研究生入学考试英语联考试题.doc

科目代码：1101考试科目：英语 专业：全校各专业 请考生注意： 答题一律(包括填空题和选择题)答在答题纸上，答在试题册上无效。English TestTest Booklet(试题册）Part I: Reading Comprehension (45%) Section 1Directions: There are 2 reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks. As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students overwhelming lust for money. “Theyre taught that profit is all that matters,” he says. “Many schools dont even offer ethics courses at all.”Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students. “By and large, I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest,” he wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these “business-leader-to-be”. “I really feel like I failed them,” he says. “If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.” Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished. What he found wasnt encouraging. Those would-be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom and their professor was met with blank shares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says theres much about business schools that hed like to change. “A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad news themselves,” Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot thats left him shaking his head. And because of what hes seen taught in business schools, hes not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals. “In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools, I suspect,” says Etzioni.Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership. “People with poor motives will always exist,” he says. “Sometimes environments constrain those people and sometime environments give those people opportunity.” Etzioni says the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich before getting in trouble. His hope now: that the cries reform will provide more fertile soil for his longstanding messages about business ethics.1. What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Harvard MBA students? A) Their keen interest in business courses. B) Their intense desire for money. C) Their tactics for making profits. D)Their potential to become business leaders.2. Why did Amitai Etzioni say “I really feel like I failed them” (Para. 2)? A) He was unable to alert his students to corporate malpractice. B) He didnt teach his students to see business in new and different ways. C) He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business. D) He didnt offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders-to-be.3. Most would-be executives at the Harvard Business School believed that .A) questions of morality were of utmost importance in business affairsB) self-interest should not be the top priority in business dealingsC) new and different principles should be taught at business schoolsD) there was no place for ethics and morality in business dealings4. In Etzionis view, the latest rash of corporate scandals could be attributed to .A) tendency in business schools to stress self-interest over business ethicsB) he executives lack of knowledge in legally manipulating contractsC) the increasingly fierce competition in the modern business worldD) the moral corruption of business school graduates5. We learn from the last paragraph that .A) the calls for reform will help promote business ethics B) businessmen with poor motives will gain the upper handC) Business ethics courses should be taught in all business schoolsD) reform in business management contributes to economic growthQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Intel chairman Andy Grove has decided to cut the Gordian knot of controversy surrounding stem cell research by simply writing a check.The check, which he pledged last week, could be for as much as $ 5 million, depending on how many donors make gifts of between $ 50,000 and $ 500,000, which he has promised to match. It will be made out to the University of California, San Francisco(UCSF).Thanks in part to such private donations, university research into uses for human stem cells the cells at the earliest stages of development that can form any body part will continue in California. With private financial support, the state will be less likely to lose talented scientists who would be tempted to leave the field or even leave the country as research dependent on federal money slows to a glacial pace.Hindered by limits President Bush placed on stem cell research a year ago, scientists are turning to laboratories that can carry out work without using federal money. This is awkward for universities, which must spend extra money building separate labs and keeping rigorous records proving no federal funds were involved. Groves donation, a first step toward a $ 20 million target at UCSF, will ease the burden.The Presidents decision a year ago to allow research on already existing stern cell lines was portrayed as a reasonable compromise between scientists needs for cells to work with, and concerns that this kind of research could lead to wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, cloned infants and a general contempt for human life.But Bushs effort to please both sides ended up pleasing neither. And it certainly didnt provide the basis for cutting edge research. Of the 78 existing stem cell lines which Bush said are all