美国国家安全战略英中对照.docx

United States Strategies Covering the Military Field美国军事领域之战略There were brought up in 2004 with the following four strategies. They are national security strategy, national defense strategy, national military strategy, and theater strategy. Their definitions are as follows: National security strategy A document approved by the President of the United States for developing, applying, and coordinating the instruments of national power to achieve objectives that contribute to national security. National defense strategy A document approved by the Secretary of Defense for applying the Armed Forces of the United States in coordination with Department of Defense agencies and other instruments of national power to achieve national security strategy objectives. National military strategy A document approved by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for distributing and applying military power to attain national security strategy and national defense strategy objectives. Theater strategy defined by the commander-in-chief of the unified command established by the President An overarching construct outlining a combatant commanders vision for integrating and synchronizing military activities and operations with the other instruments of national power in order to achieve national strategic objectives.在2004年提出了以下四种战略：国家安全战略、国防战略、国家军事战略以及（总统确认的统一指挥部最高指挥官）确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围之战略。它们的定义分别是：国家安全战略是总统正式批准文件，旨在发展、使用和协调国家手段之能力，为实现国家安全目的做出贡献。国防战略是国防部长正式批准文件，旨在国防部机构协调使用美国武装力量以及国家其他手段能力，藉以实现国家安全战略之目的。国家军事战略是参谋长联席会议主席正式批准文件，旨在配置和使用军事能力，藉以实现国家安全战略和国防战略之目的。（总统确认的统一指挥部参战最高指挥官）确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围战略是统一控制一切其他目的之概念、指示有远见的统一指挥部参战最高指挥官把握军事行动和作战与使用国家其他手段能力达到统一和同步之能力，藉以实现国家战略之目的。Here we can see clearly that the four strategies constitute guiding relationships from the top down, and make up subordinate and service relationship from the bottom up. That is to say, the higher level of strategy is the reference for formulating the lower level of strategy; the lower level strategy is subordinate to and serves the higher level strategy, the base of the higher level strategy.由此可见，这四种战略从上至下构成指导关系，从下至上构成服从和服务关系。也就是说，上个层次的战略是制定下个层次战略的依据，下个层次的战略服从和服务于上个层次的战略，是上个层次战略的基础。2 Differences between These Strategies 不同战略之间的差别Firstly, the one who establish or sign the strategy is different. National security strategy is signed by the President; while national defense strategy is signed by the Secretary of Defense; national military strategy is signed by the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff; theater strategy is signed by the commander-in-chief of the unified command.首先，不同战略确认或正式批准签发人不同。国家安全战略由总统正式批准签发；国防战略由国防部长正式批准签发；国家军事战略由参谋长联席会议主席正式批准签发；（统一指挥部参战最高指挥官）确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围战略由统一指挥部参战最高指挥官正式批准签发。Secondly, their aims differ. The goal of national security strategy is to keep the politics and economy free, maintain the peaceful relationship with other countries, respect human dignity, and not only make the world secure but also better. The goal of national defense strategy is to make sure that the US free from direct attack, ensure strategic entrance and maintain global action freedom, tighten the relations among allies and partners, set up beneficial security conditions. The goal of national military strategy is to protect the US from external attack and invasion, prevent conflict and surprise attack, defeat the opponents. Therefore, the higher level strategic goal is broader and macro whereas the lower level strategy is more specific and micro and supports the goal of higher level strategy. 其次，不同战略不同目的。国家安全战略的目的是：政治和经济自由、与其他国家保持和平关系、尊重人的尊严、不仅使世界更安全而且使世界更美好。