托福00年1月TOEFL语法笔记.doc

水妖的岛T之天堂 语法笔记 /2000年1月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Maya审委：Xaosduck1. Amanda Ways career as a social reformer_ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meeting in Indiana, she called for a state womans rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begunKey：B分析：考点是动词时态。该句为时间状语从句，1851前为主句，根据句中的时间状语in 1851可知,空格中的动词应用过去式,所以选B，began。参考译文： 作为一个社会改革者Amanda Way以的作为一个社会改革者为其事业开始于1851年,在印第安拉州的一个反奴隶制的会议上,她为这个州的妇女的权力的条约而呐喊.2. The celesta, on orchestral percussion instrument, resembles_(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright pianokey：A分析：考点是宾语成份。句中的谓语是resemble, resemble是及物动词,其后应直接加名次名词做宾语.e.g.: He strongly resembles his father.参考译文：钟琴(发出如钟的声音的一种有键的小乐器),)是一种管弦乐打击乐器,酷似一个体型小巧的竖直钢琴.3. Thomas Paine, _, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writing(D) writing eloquentkey：C分析：考点是同位语。句中的主语是Thomas Paine，谓语是wrote，所以紧跟主语后的空格应填主语的同位语或者是修饰说明主语的定语从句等等。（A）错在两处。一是writer是可数名词，前面要加冠词a；二是eloquent是形容词，没有of形容词的用法。A可改为a writer of eloquence，但是没有（C）的简洁。（B）类似定语从句的形式，但结构不对，可改为whose writing is eloquent（D）类似动名词的形式，但结构不对，可改为writing eloquent books但总的说来，（A）（B）改后都没有（C）好！参考译文：Thomas Paine，一个善于生动表达的作家，写了一本认为美国殖民地与自由事业是一致的叫常识小册子常识4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater _fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.(A) as long(B) as long as(C) so long(D) so long thatkey：B分析：考点是固定搭配。短语的用法as long as+时间 表示“长达多久”注意as long as的另外两个用法：a since（既然）e.g. As long as you are offered, I accept. (既然你已给我，我就接受)b on the condition that(以。为条件) e.g. I will cooperate as long as I am notified on time.(只要及时告诉我，我就会合作)参考译文：尽管海狸保持浅水状态极少能超过两分钟，但是它们却能在回到水面前呆在水下长到二十分钟。5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach _ends in the small intestine.(A) while(B) and(C) how(D) becausekey：B分析：考点是连词的用法。句中出现两个谓语begins和ends，显然两个谓语之前要么用and连接，要么加其它转折连接词。答案中只有and并列连接词正确。注意（A）while的用法，要么是在其后加完整的句子，要么是加doing的形式。参考译文：蛋白质的消化开始于胃中，结束于肠内。6. When natural gas burns, its_ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up(D) broken up hydrocarbon moleculeskey：C分析：考点是主谓结构。由句子分析可知，空格处缺句子的主语和谓语，所以C。参考译文：当天然气燃烧的时候，它的碳氢分子分解为碳原子和氢原子。7. _ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.(A) All of(B) Of every(C) All(D) Everykey：C分析：考点是 不定代词of+限定词名词 的用法。这套题有n多的争议！主要是在A还是C的分歧。我的答案是C，有题为证。20005 Section Two 38题：Astronomers (use) photography and sighting telescopes (to study) the motions (of all of) the bright stars and many of the faint (one)此题正确答案是D，而C是对的。（2000-5里之所以认为all of 正确是因为前面有the motion,后面连接了the.特指。）参考译文：所有的芭蕾舞演员都学手臂和脚的五个基本位置。/有关all,all of ,请大家看一些词组体会一下all ballet dancers.泛指一切芭蕾舞演员（对）all of ballet dancers无此结构（错）all of such ballet dancers同上（错）all of these/those ballet dancers对，美式英语all these/those ballet dancers对，英式英语Meigui根据Tom 老师的语法笔记补充：1、不定代词of+限定词名词 其中，不定代词是指：much, many, little, alittle, few, a few,both, all,none, some, any,either, neither. 限定词是指：冠词，代词，所有格。 这种形式中，of+限定词必须同时省略或是同时存在，如： mostbooks；mostofmybooks这是对的。 2、特殊形式：all/both+(of)+限定词名词 allofmybooksorallmybooks是对的，也就是说，这里of是可以省略的。 而这种形式：不定代词of+名词，永远都是错的！ 所以可知all of后面是the复数名词8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form _with trailing stems.(A) creeping colonies(B) which colonies creep(C) creeping colonies are(D) colonies creepkey：A分析：考点是宾语成分。句中的主语是some colonies,谓语是form。Form是及物动词，其后要加宾语。参考译文：苔藓虫的一些后代是很小的海生生物，它们是具有拖尾的茎须的爬行后代。9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six womens rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970s,_(A) of five winning them(B) five winning of them(C) of them five winning(D) winning five of themkey：D分析：考点是状语成份。