dividend in the actual operation, the choice of dividend distribution policy has the following four:First, the remaining dividend distribution policy Dividend and the companys capital structure related to investment and capital structure, in turn, constitute the necessary funds, the dividend distribution policy should in fact be the cost of capital and investment opportunities in the double impact. The remaining dividend distribution policy is that the company has good investment opportunities, in accordance with the objectives of certain capital structure (the optimal capital structure), to calculate the required equity capital investment, the first of retained earnings, and then the remaining surplus as a dividend to be Distribution. If there is no surplus, not dividends. Use the remaining dividend distribution policy to be followed by five steps: (1)identification of investment projects, looking for profitable investment opportunities. (2)target capital structure, which is identified with the debt equity capital ratio of capital to the weighted average cost of capital (integrated cost of capital rate) reached the lowest level as the standard. (3) target capital structure of the equity investment required amount.(4)maximize the use of the companys retained earnings to meet the investment programmes of the equity capital required amount. (5)investment programme for equity capital have been met if the remaining surplus, and then as dividends paid to shareholders. Choice of the remaining dividend distribution policy, will mean that only the remaining surplus for dividend payment. The model is based on the stock price has nothing to do with the distribution of dividends, investors in the dividend and capital gains do not have a preferred, but will investors get dividends on the secondary position, its fundamental purpose is to maintain the ideal capital structure, the weighted average cost of capital Minimum, thus realizing the company to maximize profits.Second, the continued growth of fixed or dividend distribution policy The continued growth of fixed or dividend distribution policy is to distribute the annual dividend fixed at a specific level, and in the longer period of time regardless of how the companys profitability, the financial situation of how the distribution of the dividend remains unchanged. Only when the company that future earnings will be significant, and irreversible growth, will be able to maintain the amount of dividends paid to a higher level, will increase the annual dividend payment amount. However, inflation in the circumstances, most companies will then raise the surplus, and the majority of investors want companies to provide more than offset the adverse effects of inflation dividends, long-term inflation in the years should also increase the amount of dividend payment .Sustained growth of fixed or dividend distribution policy is aimed at avoid because of poor management and reduction of dividend. To take such dividend distribution policy of the reasons is: First, a stable dividend for the company to market convey the normal development of the information, to establish a good image of the company, enhance the confidence of investors in the company, stable stock prices. Second, the stability of the amount of dividends to investors for dividend income and expenditure, especially for those who are dependent on dividends shareholders especially. Mandrax Mandrax high dividends and low stocks, will not be welcomed by these shareholders, the stock price will drop. Third, the stability of the dividend distribution policy may be inconsistent with the remaining dividend theory, but taking into account the stock market will be a variety of factors, including the psychological state of shareholders and other requirements, in order to maintain a stable dividend level, Even if some deferred investment programme or temporarily deviate from target capital structure, may also reduce the