必修四unit2知识点.doc

一 重点单词1. hunger(n.& v)饥饿，欲望；(使)饥饿【拓展】hungry adj.饥饿的；渴望的If crops are destroyed, thousands of people may go hungry.2. sunburnt (adj.) 晒黑的3. expand (vt.& vi.) 伸展，使变大【拓展】(1)expand into把扩展(发展、膨胀)expand on/upon阐述，详谈(2)expansion n扩大，扩张，扩展expansive adj.广阔的，易扩张的，易膨胀的【即学活用】(1)A childs vocabulary _(通过阅读得到扩大)(2)Why not try to _(把你的故事扩展成小说)?(3)You mentioned the need for extra funding._(详细谈谈好吗)?答案：(1)expands through reading (2)expand your story into a novel (3)Would you expand on that【辨析】expand, extend, spread, stretchexpand“展开，扩大”，不仅尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。extend“伸出，延伸”，指空间范围的扩大，以及长度、宽度的朝外延伸，也可指时间的延长。spread“伸展，传播”，一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如疾病传播，散布信息等。stretch“伸展，拉长”，一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长。4. freedom (n.) 自主，自由5. export (vt.& vi.) 输出，出口6. chemical (adj.) 化学的【常用搭配】the chemical industry化学工业 chemical weapon化学武器【拓展】chemist n.药剂师；化学家 chemistry n. 化学 chemistry teacher化学老师7. confuse (vt.) 使迷惑，使为难【拓展】(1) confuse A and (with)B把A和B混淆了be/get confused with对感到困惑confused adj.迷乱的，感到迷惑的confusing adj.难以理解的，不清楚的，莫名其妙的(2)confuse指“使混乱，糊涂”，强调使人混淆而迷乱。puzzle是“使迷惑”，多指某一复杂的事件或困难的问题“使迷惑”。【即学活用】(1)Dont give me so much information_(你都把我搞糊涂了)(2)Waking up in strange surroundings _(把她都搞糊涂了)(3)Im always _(分不清约翰和保罗) which one is John?(4)That arguments completely irrelevant_(你把问题都搞乱了)(5)She _(感到迷惑)when she heard his _(莫名其妙的言辞)答案：(1)youre confusing me (2)confused her (3)confusing John and/with Paul (4)youre confusing the issue(5)felt confused；confusing remarks8. mineral (n.) 矿物，矿石9. reduce (vt.) 减少，减缩【拓展】(常用于被动语态)(1)reduce sth.to.减少到reduce sth.by.减少了(2)reduction n缩小；减少make a reduction减价【即学活用】(1)He _ (陷入了绝望)at the sight.(2)The reform _(把我们都降为公务员了)(3)She _(体重减轻了6公斤)(4)The output of cotton this year _(减少了百分之二十)(5)She successfully _(体重减轻到40公斤)答案：(1)was reduced to despair (2)has reduced us to servants of the State (3)reduced her weight by 6 kilos (4)has been reduced by 20 percent (5)reduced her weight to 40 kilos10. level (n.) 水平，程度11. whatever (adv.) 无论什么12. summary (n.) 摘要，总结，概要13. exchange (v.) 交换14. certain (adj.) 确定的15. output (n.) 产量，输出16. circulate (vt.& vi.) 循环，流传【常用搭配】circulate about在附近流传 circulate among在中流传【拓展】circulation n. 流通；循环；发行量in circulation 在流通；在运行out of circulation（书、货币等）不再发行putinto circulation使流通（发行）17. struggle (vt.& vi.) 斗争；拼搏，努力【常用搭配】struggle for sth. 为争取而斗争/奋斗 struggle against为反对.而斗争 struggle to do sth.努力做某事 struggle to ones feet挣扎着站起来【即学活用】(1)They had to _(与气候和野兽抗争)(2)They had to _(和各种各样的困难作斗争)(3)She _(挣扎着想摆脱那个袭击她的人)(4)_(经过长期努力)，the old woman gained control of her business.答案：(1)struggle against weather and wild animals(2)struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties(3)struggled to get away from her attacker(4)After a long struggle18. grain (n.) 谷物，粮食，颗粒19.suitable(adj.) 合适的20.equip (vt.& vi.) 装备，配备(1)be equipped with.equip.with.用装备equip sth.on.在上装备某物to be specially equipped装备独特equip sb.for.使某人具有be well/poorly equipped装备精良地/差地(2)equipment nU设备，器材a useful piece of equipment for.一件有用的设备【即学活用】(1)Our classroom _(配有一台电视机和一台录音机)(2)A good education _(能受用终生)(3)Our school has been given some _(新设备)(4)It was a modern，bright，_(设备精良的医院)答案：(1)is equipped with a TV set and a taperecorder(2)should equip you for life (3)new equipment (4)well equipped hospital21. super adj. 