句中的主语是Ruth Bader Ginsburg,谓语是argued，宾语是six womens rights，空格前是一个完整的句子，所以空格处应填一个能修饰补充这个句子的状语。参考译文：RBG在二十世纪七十年代在美国高等法院为六个涉及妇女人权的案件进行辩护，他赢得了其中五个官司。10. Natural selection is defined as the process _the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organisms survival.(A) to which directs(B) of which directs it(C) directs it(D) that directskey：D分析：考点是定语从句。空格前是一个完整的句子，主语是natural selection，谓语是is defined as,宾语是the process,所以紧跟process的空格应修饰process。所以D对，是定语从句。A若改为to direct则对参考译文：自然选择被定义为一个过程,这个过程通过保存那些最适合一个生物生存的特性来指导进化的过程11. _ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.(A) The extension(B) The extension(C) Extending(D) Extendskey：C分析：考点是状语成份残缺。句子逗号后是一个完整的句子,主语是the Eric Canal,谓语是helped link,宾语是the Atlantic Ocean,逗号前还有一个分句,但两个分句之间没有连接词连接,所以前一个分句应该是不完整的,起一个修饰的作用.参考译文：在纽约州的Albany市和Buffalo市之间延伸了360英里的Eric运河有助于大西洋和五大湖的连接.12.The chief sources of B12,a water-soluble vitamin _ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.(A)is not(B)that is not(C)not that is(D)that notkey：B分析：考点是定语从句。句子已完整，主语是the chief sources，谓语是include，宾语是meat、 milk and eggs。根据句意分析，空格那句话应修饰B12.应当注意的是空格所在的那句话是一个定语从句。参考译文：B12是一种水溶性的维他命，它并不存储于人的身体中，其主要来源包括肉类，牛奶和蛋类。13. _ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its historykey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。分析句子结构,谓语是is rooted，谓语前有一个空格，则应当是主语。答案B。若D， 谓语动词应为are。参考译文：20世纪建筑的历史根植于19世纪进行的钢和铁方面的试验.14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when _(A) does water vapor condense(B) condensed water vapor(C) water vapor condenseswater vapor condense(D) the condensation of water vaporkey：C分析：考点是when引导的时间状语从句。when前面是一个完整的句子,后面有一个空格,空格也应当是一个完整的句子和when做状语从句.参考译文：热带飓风的能源主要来自水蒸气凝缩时释放的热量.15.Maufacturing is Canadas most important economic activity, _17 percent of the workforce.(A) engages(B) and to engage(C) that it engage(D) engagingkey：D分析：考点是状语成份。句子已经完整,主语是manufacturing,谓语是is,空格所在的那句话做伴随状语,修饰manufacturing参考译文：制造业是加拿大的最重要的家教经济活动,它占了其总劳动力的17%.16.The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies. A B C Dkey：D 分析：考点是词的误用。句子已经完整,主语是the outer layer，谓语是forms，宾语是a sac.宾语后有一句完整的话the heart lies， 根据句意分析，这句话应当做定语从句来修饰宾语sac。修正：what which参考译文：心脏的外层被称为心包膜,它形成了一个心脏位于其中的囊.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam. A B C Dkey：B 分析：考点是词的误用。句子的谓语是become，其后跟名评词或形容词。B项是形容词和副词的误用。值得注意的是，改错题中还会遇到很多词的误用的问题，包括名次和形容词的误用，名词和动词的误用等等。修正：flexibly flexible参考译文：当白腊树的木材接触到水蒸气时，它就变得异常柔韧。18.The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the A B Canimal world. Dkey：B 分析：考点是名词的单复数。one of 后面要加名词复数.修正：skillskills参考译文：说话的能力是使人类不同于其它动物的能力之一.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to A B C D180 degrees.key：D 分析：考点是固定搭配。equal是形容词, ” 与相同,等同” 的句型是be equal to.修正：has is参考译文：在平面几何中,任意一个三角形的内角和是180度.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive A Banimals to maintain their balance as they walk. C Dkey：B 分析：考点是人称代词单复数的误用。句中谓语动词are提示A bears正确,则B this应该用其复数形式。改正：this these参考译文：极地熊的腿是弓形的并且是脚趾向内弯的，这种变异使得这种身体庞大的动物在他们行走的时候能够保持身体的平衡。21.Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, by A Bvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes. C Dkey：A 分析：考点是语序。除了定语后置(n.+adj.)，其它都是adj+n.。修正：action mechanical mechanical action参考译文：岩洞的形成有几个原因，一是水对可溶性岩石的化学或者是机械的行为，二是火山的活动，三是地震22.Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in A B C Dcool weather.key：B /which is having可能这个不太合适，应该改成which has比较好仅供参考分析：考点是谓语单一原则。Celery是主语，grows 谓语，an edible plant是补充说明celery的同位语,所以an edible plant其后应该用分词结构来修饰它，不应用谓语形式。