that science would ever need, only one is in this country (at the University of Wisconsin), and only five are ready for distribution to researchers. All were grown in conjunction with mouse cells, making future therapeutic uses unlikely.The Bush administration seems bent on satisfying the small but vocal group of Americans who oppose stem cell research under any conditions. Fortunately, Grove and others are more interested in advancing scientific research that could benefit a large number of Americans who suffer from Parkinsons disease, nerve injuries, heart diseases and many other problems.6. When Andy Grove decided to cut the Gordian knot, he meant to . A) settle the dispute on stem cell research quicklyB) expel Gordian from stem cell research for goodC) end Intels relations with GordianD) put an end to stem cell research7. For UCSF to carry on stem cell research, new funds have to come from . A) executives of leading American companiesB) a foundation set up by the Intel CompanyC) interested businesses and individualsD) the United States federal government8. As a result of the limits Bush placed on stem cell research, American universities will . A) have to carry out the research secretlyB) have to raise money to build separate labsC) conduct the research in laboratories overseasD) abandon the research altogether in the next future9. We may infer from the passage that future therapeutic uses of stem cells will be unlikely unless .A) talented scientists are involved in the researchB) More federal money is used for the researchC) a lot more private donations can be securedD) human stem cells are used in the research10. The reason lying behind President Bush，s placing limits on stem cell research is thatA) his administration is financially pinchedB) it amounts to a contempt for human lifeC) it did not promise any therapeutic valueD) he did not want to offend his opponentsSection 2Directions: There are 2 reading passages in this section. Read them carefully and answer the questions, which are based on the passages. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Read the passage carefully and answer questions 11 22.AUTOMOBILES VS. PUBLIC TRANSPORTPublic transport plays a central role in any efficient urban transport system. In developing countries, where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.The term public transport covers many different types of vehicles, but most commonly refers to buses and trains. Rail services fall into four major categories: rapid rail (also called the underground, tube, metro, or subway), which operates on exclusive rights-of-way in tunnels or on elevated tracks; trams, which move with other traffic on regular streets; light rail, which is a quieter, more modern version of trams that can run either on exclusive rights-of-way or with other traffic; and suburban or regional trains, which connect a city with surrounding areas.The recent trend in many cities is toward light rail over heavy rapid-rail systems. Whereas metros require exclusive rights-of-way, which often means building costly elevated or underground lines and stations, light rail can be built on regular city streets.The concept of public transport also includes organised car pcols, in which several people share the cost of riding together in the same private automobile. For US commuters in areas with inadequate bus and train services, this is the only public transport option. But even where other systems are comprehensive, there is vast potential for car pooling; recent research shows that in cities the world over, private cars during commuting hours on average carry just 1.2 1.3 persons per vehicle.Public transport modes vary in fuel use and emissions and in the space they require, but if carrying reasonable numbers of passengers, they all perform better than single-occupant private cars on each of these counts.Although energy requirements vary according to the size and design of the vehicle and how many people are on board, buses and trains require far less fuel per passenger for each kilometre of travel. In the United States, for example, a light-rail vehicle needs an estimated 640 BTUs of energy per passenger per kilometre; a city bus would use some 690 BTUs per passenger-kilometre; and a car pool with four occupants, 1, 140 BTUs. A single-occupant automobile, by contrast, bums nearly 4,580 BTUs per passenger-kilometre.The pollution savings from public transport are even more dramatic. Since both rapid rail and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust, but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious. For typical US commuter routes, rapid rail emits 30 grams of nitrogen oxides for every 100 kilometres each rail passenger travels, compared with 43 grams for light rail, 95 grams for transit buses, and 128 grams for single-occupant automobiles. Public transports potential for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions is even greater.Although diesel buses especially in developing countries can be heavy polluters, existing technologies, such as filters, can control their exhaust. Buses can also run on less polluting fuels such as propane (used in parts of Europe) and natural gas (used in Brazii and China). Test buses in the Netherlands that run on natural gas are