dividend or lower than the dividend growth rate of more favorable.In view of this, the company only used or continued growth in the fixed dividend distribution policy in order to maximize the company shares in order to achieve the maximization of the companys financial goals. The dividend distribution policy is that the shortcomings of the dividends paid out of touch with the surplus. When the lower earnings still support a fixed dividend, it might lead to a shortage of funds, financial situation worsened, not the same as the surplus into the dividend distribution policy as to maintain a lower cost of capital.Third, to pay a fixed dividend rate policy Dividend policy to pay a fixed rate, the company set a dividend amount of the surplus ratio (dividend payment rate), this ratio of long-term policy to pay dividends. In this dividend distribution policy, the dividends for investors as the companys net profit after tax changes and fluctuations, when the company increased net profit, the stock dividend for investors has increased, but decreased. The higher rate of pay fixed dividends, the company retained surplus is less. Fixed rate of dividend payment distribution model first consider the distribution of dividends, before considering the retained earnings, with the remaining dividend distribution model contrary to the order. In the policy, the dividend payment rate, once established, generally are not allowed to randomly change, the companys profit after tax is determined by calculation, the distribution of the dividend will accordingly identified.Fixed rate of dividend payment policy is based on investor risk aversion, like the reality of the proceeds to determine the distribution of dividends to meet the aspirations of investors, and the distribution of dividends and stock price are relevant and meet the aspirations of the investors, will support the company Shares in a higher position, shares will maximize the realization of the companys financial goals to maximize. But in this policy under the annual dividend for the larger changes, the company easily create the impression of instability, adverse to stabilize stock prices.Third, to pay a fixed dividend rate policy Dividend policy to pay a fixed rateThe company set a dividend amount of the surplus ratio (dividend payment rate), this ratio of long-term policy to pay dividends. In this dividend distribution policy, the dividends for investors as the companys net profit after tax changes and fluctuations, when the company increased net profit, the stock dividend for investors has increased, but decreased. The higher rate of pay fixed dividends, the company retained surplus is less. Fixed rate of dividend payment distribution model first consider the distribution of dividends, before considering the retained earnings, with the remaining dividend distribution model contrary to the order. In the policy, the dividend payment rate, once established, generally are not allowed to randomly change, the companys profit after tax is determined by calculation, the distribution of the dividend will accordingly identified.Fixed rate of dividend payment policy is based on investor risk aversion, like the reality of the proceeds to determine the distribution of dividends to meet the aspirations of investors, and the distribution of dividends and stock price are relevant and meet the aspirations of the investors, will support the company Shares in a higher position, shares will maximize the realization of the companys financial goals to maximize. But in this policy under the annual dividend for the larger changes, the company easily create the impression of instability, adverse to stabilize stock prices.The last,Yurika additional shares normal low dividend policy Yurika additional shares normal low dividend policy, a company in normal circumstances only pay a fixed annual amount of the dividend lower in corporate earnings more and better financial situation of the