修正：is havinghaving参考译文： 芹菜,是一种有着长长的茎和象羽毛一样的叶子的可食用的植物,它在寒冷气候下生长得最好.23.The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame wasA B CWashington Irving, who wrote many stories, included “ Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend Dof Sleepy Hollow”.key：D 分析：考点是分词结构。D前面已经是一个完整的句子，D改为including做伴随状语,说明前面的主句。修正：included including参考译文：在美国,第一个取得国际声誉的小说家是Washington Irving，他写了很多故事，包括和。24.Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, A the use of proper harvesting methods, and provide for an environment that supports B C Dreproduction.key：C 分析：考点是平行结构。and表示并列，所以C应当用名词.修正：provide provision参考译文：森林保护的三个基本方面有未成熟的树木的保护，一些恰当的收割技术的使用和提供能够支持再生的环境。25.For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency A B C D is achieved.key：C分析：考点是关系代词的用法。定语从句成份已经完整，which 在句中无成份可做。which代的temperature在从句中不是宾语也不是主语，其应该是做状语。而temperature的固定介词为at.修正：temperature which temperature at which参考译文：对于每一个酶反应，都有一个最佳的使其最充分反应的温度。26.Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of A Bpuberty to the attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity of adulthood. C Dkey：C 分析：考点是平行结构。and前后词性应该一致。修正：emotion emotional参考译文：青春期是人的发展过程中从青春期的开始到成年人的情感，社交和生理方面成熟的一个转变的阶段。27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for A B Cwood carvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality. Dkey：C 分析：考点是动词时态。C错得很明显,完成时态应用have + been.以前很多人对A感到疑惑，其实A是正确的，native做后置定语修饰people.修正：be known been known参考译文：居住在北美西北海岸的人们以制造令人印象深刻的美丽和及优品质的木质雕刻而著称。28.Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown - and later attempts near A BPhiladelphia and Boston-failed despite the abundant of fuel and good raw materials. C Dkey：C分析：考点是词的误用。C错得很明显，没有adj.+ of的用法,切记of前后都应该是名词,这个考点经常会被考到。修正：abundant abundance参考译文：在Jamestown的殖民们试图生产玻璃以及后期在费城和波斯顿的尝试都失败了,尽管那里有着丰富的燃料和很好的原材料.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse. A B C Dkey：D 分析：考点是冠词用法。可数名词前要加不定冠词.修正：of ellipseof an ellipse参考译文：一个天体的运行轨道常常是呈椭圆的形状.30.Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by A B C DNew York City and San Francisco.key：D 分析：考点是动词的语态。逗号前是一句完整的话,逗号后应该是伴随状语来修饰前面这句话.D错在动词的语态不对,应该用被动.修正：exceeding being exceeded我觉得exceeded是不是更好一些？参考译文：芝加哥是全美第三大出版中心,它仅仅落后于纽约和旧金山.31.North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs. A B C Dkey：C 分析：考点是介词的用法。have在这道题中是实意动词, ”有” 的意思.其前有介词in,所以应该改为having, 否则句中有两个谓语了.值得注意的是bison是单复数相同的名词.类似的名词还有:cattle，people等式。修正：have having参考译文：北美野牛和家牛的区别表现在野牛有14对而不是13对肋骨.32.Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return A B Cto the beaches where they themselves were hatched. Dkey：A 分析：考点是代词的用法。很明显turtles是复数的形式,所以相应得代词her也应改为复数形式.这道题可能有人key：B,觉得应改为as many as,因为kilometers是复数的形式.实际上象距离,金钱等名词的复数仍然是当作单数形式,所以B是对的.修正：her their参考译文：雌性海龟在下蛋前,要游过高达2000公里的距离返回它们自己孵蛋的海岸.33.Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of A B Cmatter: solid, liquid and gas. Dkey：A 分析：考点是主谓一致。因为substance是单数,其后的定语从句的谓语动词也应用单数.修正：occur occurs参考译文：水是一种其三态:固态,液态和气态都存在于普通温度下的唯一的物质.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state of A B Texas has remained heavily dependence on oil and gas. C Dkey：D 分析：考点是词的误用。 Remain是系动词,其后接形容词.修正：dependence dependent参考译文：尽管制造业和其它产业有了一定的增长,Texas州的经济活动仍然深深地依赖于石油和天然气.35.Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office was A B Cadministered by a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes. Dkey：B分析：考点是考察定语从句的关系代词的误用。B who后面还有oath of office,所以不能用who.修正：who whose参考译文：Lyndon B. Johnson是其就职宣示宣誓仪式被一个叫Sarah Tilghman Hughes的女法官主持的唯一的总统.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States P