Context and Translation.doc

Context and TranslationAbstract: Language is a social phenomenon and is only used in certain environment of certain society. It is a tool for transmitting information used by human beings exclusively. In this paper, it contains five parts. The first part elaborates the context problems, discusses the significance, the achievements and status quo of the context study in domestic and international research context and the definition of the context. The second part set the definition and the classification of context and translation. The third part explains context in translation. The fourth part introduces the principles of translation. The fifth part is drawn down the conclusion. It summarizes the context discussed in this paper, translation and the relationship between the two, summed up the views of this article, translated works the quality is good or bad largely by the influence of context, out of context, the translation work can not expand.Key Words: language, translation, linguistic context, situational context, cultural context1. INTRODUCTIONContext is a set of contextual factors that influence the conveyance of meaning and its expression. And translation is a kind of inter-lingual and cross-cultural communication activity. Context has close relations with translation, and restricts translation, yet translation depends on context. Centering on the close relationship between context and translation, this thesis gives a brief introduction of context, including its definition and classification. Then it discusses the explanatory and restricting function of context in accurate understanding of word meaning and translation. Lastly, it analyzes the relationship of context and translation according to which the conditions of successful translation is proposed and emphasizes the significance of context in translation again. Since the majority of failures in translating seemingly results from an inadequate understanding of the source text, this thesis has proved that context consciousness as a most effective access to the solution, namely, much misunderstanding in the original text and misinterpretation in the target language can be avoided provided that the translator always remains sensitive to context apart from his competence in both language and culture. In 1923, Mr. Wang Zongyan English-Chinese Applied Language Dictionary has raised a precise definition of “context” by the Polish human linguists Malinowski, that is, words, phrases, statements, or chapter in context , and pointed out that the context can often help to understand a word or phrase in languages such as elements specific meaning.” Context plays a vital role in the translation. Understanding of the original must be closely linked to context, because the exact meaning of the original expression is not the context in which all the time constraints. Apart from the linguistic context (of context), cultural context and situational context is the study of language function and use one of the linguistic areas. Communication process is the significance of the language usually also with the cultural and situational context to determine. There is always a specific language environment when people use this tool to communicate. Many knotty problems would arise if language researchers, especially translators leave the problem of language environment-context alone. As indicated by a large quantity of research results, context plays a very important role in translation studies and practice.2. The definition and the classification of context and translation 2.1The definition and classification of contextThe representative figure of functional school in London is Firth he makes the development of the language within the context and language of the foreign language environment and non-linguistic context. The former refers to a word where the word group, clause and sentence of the environment, it can include a paragraph, a chapter or a book; the latter including character, time, place, and even the entire cultural background. Another representative figure of functional school in London is Holliday, following the Firth after further study and put forward the theory of the language domain. He divided register into words scope; way and discourse style three aspects. This and he later suggested that scene, mode and speaker, in fact respectively corresponding language field, language and language in order. Context is divided into three categories: linguistic context, the situational context and the cultural context (Hu zhuanglin, 1994). Context is referred to as the language environment or verbal environment in the language of communication, linked only with the specific context in order to understand the true meaning of the words. In recent years, the context has become semantics, pragmatics, stylistic learning, sociolinguistics, or even an important factor in the rhetoric and other disciplines. Context is the language environment for the survival, restricting the language, determine the fate of the language.2.2 The classification and meaning of translationTranslation is accurate and fluent on the basis of the behavior of one language into language information. The translation is a relatively new way of expression, converted into a relatively familiar with the expression of the process. Language is to explain text, graphics, symbols, and the translation of its contents. Among them, the turn refers to the language of conversion of the conversation; translation refers to the language conversion of one-way statement. Turn is a real-time conversion, a one conversation in two languages, namely, first an A language is converted into a B language, and then a B language is converted to a language. This is a rotation, alternating the language or to convert the information. Translation refers to a one-way statement, said those who just say no to ask listeners just listen to not answer, in the