英语翻译 01.重译法.doc

课 堂 教 学 实 施 方 案第 05 次课授课时间： 教学时间分配：复习旧课 05 分钟 讲授新课 85 分钟教学方法简介（此部分主要填写教师对一些新的教学方法的尝试，有则填，无则不填）课 题： 翻译常用的八种技巧之：一、重译法（英译汉）教学方案：I. 为了明确1， 重复名词（1） 重复英语中作宾语的名词 Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧。 I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。 They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。（2） 重复英语中作表语的名词 He became an oil baron all by himself. 他成为一个石油大王一个白手起家的石油大王。 This has been our position but not theirs. 这一直是我们的立场而不是他们的立场。 John is your friend as much as he is mine. 约翰既是你的朋友，又是我的朋友。（3） 重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词 英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个、第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。 The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. 医生从我身上得到的实践，会比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。 The story of Jurgis is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist industrial machine. 尤吉斯的故事是一篇充满呻吟和泪水的故事，是资本主义工业机器摧残不幸的人们的故事。（4） 重复英语中作先行词的名词 英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。 May I extend my heartiest congratulations to the great Chinese people and its Communist Party, through you, for the glowing success of your tremendous revolution, which is now inspiring the world. 让我通过您最衷心祝贺伟大的中国人民及其共产党，祝贺你们的巨大革命的辉煌胜利，这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界。 They have staged demonstrations and sit-ins and distributed petitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents posted in Moscow. 他们举行了示威游行和静坐，散发了请愿书，而这些请愿书必定会传到驻莫斯科的外国记者手中。 The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left. 小学徒对老板尤其怕得要死，老板经常整他而且整得很重，简直把他整瘪了。 英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。 All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize. 所有这些安排都只是这次舞会的序曲，舞会才是女主人的最终目的。 Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电流。 2， 重复动词（1） 英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。Is he a friend or an enemy?他是个朋友呢，还是个仇人？The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too.这一下不仅震痛了他的手，也震痛了他的肩膀。For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother.足足有十分钟之久，他既骂我，又骂我的兄弟。 （2） 英语句子中动词后有前置词时，有第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。 We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other of everything but our host and hostess. 我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。 He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences，nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength. 他不再梦见风涛，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见大鱼、搏斗和角力。英语中连前置词也省略了，但译文中仍可以重复动词。 But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. 可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。 They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American. 他们想要确定，他是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。 But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. 但是他们并没有把感情流露出来，只是斯斯文文地讲起海流，讲起他们把钓丝送进海水的深度，讲起好久不变的好天气，还讲起他们所看到的一切。3， 重复代词（1） 英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语习惯重复其所代替的名词。Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with ears.杰西睁开了眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。In China, they “made mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.在中国，他们“犯过错误”，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。Stephen made a bow. Not a servile one he will never do that.斯蒂芬鞠了一个躬。这不是一种卑躬屈膝的鞠躬他决不会那样做。（2） 英语中用物主代词its，his，their等等以代替句中作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语）时，翻译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语），以达到明确具体的目的。Happy families also had their own troubles.幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.强国有强国的策略，小国也有小国的路线。Each country has its own customs.各国有各国的风俗。（3） 英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词whoever，whenever，wherever等等，翻译时往往使用重复法处理。Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.谁犯了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。You may borrow whichever novel in my bookcase you like best.我书架上的小说你最爱哪一本，你就可以借哪一本。（4） 英语用someand others (some，others)连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构，有时也可以用“有的，有的”句式。Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（有的上大学了，有的下乡了。）On Sunday afternoon, some reviewed their lessons, and others helped the cooks in their work.星期日下午，复习功课的复习功课，帮厨的帮厨。（星期日下午，有的复习功课，有的帮厨。）Some played soccer and others played basketball.踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了。（有的踢足球去了，有的打篮球去了。）为了使译文明确具体，除了上面谈到的一些重复手段外，还有一种情况：英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复的手段：He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.他想给他们增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。（原文中动词send没有重复，译文中用“增加”、“增添”、“增派”等三个不同形式重复同一个内容。）He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.他既精于飞行，又善于导航。（原文中形容词proficient没有重复，译文却以“精于”、“善于”两个不同形式重复同一个内容。）II. 为了强调为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻的印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。1， 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding.他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。Gentlemen may cry peace, peace but there is no peace.先生们尽管可以高喊和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。“They had to stand there in that heat, watching me go in, come out, come out, go in and never saying anything.“他们在那大热天里站着，一言不发，眼巴巴看我进去出来，出来进去。”Blood must atone for blood.血债要用血来还。此外，英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.以眼还眼，以牙还牙。Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。2， 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。They would read and re-read the secret notes.他们往往一遍又一遍的反复琢磨这些密件。“I know you hate me and I hate you, we had better part right now.”“我知道你恨我，我也嫌你，咱们最好即刻就分手吧。”Every change of season, every change of weather, every hour of the day produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains; and they are regarded by all good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers.季节的每一更迭，气候的每一转变，乃至一天中的每一小时，都给这些山峦的奇幻色彩和形态带来变化，远近的主妇都把这些看作是准确的晴雨表。III. 为了生动英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时也可以采用下列各种重复手段。1， 运用两个四字词组汉语中有大量的四字词组，这是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼增强修辞效果。为了使译文符合忠实、通顺的标准，译者有时可酌情运用两个同义或近义的四字词组，这也可以说是一种重复。But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。The streets were overrun by Hitlers bullies.那时希特勒的暴徒在街上横行霸道，无恶不作。Target priorities were established there.目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。2， 运用词的重叠词的重迭是汉语中常用的一种修辞手段。古代诗词中有很多这类例子，如：“青青河畔草，郁郁园中柳”、“年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同”、“寻寻觅觅，凄凄惨惨戚戚”等等。在散文中也可经常见到词的重迭运用，如“清楚”往往说成“清清楚楚”，“明白”往往说成“明明白白”。英译汉时，我们可适当采用词的重迭，特别时四字重迭词组，使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐。His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed.他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。3， 运用四字对偶词组汉语中有不少四字对偶词组，在这个四字中前后两对字形成对偶，往往具有相同或类似的含义，所以也是一种重复。英译汉时我们可酌情采用此类对偶四字词组，使译文显得生动活泼。great contributions丰功伟绩gratitude感恩戴德ingratitude忘恩负义prosperity繁荣昌盛eternal glory to永垂不朽vivid生动活泼hesitate彷徨犹豫arrogance骄傲自大grotesque奇形怪状careless粗心大意in chaos乌烟瘴气street gossip街谈巷议rumors流言蜚语I was admittedly shy.我是以腼腆胆怯著称的。It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of New York were brilliant with moving men.这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.不管开始时我们对这架飞机有什么不放心，这种顾虑不久就烟消云散了。If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。Exercises试译下列各句，重复斜体的名词：We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.我们应学会如何分析问题和解决问题。It is our duty to rebuild and defend our homeland.重建家园和保卫家园是我们的职责。试译下列各句，重复斜体前置词前的名词：The prisoners often got into argument with each other or with the guard.囚犯们经常彼此争吵，或者同看守争吵。Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。试译