国防战略的目的是：确保美国免遭直接攻击、确保战略进入和保持全球行动自由、加强盟国与伙伴关系、建立有利的安全条件。国家军事战略的目的是：保护美国免遭外来进攻和侵略、预防冲突和突然进攻、战胜对手。由此可见，上一层次战略的目的比较宽泛，比较宏观；下一层次战略的目的比较具体，比较微观，并且直接支持上一层次战略的目的。Lastly, the fields of application are different. National security strategy is applied in all kinds of areas including national politics, economy, military and diplomacy; national military strategy is suitable for the distribution and application of national military force; theater strategy is used in the preparation of various theaters to take actions, the formulation of combat plan, the application of joint troops and etc. In all, the higher the level of the strategy, the broader scope it can be applied; the lower the level of the strategy, the narrower scope it can be applied. 最后，适用范围不同。国家安全战略适用于国家政治、经济、军事、外交各个领域；国家军事战略适用于国家军事力量的配置和使用；（统一指挥部参战最高指挥官）确定的战争空域、地面区域或水域作战责任范围战略则用于作战行动的准备、作战计划的制定、联合部队的使用等。由此可见，战略层次越高，适用范围越大，战略层次越低，适用范围越小。Change of War Patterns and Reform of Military Training战争（特征）形态变化和军事训练之改革土耳其伊斯马耶尔上校 同声传译Prussian military strategist Carl von Clausewits once said “Every age has its own kind of war, its own limiting conditions, and its own preconceptions. Each period, therefore, would have held to its own theory of war.普鲁士军事战略家克劳塞维茨曾说过：“各个时代都有本时代的战争，自身的限制条件和预想。因此，每个历史阶段都会坚持自己的战争理论。”The nature of war is changing and the rate of change is more rapid than any similar period of modern history.战争的特征正在变化，其变化速度比现代史上任何类似历史阶段都要快。Today, the post-industrial age has begun to give way to the information age. We can consider that future warfare will continue to emphasize the capacity to kill with greater and greater efficiency.今天，工业后时代已经开始让位于信息时代。我们可以判断未来战争将继续强调更加有效的扼杀能力。Cyber attacks are becoming more frequent, more organized and more costly in the damage that they inflict on government administrations, business, economies and potentially also transportation and supply networks and other critical infrastructure. 互联网攻击变得日益频繁、更加有组织，对政府行政监督机构、商业活动和经济带来更加严重的损失，并对运输和供应网络和其他关键性永久设施造成潜在的严重危害。A number of significant technology-related trends including the development of laser weapons, electronic warfare and technologies that impede access to space appear poised to have major global effects that will impact on military planning and operation.几种重要的与技术相关的发展趋势，包括激光武器和电子战的发展以及阻止进入外层空间的技术发展，看来随时会对军事计划制定和行动产生广泛的重大影响。The proliferation of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction with their means of delivery are all potentially threat to global stability and prosperity.核武器和其他大规模杀伤性武器及其投掷手段对全球稳定和繁荣都是潜在威胁。In addition, terrorism and extremist groups pose a direct threat to the security of the citizens of countries, and to international stability and prosperity. 此外，恐怖主义和极端分子团伙对各国国民安全以及国际稳定和繁荣都构成了直接威胁。Instability or conflict beyond borders can directly threaten national security, including by fostering extremism, terrorism, and trans-national illegal activities such as trafficking in arms, narcotics and people.境外缺乏心理的稳定性或对抗，包括助长极端主义、恐怖主义以及诸如武器、毒品和人员走私等跨国非法活动，都能直接威胁到国家之安全。All countries are increasingly reliant on the vital communication, transport and transit routes on which international trade, energy security and prosperity depend. They require greater international efforts to ensure their resilience against attack or disruption.各国对必要的（地面野战部队后勤保障和保证）交通线系统、运输线和转运公路线、铁路线、航线和管线的依靠都在增加，因为国际贸易、能源安全和繁荣均依靠上述公路线、铁路线、航线和管线。它们需要所有国家付出的更大努力、确保上述公路线、铁路线、航线和管线有能力承受攻击而不会永久断绝或停顿。Key environmental and resource constraints, including health risks, climate change, water scarcity and increasing energy needs will further shape the future security environment.关键环境和资源的制约力量，包括对健康的危险因素、气候变化、水的供不应求以及不断增加的燃料和其他能的来源需要量等的制约力量，将进一步决定未来安全环境发展变化的进程。Today, the threat of a conventional attack against one nations ter