新目标八年级上语法总汇.doc

Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?1. go on vacation去度假 stay at home待在家里 go to the mountains去爬山go to the beach去海滩 visit museums 参观博物馆 go to summer camp去参观夏令营2.quite a few相当多 3.study for为而学习 4.go out出去 5.most of the time大部分时间6.taste good尝起来很好吃 7.have a good time玩得高兴 8.of course当然 9.feel like给的感觉；感受到10.go shopping去购物 11.in the past在过去 12.walk around四处走走 13.because of因为14.one bowl of 一碗 15.the next day第二天 16.drink tea喝茶 17.find out找出；查明 18.go on继续19.take photos照相 20.something important重要的事 21.up and down上上下下 22.come up出来句型：1. buy sth. for sb. =buy sb. sth.为某人买某物2.taste + adj. 尝起来 3.look+adj. 看起来4.nothingbut+动词原形 除了之外什么都没有5.seem+（to be）+ adj. 看起来6.arrive in+大地点 = arrive at+小地点 到达某地7.decide to do sth.决定去做某事8.try doing sth.尝试做某事 try to do sth.尽力去做某事 9.forget doing sth.忘记做过某事forget to do sth.忘记做某事10.enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事 11.want to do sth.想去做某事 12.start doing sth.开始做某事13.stop doing sth. 停止做某事 14.dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事 15.keep doing sth.继续做某事16.Why not do. sth.?为什么不做呢？17.so+adj.+that+从句 如此以至于18.tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事Unit2 How often do you exercise? help with housework帮助做家务 on weekends在周末 how often多久一次 hardly ever几乎从不 once a week每周一次 twice a month每月两次 every day每天 be free有空 go to the movies去看电影 use the Internet用互联网 swing dance摇摆舞 play tennis打网球 stay up late熬夜；睡得很晚 at least至少 have dance and piano lessons上舞蹈课和钢琴课 go to bed early早点睡觉 play sports进行体育活动 be good for对有好处 go camping去野营 notat all一点儿也不 in ones free time在某人的业余时间 the most popular最受欢迎的 such as比如；诸如 old habits die hard积习难改 go to the dentist去看牙医 morn than多于；超过 less than少于 help sb. with sth.(名词/动名词)帮助某人做某事=help sb （to）do sth How about? .怎么样？/ 好不好？=What about？后接名词、代词、动名词. want sb. to do sth.想让某人做某事 How many+可数名词复数+一般疑问句？ 有多少? 主语+find+that从句. 发现 spend time with sb.和某人一起度过时光 Its+ adj.+ to do sth. 做某事的的。 ask sb. about sth.向某人询问某事 by doing sth. 通过做某事 Whats your favorite?你最喜爱的是什么？ the best way to do sth.做某事的最好方式词语解析1. how often 多久一次，用来提问动作发生的频率。回答用：once，twice, three times 等词语。How often do you play sports? Three times a week.how long 多长，用来询问多长时间，也可询问某物有多长。How long does it take to get to Shanghai from here? How long is the ruler?how for 多远， 用来询问距离，指路程的远近。 How far is it from here to the park? Its about 2 kilometers.1. free 空闲的，有空的， 反义词为 busy. be free 有空，闲着，相当于 have time.Ill be free next week. = Ill have time next week. 还可作“免费的、自由的”解。be free to do sth. 自由地做某事。The tickets are free. Youre free to go or to stay.2. How come？ 怎么会？ 怎么回事？表示某件事情很奇怪，有点想不通；可单独使用，也可引导一个问句， 相当于疑问句 why, 但 how come 开头的特殊疑问句使用的仍然是陈述语序。How come Tom didnt come to the party? = Why didnt Tom come to the party?3. stay up late 指“熬夜到很晚，迟睡”。 Dont stay up late next time. stay up 指“熬夜，不睡觉”。 He stayed up all night to write his story.4. go to bed 强调“上床睡觉”的动作及过程，但人不一定睡着。I went to bed at eleven last night.go to sleep 强调“入睡，睡着，进入梦乡”。 She was so tired that she went to sleep soon.5. find + 宾语 +名词, 发现 ： We have found him (to be) a good boy.find + 宾语 + 形容词， 发现： He found the room dirty.find + 宾语 + 现在分词， 发现 ： I found her standing at the door.6. percent 百分数， 基数词 + percent： percent 没有复数形式，作主语时，根据所修饰的名词来判断谓语的单复数。 