middle of a bilingual person to say for language conversion.Language is to convey feelings, explain the incident and other matters in order to adapt to human society and the birth. Exchanges between the different languages translation work. Many non-fiction work of translation of the text, including software manuals and other business and professional texts, the focus of meaning to convey, can be fluent Communication requirements. In addition to the publishing industry as well as localization-related industries, many governments or international organizations, also requires a lot of translators. Such as the official language of the two kinds of the Government of Canada, all government documents must be translated into English and French; In addition, as many official languages of the EU, must employ a large number of translators.A.according to the posture of cultural translator, translation divided into domesticating translation and alienation translation. Domesticating translation is appropriate in the cultural context of the primitive natural ingredients translated into the appropriate ingredients, naturally translated into the language and culture context and translated into the reader can immediately understand, that is, to paraphrase. The alienation translation is directly in accordance with the appropriate translation of the original cultural context, the literal translation. B. according to the expected role of the translated works translated into the language and culture, into the translation tool translation and literature. C. according to the translation of language form and meaning divided it into semantic translation and communicative translation. Semantic translation in the target language semantic and syntactic structure allowed under the conditions as accurately as possible to reproduce the original context of meaning, the pursuit of communicative translation effect generated by the reader as far as possible equivalent to the effect produced by the original readers in the original. D. according to the translator on the original and the translation compared with the observed angle, divided into literary translation and linguistic translation. Literary translation is sought between the translation and the original literature on the theory is often advocated impossible to copy the performance practices of the original literature, translation can only be more and not less, the drawback is that the emphasis on the comparison between the structure of language and relations. Linguistic translation system conversion seeking between laws, advocates for the translation of the results of the study of linguistics, at the same time promote the development of linguistic translation practice. E. according to the translation purposes and primitives in the language of formal relations divided it into the literal translation and free translation. 6, according to the translation of the media are divided into interpretation, translation, sight translation, simultaneous translation, machine translation and human-machine collaborative translation. F. can also be used means of communication and telephone translation.3. Context in Translation 3.1 The language of Context in Translation Linguistic context specifically refers to the context, including the relationship between words, phrases and statements, as well as chapter. The words of understanding can not be divorced from the conduct of isolation. Linguistic context in understanding the phase plays a crucial impact. The language is used in a communicative environment. Extremely common and more words in the English, for example, in English, particularly in a basic high-frequency the more meaning of vocabulary phenomenon are most common. In translation, the grasp of Semantic is not only to refer to the dictionary definition, but often also consider the context. English word paper example: a sheet of paper, a white paper, a term paper, todays paper, examination paper (Zhang Weiyou, 2008).The above is the English word paper several common usage only in the context of the specific context in order to make sure it is what kind of meaning. According to the tips of the context linguistic context, the usage of paper above the five translated into: a paper, government documents, semester papers, todays newspaper, and papers.We can see from the above example, a Word Meanings of context to judge. Therefore, we can increase the linguistic context to eliminate the phenomenon of more meaning word. The more meaning words, for example, the bank will bring ambiguity, then the I went to the bank yesterday. This sentence in the case of out of context, the reader is unable to understand the true meaning of the authors. However, by adding a certain amount of linguistic context, the original sentence becomes I went to the bank yesterday and there were many people waiting in the queue., then the authors to state that yesterday went to the bank, and a lot of people there line up. Meaning you can accurately convey to the reader. Bank of another English word meaning embankment disappeared.3.2The impact of the situational context in Translation Situational context has been an important research topic of the London School, and then Holliday, from Malinowski to Firth. Holliday proposed language variation according to different usage of the division of language domain, situational factors restricting language features grouped into three variables: language field, referring to the speech activity occurs environment (including the topic, speaker and other participants activities); Tenor, refers to the relationship between participants (including the social status of participants and their roles); the language style, refers to the verbal communication channel or medium, such as spoken or written impromptu speech prepared statement, etc.A situational context, three factors have an impact on language use, the language games (field), the tenor (Show