year, according to the actual situation further release of additional dividends to shareholders. However, additional dividends is not fixed, does not mean that the company permanently raise the required rate of dividend payment. Stock real goods or services provided to the customer business entity. The delivery of these goods and services customers time may also influence the cash flow. Articles in the excessive inventory becomes expensive, because they are more easily damaged, or can become obsolete. Although there is now way, the company can reduce the loss of goods allowed to cancel out, commercial enterprises have set up sales of goods and services, without their product is out of date. The company needs a responsible person to understand what is inventory, and this information must be effectively communicated to the sales force. An effective sales force training can use this information to the understanding of what the pricing model, in order to recruit. At the same time, the sales manager can use this information to the foundation and development unit.Adopt this policy was mainly due to: first, such dividend distribution policy so that companies with greater flexibility, when compared with fewer or more of the capital investment required, to maintain a lower but set the normal dividend The level of dividends, shareholders will not have dividends fell flu, to maintain the existing stock prices and achieve its goals. When companies have a more substantial increase in earnings and surplus cash, the issuance of additional dividend may be appropriate. The companys dividend will be distributed additional information to stock investors so that they enhance the companys confidence is conducive to the stability and stock prices rose. Second, the dividend distribution policy that will enable those who rely on the shareholder dividend to live at least a year could be lower though, but relatively stable dividend income, which attracted this part of the shareholders.Several more dividend distribution policy claims, the company in dividend distribution, we should learn from its basic ideological decision-making, to suit their own specific reality of the dividend distribution policy, enabling the company to maintain stability, sustained growth, Shareholders can receive more benefits in order to achieve the companys financial goals to maximize.劳动合同 一、双方在签订本合同前，应认真阅读本合同书。本合同一经签订，即具有法律效力，双方必须严格履行。二、本合同必须由用人单位(甲方)的法定代表人(或者委托代理人)和职工(乙方)亲自签章，并加盖用人单位公章(或者劳动合同专用章)方为有效。三、本合同中的空栏，由双方协商确定后填写，并不得违反法律、法规和相关规定；不需填写的空栏，划上“”。四、工时制度分为标准工时、不定时、综合计算工时三种。实行不定时、综合计算工时工作制的，应经劳动保障部门批准。五、本合同的未尽事宜，可另行签订补充协议，作为本合同的附件，与本合同一并履行。六、本合同必须认真填写，字迹清楚、文字简练、准确，并不得擅自涂改。七、本合同(含附件)签订后，甲乙双方各保管一份备查。 甲方(用人单位)： 乙方(职工)： 名称： 姓名： 法定代表人： 身份证号码： 地址： 现住址： 经济类型： 联系电话： 联系电话： 根据(中华人民共和国劳动法和国家及省的有关规定，甲乙双方按照平等自愿、协商一致的原则订立本合同。一、合同期限(一)合同期限双方同意按以下第 种方式确定本合同期限：1、有固定期限：从 年 月 日起至 年 月 日止。2、无固定期限：从 年 月 日起至本合同约定的终止条件出现时止(不得将法定解除条件约定为终止条件)。3、以完成一定的工作为期限：从 年 月 日起至 工作任务完成时止。(二)试用期限双方同意按以下第 种方式确定试用期期限(试用期包括在合同期内)：1、无试用期。2、试用期从 年 月 日起至 年 月 日止。(试用期最长不超过六个月。其中合同期限在六个月以下的，试用期不得超过十五日；合同期限在六个月以上一年以下的。试用期不得超过三十日；合同期限在一年以上两年以下的，试用期不得超过六十日。)二、工作内容(一)乙方的工作岗位(工作地点、部门、工种或职务)为 (二)乙方的工作任务或职责是 (三)甲方因生产经营需要调整乙方的工作岗位，按变更本合同办理，双方签章确认的协议或通知书作为本合同的附件。(四)如甲方派乙方到外单位工作，应签订补充协议。三、工作时间(一)甲乙双方同意按以下第 种方式确定乙方的工作时间：1、标准工时制，即每日工作 小时，每周工作 天，每周至少休息一天。2、不定时工作制，即经劳动保障部门审批，乙方所在岗位实行不定时工作制。3、综合计算工时工作制，即经劳动保障部门审批，乙方所在岗位实行以 为周期，总工时 小时的综合计算工时工作制。(二)甲方因生产(工作)需要，经与工会和乙方协商后可以延长工作时间。除(劳动法)第四十二条规定的情形外，一般每日不得超过一小时，因特殊原因最长每日不得超过三小时，每月不得超过三十六小时。四，工资待遇(一)乙方正常工作时间的工资按下列第( )种形式执行，不得低于当地最低工资标准。1、乙方试用期工资 元月；试用期满工资 元月(元日)。2、其他形式：。(二)工资必须以法定货币支付，不得以实物及有价证券替代货币支付。(三)甲方根据企业的经营状况和依法制定的工资分配办法调整乙方工资，乙方在六十日内未提出异议的视为同意。(四)甲方每月 日发放工资。如遇节假日或休息日，则提前到最近的工作日支付。(五)甲方依法安排乙方延长工作时间的，应按(劳动法)第四十四条的规定支付延长工作时间的工资报酬。五、劳动保护和劳动条件(一)甲方按国家和省有关劳动保护规定提供符合国家劳动卫生标准的劳动作业场所，切实保护乙方在生产工作中的安全和健康。如乙方工作过程中可能产生职业病危害，甲方应按职业病防治法的规定保护乙方的健康及其相关权益。(二)甲方根据乙方从事的工作岗位，按国家有关规定，发给乙方必要的劳动保护用品，并按劳动保护规定每 (年季月)免费安排乙方进行体检。(三)乙方有权拒绝甲方的违章指挥、强令冒险作业，对甲方及其管理人员漠视乙方安全和健康的行为，有权要求改正并向有