Forty percent of the students in our class are girls. Thirty percent of time passed.7. more than 超过，多于，不仅仅， 相当于 over. 在句型转换中考查两者的同义替换。反义词组为：less than. I lived in Shanghai for more than / over ten years.9. afraid 形容词， 担心的，害怕的，在句中作表语，不用在名词前作定语。Im afraid we cant come here on time. be afraid of sb / sth 害怕某人 / 某事； be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事。Some children are afraid of the dark. Dont be afraid of asking question.Im afraid + 从句， 恐怕， 担心： Im afraid I have to go now.10. sometimes , sometime, some times , some time 的区别：sometimes 频度副词， 有时。表示动作发生的不经常性，多与一般现在时连用，可位于句首、句中或句末。Sometimes I get up very early. -How often do you get up?sometime 副词，某个时候。 表示不确切或不具体的时间，常用于过去时或将来时，对它用疑问词when.I will go to Shanghai sometime next week. -When will you go to Shanghai next week?some times 名词词组， 几次，几倍。其中time 是可数名词，对它提问用how many times.I have read the story some times. -How many times have you read the story?some time 名词短语， 一段时间. 表示“一段时间”时，句中谓语动词常为延续性动词，提问时用 How long. Unit3 Im more outgoing than my sister. more outgoing更外向 asas与一样 the singing competition唱歌比赛 be similar to与相像的/类似的 the same as和相同；与一致 be different from与不同 care about关心；介意 be like a mirror像一面镜子 the most important最重要的 as long as只要；既然 bring out使显现；使表现出 get better grades取得更好的成绩 reach for伸手取 in fact事实上；实际上 make friends交朋友 the other其他的 touch ones heart感动某人 be talented in music有音乐天赋 be good at擅长 be good with善于与相处 have fun doing sth.享受做某事的乐趣 be good at doing sth擅长做某事 make sb. do sth.让某人做某事 want to do sth.想要做某事 as+adj./adv.的原级+as 与一样 Its+ adj.+for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说，做某事的。词语辨析：laugh v. & n. 笑We all laughed loudly when she made a joke. 她说了个笑话，我们都大声笑起来。We all laughed at his joke. 听了他的笑话我们都笑起来。He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。/不要高兴得太早。（与at连用）嘲笑Dont laugh at him. 别嘲笑他。People have often laughed at stories told by seamen. 人们常常嘲笑海员所讲的故事。Everyone laughed at his foolish antics. 大家都笑他那种愚蠢的滑稽动作。笑；笑声 We had a good laugh at his joke. 我们被他的笑话逗得哈哈大笑。though conj. 虽然；纵然；即使；尽管 = althoughThough it was raining，he went there. 虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。Though he was poor he was happy. 虽然他很穷却很快乐。注意：不能受汉语的影响，在though引导的从句后使用but。如：Though he was poor，but he was happy.（误）though adv. 不过，可是，然而，常用于句末，用逗号隔开。Jim said that he would come, he didnt , though. 形容词和副词的比较级、最高级 大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1）原级（不作比较），修饰词very,so,too,pretty,really；2）比较级，表示“较”或“更”的意思（两者之间进行比较）, 标志词than,A or B,of the two, 修饰词much,a lot,a little；3）最高级，表示“最”的意思（三者或三者以上作比较），形容词最高级前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带in（of）短语来什么比较的范围。