details for term) and the language model (mode). These three factors are an integral part of the situational context, referred to as the language domain variants (register variables).In translation; it can conduct by register theory. The translator must rely on the original situation of context exist and present the characteristics of register in translation or the equal of translation register. Firstly, it gives the language of the influence of the field. Language games, speech activity takes place the environment (including the topic, speaker and other participants in the whole event). The same words have different meanings in different language games, prior to translation, the translator must first clear translation of the discourse to which a language field, and then use professional terminology translation. Following word operation example, given a listen and its Chinese translation of the word in the Oxford bilingual dictionaries in different industries (the front of each listen marked in capital letters) inside: Tenor, the relationship between the participants (including the social status of participants and their roles); for example, the sentence Boys, are boys. Literal justice from the point of view, the meaning of this sentence is Boys will be Boys”. It did not provide information. However, from the perspective of pragmatics, this sentence violated the principles of cooperation in Grices quality guidelines, which passed a special session meaning. If the sentence Boys are boys., Translated as the boy is not the same as used to praise the boys do the girls did not dare to do or not do things. Used to rebuke the mischievous boys love to engage in the more should be translated as the boy is naughty(Yu Dong, 2007).Thirdly, it explains the language style. The language style is the role of language in communication, including communication channels and modified. Different content words or works with a different style. Written words solemn, well-structured sentences, spoken commonly used saying, dialect, sentences short sentence loose. For example: Can you tell us, when your payment? The English translation version of it at least the following two: (A) could you tell us when you can give us money? (B) Could you inform us of the time when the payment will be made? This example gives the original with a more formal language, which is usually reflected in the business epistolary. Therefore, in English translation, the translator must take full account of the language model factor to make use of the written language of business English, select the formal vocabulary. Similarly, when the English business correspondence translated into Chinese, we can not put you translated into you, to be translated into you or your. Visible only give full consideration to the original and translation language, in order to make the translation to become more appropriately, in line with the standards of refined, Translation. 3.3The Cultural Context in Translation Translation theorists Nita pointed out that: For truly successful translation of the familiar two cultures even more than the grasp of two languages is more important, because the word only makes sense in its role in the cultural background. The translation involves both the two languages, but also involves the two cultures. This requires the translator to act as a bridge across the two cultures. First of all, he wants to put them in, from the perspective of the original cultural context to understand the original, then he will have to focus from the cultural context of the target language; the original information is re-expressed as asked readers to accept and understand discourse (Li Yunxing, 1998).For example, in the translation when encountered in the English landlord / landlady will not generally translated into the landlord / landlord woman between them is not entirely reciprocal. In Chinese culture, the landlord usually has a lot of land or real estate, and rental to receive remuneration. In the past, the word and exploitation linked to, so it is derogatory. In contrast, in Western culture, the landlord is neutral; it refers only to have a lot of land or real estate, rental to receive remuneration. Therefore, at the time of translation, the translator must take cultural factors taken into account, the landlord / landlady translated into translated into landlord, landlady, this is more appropriate. 4. The principles of translation4.1Center to highlight Any passage, even if less than one sentence, we should also highlight its center, the first from the textual point of view to analyze and understand the internal logic in the sentence, clear the entire article and the meaning of the passage, depending on the context to determine meaning, and finally expressed in Chinese . Let us be clear, the translation is not the word of the paragraph, sentence, even if it is difficult to understand the analysis and understanding of the words, of course, words, sentences must not be divorced from a chapter in a larger language units background to fully grasp the thrust of the whole chapter. Language level, to provide reliable guidance to paragraph analysis, analysis of the paragraphs in turn strengthens the awareness of discourse structure. A translator, we must separate the paragraphs of the article level, find the article, thesis statement, summarize the central meaning of the article to maximize the ability to comprehend the original.4.2 To pay attention to convergence and continuityThe combination of the article is not a series of sentences and paragraphs disorder, but rather a structural integrity, clear semantic unity. Connectivity between the words of textual requirements, in the form semantically coherent, so-called even and meaning even in translation is to pay particular attention to the connectivity function words, while these features the word or phrase in the expression of ideas, such as condition, concession, cause and