特级的；超级的；极好的【拓展】super star 超级明星 super model超级模特 super power超级大国22. regret vt.遗憾；惋惜n遗憾；懊悔【常用搭配】(1)regret doing sth.后悔做了某事regret to do sth.(常和tell，say，inform等词连用)对将要做某事表示遗憾regret that. 遗憾(2)with great/deep regret很遗憾（much）to ones regret让某人感到(很)遗憾的是It is to be regretted that. 使人遗憾的是【拓展】remember to do sth.记得去做某事remember doing sth记得做过某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事try to do sth. 尽力做某事try doing sth. 试着做某事【活学即用】(1)If you dont do it now，_(你一定会后悔的)(2)He bitterly _(懊悔提起那件事)(3)She _ (表示失望)the decision.(4)_(我遗憾地告诉你) that you havent passed the examination.(5)_(让她深感遗憾的是)，she missed the good chance.答案：(1)youll only regret it (2)regretted ever having mentioned it (3)expressed her regret at (4)I regret to tell you (5)Much to her duction n. 生产；产量；制造【常用搭配】production costs/process 生产成本/过程 go into (full) production 开始（大量）生产/投产【辨析】production, product, produceproduction作不可数名词时指生产过程，通常是在人的帮助下或在工厂中进行；作可数名词时指供剧院、电视台或广播台等上演或播放的戏剧、电影等。product作可数名词时常指工厂制造的用来出售的产品，或用来出售的自然产物，如木材、煤等。produce作不可数名词时指销售时未经多大改变的农产品。Demand for products like coal and steel is declining.Local people come to the market each day to sell their ment n.议论；评论 v.表达意见；作出评论【常用搭配】make comments 表达意见；评论 comment on/upon就表达意见/作出评论二 重点词组1. rid.of摆脱；除去【拓展】get/be rid of免除；摆脱rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事cure sb.of a disease医好某人的病(1)You should _(改掉那个坏习惯)(2)You are supposed to _(克服粗心的毛病)(3)Please _ (提醒我一下这个约会)at this time tomorrow.(4)The lady _(手提包遭抢劫) when she was walking in the street.(5)The doctors said they could not _(治好怀特先生的这种怪病)答案：(1)rid yourself of that bad habit (2)get rid of carelessness (3)remind me of the date (4)was robbed of her handbag(5)cure Mr.White of this strange disease2.thanks to幸亏，由于；因为Thanks to your help, we finished the task ahead of time.【拓展】 thanks to可表达正面意思，也可以表达讽刺意味。它构成的短语在句中作状语时，大多放在句首。Thanks to his kindness, more than twenty people can stay with their families now.Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled.3. be satisfied with.对感到满意【拓展】be satisfied to do sth.对做某事感到满意 be satisfied that（某人）确信 to ones satisfaction使某人满意的是 with satisfaction 满意地4. would rather宁愿；宁可；最好would rather没有人称和数的变化，它通常用以以下三种句型：(1) would rather+动词原形You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening.(2) would rather dothan do/would dorather than do宁愿做不愿做.I would rather stay at home than go out on Sunday.(3) would rather(that) sb. did sth./had done sth.宁愿某人做某事（从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气）5. with the hope of带着的希望【拓展】in the hope of doing希望做 in the hope that希望；期待 with the purpose of 怀有的目的 with the intention of有的意向6. make a difference有作用；有影响【拓展】make no difference 没有作用；没有影响；不重要 make a difference between区别对待，不同样对待7. be related to与有关系/联系【拓展】 “与有关系”的短语还有：be connected with, be concerned with8. lead to导致；造成(后果)；通往，通向（to为介词）【常用搭配】lead sb.to do sth.使某人做某事lead/live/have a.life过着样的生活lead o带某人进入lead the way引路，带路(1)All roads _(通罗马)(2)What _(使你这么想)?(3)The cigarette end _(引起了这场火灾).(4)With the boy _(带路)，we found the place easily.(5)He decided _(把女孩领进经理办公室)答案：(1)lead to Rome(2)led you to think so(3)led to the fire(4)leading the way(5)to lead the girl into the managers office9. in need of需要【拓展】in need在危难中，在危急中 there is no need to do sth.没有必要做某事10. focus on集中（注意力、精力等）于；（使）调节焦距【拓展】concentrate on 集中于，专注于 put ones heart into全神贯注于 fix ones eyes/attention on/upon集中目光/注意力于11. keep free from/of使免受（影响、伤害等）；使.