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级规则变化： 构 成 方 法 原 级 比 较 级最 高 级单音节词和部分双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-esthighshorthighershorter highestshortest以字母e词尾的词，加-r或-stlatefinelaterfinest latestfinest重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-esthotbigthinfathotterbiggerthinnerfatterhottestbiggestthinnestfattest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先把“y”改为“i”，再加-er或-est funnyeasyearlyfunniereasierearlierfunniesteasiestearliest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostbeautifulathleticoutgoingmore beautifulmore athleticmore outgoingmost beautifulmost athleticmost outgoing形容词和副词的比较级和最高级不规则变化： 原 级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther（更远） further（更深远） farthest(最远) furthest（最深远）as(原级)as与一样 not as/soas不如Liming is as tall as Jim. Jack runs as fast as Tom.Lily is not as/so tall as Lucy. =Lily is shorter than Lucy.Unit4 Whats the best movie theater? movie theater电影院 close to离近 clothes store服装店 in town在镇上 so far到目前为止 10 minutes by bus坐公共汽车10分钟的路程 talent show才艺表演 in common共同；共有 around the world世界各地；全世界 more and more越来越 and so on等等 all kinds of各种各样的 be up to是的职责；由决定 not everybody并不是每个人 make up编造（故事、谎言等） play a role in在方面发挥作用/有影响 for example例如 takeseriously认真对待 give sb. sth.给某人某物 come true（梦想、希望）实现；达到 Can I ask you some?我能问你一些吗？ How do you like?你认为怎么样？ Thanks for doing sth.因做某事而感谢。 What do you think of?你认为怎么样?=How do you like.？ much+ adj./adv.的比较级 得多 watch sb. do sth.观看某人做某事 play a role in doing sth.发挥做某事是作用/在做某事方面扮演重要的角色 one of+可数名词的复数（谓语动词用单数） 之一 Unit5 Do you want to watch a game show? think of认为 learn from从获得；向学习 find out查明；弄清楚 talk show谈话节目 game show游戏节目 soap opera肥皂剧 go on发生 watch a movie看电影 a pair of一双；一对 try ones best尽某人最大努力 as famous as与一样有名 have a discussion about就讨论 one day有一天 such as例如 dress up打扮；梳理 take sb.s place代替；替换 do a good job干得好 something enjoyable令人愉快的东西 interesting information有趣的资料 one of之一 look like看起来像 around the world全世界 a symbol of的象征 let sb. do sth.让某人做某事 （否定：Dont let sb do sth.或Let sb not do sth.) plan to do sth.计划/打算做某事 hope to do sth.希望做某事 happen to do sth.碰巧做某事 expect to do sth.盼望做某事 How /What about doing?做怎么样？ be ready to do sth.乐于做某事 try ones best to do sth.尽力做某事1.the other, the others, other, others,another 辨析the other 表示特指两个或者两部份中的另一个或另一部分，可直接单数名词或复数名词。表示两个中的一个另一个时，常用one the other。例：He has two brothers, one is a teacher, the other is a doctor.There are forty students in our class. twenty-one are girls, the other nineteen are boys.the others 特指某一范围内的其他的（人或物），是the other的复数形式，相当于the other+复数名词。the other + 复数名词 = any other + 名词单数。例：You two stay here, the others go with me. Im different from Jeff because Im louder than the other kids (any other kid) in my class.other 作代词或形容词，可修饰可数名词单数或复数。例：We learn Chinese, Maths, English and other subjects.others 作代词，泛指“其他的人或物”。 例：Some students are doing homework,others are talking loudly.another 泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。例：I dont like this one. Please show me another one. 2. go on 发生=take place =happenI wonder what was going on. happen v.发生，一般指偶然发生，主语为事，不能为人。Sth + happens to sb. A traffic accident happened to his elder brother yesterday.Sth + happens + 地点/时间，意为：某地/某时发生了某事An accident happened on Park Street.happen v，表示“碰巧”，主语可以是人，后常跟动词不定式to,表示“碰巧”.Sb + happens to do sth.I happened to see my uncle on the street.* take place 意为“发生，举行，举办”，一般指非偶然性事件的“发生”，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。