estimated to emit 90 per cent less nitrogen oxide and 25 per cent less carbon monoxide than diesel engines do.In addition to reducing fuel consumption and pollution, public transport saves valuable city space. Buses and trains, carry more people in each vehicle and, if they operate on their own rights-of-way, can safely run at much higher speeds. In other words, they not only take up less space but also occupy it for a shorter time. Thus, comparing ideal conditions fon each mode in one lane of traffic, an underground metro can carry 70,000 passengers past a certain point in one hour, light rail can carry up to 35.000 people, and a bus, just over 30,000. By contrast, a lane of private cars with four occupants each can move only about 8,000 people an hour, and without such car-pooling the figure is, of course, far lower.The availability and use of public transport vary widely in cities around the globe. Since variations in distances and city densities affect the total kilometres of travel, the annual number of trips each person takes by public transport provides a better standard for comparing its importance in various cities. The range of frequency of public transport use is shown in Table 1. Urban public transport has long been a government priority in Western Europe. All major cities there have high car ownership, but well-developed bus and rail systems are available, and overall public transport typically accounts for between 20 and 30 per cent of passenger-kilometres. In recent years, several large cities have stepped up their commitment to public transportation, combining further investments with complementary policies to restrict auto use.Public transport also plays an important role in urban areas of the Third World. In many cities in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, buses make 50 80 per cent of all motorised trips. Buses are sometimes hopelessly overcrowded; it is not uncommon to see several riders clinging to the outside. Yet most Third World cities have lower public transport use per person than those in Western Europe, reflecting the inability of small bus fleets to keep up with population growth.Among the worlds major cities, those in Australia and the United States make the least use of alternatives to the private car. Indeed, less than 5 per cent of US trips are by public transport, but in some cities such as New York City and Chicago, where service is provided extensively, it is used heavily. Indeed, nearly one quarter of the entire countrys public transport trips are in New York City.Table 1. Dependence on public transport in selected cities, 1989City PopulationModeTrips*Tokyo11.6mbus, tram, metro, rail 650Buenos Aires 9.0mbus, metro248Beijing8.7mbus, metro107Seoul8.7 mbus, metro457Moscow8.0 mbus, tram, metro713Chicago6.8 mbus, metro, rail101Berlin3.1 mbus, tram, metro, rail356Toronto2.8 mbus, tram, metro200Melbourne2.7 mbus. tram, rail95Abidjan1.8 mbus, boat132Dallas1.4mbus22* trips per person per yearQuestions 11 15Below is a summary of some of the main points of Automobiles vs. public transport.Read the summary and select a word or phrase from the box below to fill each gap according to the information in the reading passage.Write the corresponding letters A, B.N in boxes 11 15 on your Answer Sheet.NB There are more w ords and phrases than you will need to fill the gaps. You may use a word or phrase more than once if you wish.KEY POINTS: AUTOMOBILES VS. PUBLIC TRANSPORTThe obvious advantages of public transport include lowering 11 and reducing exhaust emissions. Another important benefit is the amount of space that is taken up. This is measured by determining the number of 12 that pass a particular point under ideal conditions. As would be expected, public transport Vehicles perform very well under these criteria. However, the success of public transport depends more importantly on its 13 . A 1989 survey revealed that 14 was the city in which the greatest number of trips per person were made on an annual basis. Interestingly, there is no clear correlation between acceptance of public transport and the degree of 15 of a country or city. A passengers B Moscow C fuel efficiency D availability of transport E Vehicles per hour F Tokyo G passengers per hour H single-occupant automobiles I energy policies J economic development K fuel consumption L decentralisation M frequency of use N Third World cities Questions 16 20Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS and according to the information in Reading Passage 2.Write your answers in boxes 16 20 on your Answer Sheet.16. What is one factor that makes light rail preferable to rapid rail? 17. What is one way in which rapid rail outperforms light rail?18. Where is pollution from rail transport measured?19. What is the average number of people you would expect to find in automobiles during commuting hours?20. What proportion of passenger-kilometres is undertaken by private automobile in Western Europe?Questions 2122The table below ranks different forms of transport according to their fuel efficiency and the amount of pollution they produce. One ranking has been given in each case.Complete the sequence of numbers (1, 2. 3, 4) for each column and write the two sequences of numbers (from top to bottom) in boxes 21 and