不含（有害物）三重点句子1. What do you think would happen if tomorrow there was suddenly no rice to eat?如果有一天突然没有大米吃了，你认为会发生什么事？What do you think would happen? 一句所使用的句型是一种复杂的特殊疑问。其结构是：特殊疑问词+do you think+陈述结构，从语法角度看，do you think是插入语。When do you suppose theyll be back?Which way do you imagine he went?2. Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades.的确，他那被太阳晒得黝黑的面庞和手臂，以及他那瘦削而结实的身躯，就跟其他千百万中国农民一样，过去50年来，他一直在努力帮助他们。(1)those为that的复数形式，用来指定特定的人或事物。The demand of the girls is quite different from that of the boys.(2) for whom he has struggled for the past five decades, 这是一个由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词Chinese farmers。(3) for the past five decades意为“在过去的50年里”，此短语常跟现在完成时连用，这种说法还可以表示为：over/during/in the past/ last five decades.3. Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before.用他的杂交水稻种子，农民们种出了比以前的收成多一倍的粮食。倍数的表达法：A is +倍数+比较级+than BA is +倍数+as+adj.+as BA is +倍数+the+名词（size, length, width, height, depth, weight等）+of BAsia is three times larger than Europe.Asia is four times as large as Europe.Asia is four times the size of Europe.4. Their output of grain and other crops, however, is still the same, which makes it possible for them to use the remaining farmland for planting trees.然而，他们的谷物和其他农作物的产量仍和以前一样，这就使得他们能够用剩余的农田种树了。Which makes it possible为非限定性定语从句，其中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语是or them to use the remaining farmland for planting trees.5. They often change the kind of crop in each field every few years, for example, growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans.在同一块地里，他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物。例如：种玉米或小麦后来年再改种豌豆或大豆。every few years意为“每隔几年”。Every与数词连用，表示“每.,每隔”表示时间或空间的间隔。具体用法如下：every + 基数词 +复数名词every + 序数词 + 单数名词every + other + 单数名词every + few + 复数名词every four years=every fourth year每四年（每隔三年）every other day/year/line每隔一天/年/行【辨析】for example, such as, namelyfor example作为独立成分插入句中，位置灵活such as用来列举（一类）事，放在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as之后不能有逗号（列举部分事例）。The money is used to buy basic foods such as flour, rice, and ly用来列举全部事例，放在列举事物的前面。6. Some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil, and then leaving it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next years crop.还有一些有机耕作者喜欢在农作物之间种草，以防止水土流失，并且把草留在地里，从而成为来年农作物的天然肥料。(1)prefer意为“更喜欢”【常用搭配】prefer to do/doing sth.更喜欢做某事 preferto与比较起来更喜欢 prefer to dorather than do宁愿做也不做 prefer sb. to do sth.更愿意/喜欢某热门做某事四 主要语法动词-ing形式（I）1.动词-ing形式的用法(1)-ing形式直接作主语，通常直接置于句首。Reading aloud is a good way in learning languages.Smoking does harm to your health.(2)在 “There be no+”结构中作主语。There is no use doing做.无用There is no point doing做无意义【注意】There is no need to do sth.做某事没必要【拓展】当动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格构成My sisters being ill made me worried.His coming added to our pleasure.(3)常用动名词作宾语的动词consider, suggest, look forward to, excuse. Admit, delay, avoid, practice, deny, finish, quit, appreciate, cant help, mind, escape, risk, imagine2.动名词的复合结构Would you mind my opening the door?3.动名词的时态和语态（以动词write为例） 主动语态 被动语态一般式 writing being written完成式 having written having been written其否定形式在doing前加not五写作导与练英语的惯用句型(1)在英语中，有很多惯用句型和结构，而高考又要求用它们来写作，为此从本单元起，“写作步步高”将介绍一些英语的惯用句型和结构。句型1 It must be pointed out that.必须指出的是It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth.必须指出的是：控制人口增长是我国的一项基本国策。句型2 It must be kept in mind that.必须记住的是It must be