例：Great changes have taken place in China.The meeting will take place next Friday.3.expect v. 期待，盼望，预期，后常接四种结构：1)expect + 名词/代词，期待某事/某人，预计可能发生。Im expecting Li Lins letter.2)expect to do sth. 预计做某事Lily expects to come back next week.3)expect sb. to do sth.I expect my mother to come back early.4)expect + 从句 预计I expected that Ill come back next Monday.4. serious a. 严肃的，认真的。 He is a serious man.be serious about sb/sth. 对某人/某事当真Peter is serious about Jenny. He wants to get married to her.be serious about doing sth. 对某事当真 _Hes serious about selling his house.Unit6 Im going to study computer science. grow up成长；长大 every day每天（副词短语） everyday 每天的（形容词） be sure about/of（后接名词，代词或动名词）对有把握 make sure确信；务必 send sb sth=send sth to sb把某物送给某人；send for 派人去请 be able to+动词原形=can+动词原形，能 the meaning of的意思 different kinds of不同种类的 in common 共同的，共有的 at the beginning of write down写下；记下 have to do with关于；与有关系 take up开始做；学着做 hardly ever几乎不；很少 tooto太而不能/太以至于不能 be going to+动词原形 打算做某事 practice doing练习做某事 keep on doing sth.不断地做某事（表示动作的反复）； keep doing（表示动作或者状态的延续） learn to do sth.学会做某事 finish doing sth.做完某事 promise to do sth.许诺去做某事 help sb. to do sth.帮助某人做某事 remember to do sth.记住做某事 agree to do sth.同意做某事 love to do sth.喜爱做某事 want to do sth.想要做某事 be going to 的用法1） be going to + 动词原形表示将来的打算、计划或安排。常与表示将来的tomorrow, next year等时间状语或when 引导的时间状语从句连用。各种句式变换都借助be 动词完成，be随主语有am, is, are 的变换，going to 后接动词原形。肯定句： 主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 其他。He is going to take the bus there.否定句： 主语 + be not going to + 动词原形 + 其他 Im not going to see my friends this weekend.一般疑问句： Be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他肯定回答： Yes, 主语 + be. 否定回答： No, 主语 + be not.Are you going to see your friends this weekend? Yes ,I am. / No, Im not.特殊疑问句： 疑问词 + be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他？What is he going to do this weekend? When are you going to see your friends?2) 如果表示计划去某地，可直接用 be going to + 地点We are going to Beijing for a holiday.3) 表示位置移动的动词，如go , come, leave 等常用进行时表示将来。The bus is coming. My aunt is leaving for Beijing next week.4) be going to 与 will 的区别： 对未来事情的预测用“ will + 动词原形”表达，will 没有人称和数的变化，变否定句要在will 后面加not, 也可用will 后面加 not,或者缩略式wont, 变一般疑问句将will 提至 句首。Will planes be large in the future? Yes, they will. / No, they wont.will 常表示说话人相信或希望要发生的事情，而be going to 指某事肯定发生，常表示事情很快就要发生。 I believe Lucy will be a great doctor. 陈述将来的某个事实用will. I will ten years old next year.表示现在计划将来要做的事情用 will.Im tired I will go to bed. 表示意愿用will.Ill tell you the truth. 表示计划、打算要做的事情用 be going to, 而不用 will.词语辨析：1 promise vt. 保证，许诺。有三种结构：1)promise to do sth. _My mother promised to buy a piano for me.2)promise sb. sth. _ My aunt promised me a bike.3)promise + that 从句_ Tom promises that he can return on mise n. 允诺， 诺言Lily is a dishonest girl. She never keeps a promise.2.when 与 while 的区别：when 表示“当时候”，既指时间点，又指一段时间，when 引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性的也可以是延续性的。When the teacher came in, the students were talking.When she arrives, Ill call you.while 表示“当时候”，仅指一段时间，从句中的动作必须是延续性的，一般强调主从句的动作同时发生， while 还可以作并列连词，意为“ 而、却”，表示对比关系。Lisa was singing while her mother was playing piano.Tom is strong while his younger brother is week. 3. practice vt. 练习， 后接名词，代词或v-ing 作宾语。Your elder sister is practicing the guitar in the room.常跟v-ing 作宾语的动词有：考虑建议盼原谅：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon.承认推迟没得想： admit, delay/put off, fancy.避免错过继续练：avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice.否认完成能欣赏： deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate.不禁介意与逃亡： cant help , mind, escape.不准冒险凭想象： forbid, risk, imagine.4. everyday 与 every day 区别everyday adj. 每天的 在句中作定语，位于名词前。 This is our everyday homework.every day 副词短语， 在句中作状语，位于句首或句末。 He reads books every day. Unit7 Will people have robots? on computer在电脑上 on paper在纸上 live to do 200 years old活动200岁 free time空闲时间 in danger处于危险之中 on the earth在地球上 play a part in sth.参与某事 space station太空站 look for寻找 computer programmer电脑编程员 in the future在未来 hundreds of许多；成百上千 the sameas与一样 over and over again多次；反复地 get bored感到厌烦的 wake up醒来 look like 看起来像 fall down倒塌 will+动词原形 将要做 fewer/more+可数名词复数 更少/更多 less/more+不可数名词 更少/更多have to do sth.不得不做某事agree with sb.同意某人的意见such+名词（词组） 如此play a part in doing sth. 参与做某事There will be + 主语+其他 将会有There is/are +sb./sth.+doing sth.有正在做某事make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事 help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事 try to do sth. 尽力做某事Its+ adj.+for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说，做某事的。词语辨析：1. every 与 each 的区别：every 用来表整体，each 用来表个别。each 最低需是两，every 最低需是三。every adj.every 作主用单数，each 可单也可复，作主、作定用单数，其他情况用复数。 each adj./ pron.Every teacher knows her. There are lots of trees on each side of the road.Each of the road has a dictionary.2. on the earth 在地球上，作地点状语，位于句首或句末。 on earth 究竟，到底。用于疑问句或副词后，加强语气。All the living things on the earth depend on the sun. / What on earth do you mean?3. human, 指包括男人女人孩子的“人，人类”，有别于动物，自然景物，机器等的特殊群体，也可指具体的人。 person, 无性别之分，常用于数目不太大，而且数目比较精确的场合。people, 泛指“人们”，表示复数概念。man,前不带冠词而且单独使用时，指“男人”，a man 可指“一个人/ 一个男人”，复数形式为men.He was the only human on the island. There are only three persons in the room.There are many people there.Man is stronger than woman.4. seem 连系动词，好像，似乎，看来。有下面几种用法：seem + 名词 看起来。He seems a nice man.seem like 好像，似乎。 It seemed like a good idea at the time.seem to do sth. 似乎/看起来/好像做某事。 I seem to have left my book at home.It seems/seemed that 看起来好像, 似乎. He was very happy.seem to be + 形容词/名词 = seem + 形容词/名词。 She seems to be happy.= She seems happy.5. probably ad. maybe 相当于 perhaps. 也许，大概，可能。作状语.probably 用于句中，可能性最大。 He will probably come tomorrow.maybe/perhaps 用于句首。 Maybe/Perhaps you are right.6.during / for / in 介词，在期间。说到某事是在某一段时间之间发生的用during; 说到某事持续多久则用for; 说到某事具体发生的时间用in.We visited many places of interest during the summer holiday.Ive been here for two weeks.They usually leave school in July.一般将来时结构：肯定式： 主语 + will/shall + 动词原形 + 其他 will 用于各种人称，shall 用于第一人称。主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 其他 be 随人称、数和时间的变化而变换。否定式： 在will/shall/be 后面加 not. will not = wont .一般疑问句： 将will/shall/be 提到主语前面。There be 句型的一般将来时：There will be + 主语 + 其他 ，意为 ：将会有。一般疑问句形式为： Will there be + 主语 + 其他。肯定回答是： Yes, there will. 否定回