机械工程师手册,仪器仪表,系统,控制系统,和MEMindex.doc

877INDEXAAbsoluteencoders,391Accelerationerrorcoefcient(c2),389Accelerometers,84,390Accuracy,5,117ofdata,213214ofservomechanisms,621625thermocouple,144ACFM(actualcubicfeetperminute),175Achievedtemperature,132acimpedancebridgetransducers,111115capacitive,114115inductive,112114Acousticvelocityprobes,172173Acrossvariables(term),303,304acservomotors,seeAlternating-currentservomotorsActionblocks,684,685Action-dependentHDP(ADHDP),816817Actualcubicfeeperminute(ACFM),175Actuators,392399electromechanical,392394hydraulic,394396pneumatic,396399Actuatorcompensation,804806AdamsBashforthcorrectormethods,356,357AdamsMoultoncorrectormethods,356,357Adaptivecontrol,441442,797798Adaptivecritics,816Adaptivereinforcementlearning,809810A/Dconverters,seeAnalog-to-digitalconvertersAdders,249,406,407Addition:binary,846blockdiagramof,456,457Boolean,248ADHDP,seeAction-dependentHDPAdhesives,77Adjustment,279Admittances,39.SeealsoImpedance(s)chordal,5354computing,4041inseries/parallel,3940ADP,seeApproximatedynamicprogrammingAdvanceoperator,378Aeronautics,444Aliasing,185,198,199Alloys,134AlNiComagnets,552,553Alterables(term),269Alternatehypothesis,23Alternating-current(ac)servomotors,557562dcservomotorsvs.,546mathematicalmodelsof,559562typesof,557559AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCII)code,849Ammeters,834835Ampliers,311functionof,386linear,569PWM,569572Amplitudecondition,518526Amplitudefrequencyresponsetests,96Analogs(term),314,315Analogcomputation,492,494500Analogcontrollers,669672AnalogDevices(company),872,874Analogelectronics,826840circuitanalysisin,831833denitionsusedin,827828electricalelementsin,828831,832examplesof,838840RL/RCtransientresponsein,835838sources/metersin,834835Analoglters,191198Butterworth,193194elliptical,195,196inverseTchebyshev,195,196leastsquaresmethodofdesigning,196,197Mechanical Engineers Handbook: Instrumentation, Systems, Controls, and MEMS, Volume 2, Third Edition.Edited by Myer KutzCopyright 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.878IndexAnaloglters(continued)prototypecircuitfor,197,198Tchebyshev,194195Analoginstruments,118Analogsimulation,352Analog-to-digital(A/D)converters,211,425,852Anchoring,279AND(Booleanmultiply),246,247Anglecondition,518526Angularvelocity,391ANSYS,867,868Antifuseswitch,252Apercentlinearityornonlinearity,118119Apollospacecraft,444Application-specicintegratedcircuits(ASICs),241Approximatedynamicprogramming(ADP),794795,815816,819820APT(AutomaticallyProgrammedTools)language,697,706709Arbitraryfrequencyresponsecurvetting,196,197Architectingphase(systemdesign),289290Armature-controlleddcmotors,392,393ASCII(AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange)code,849ASICs(application-specicintegratedcircuits),241Askingapproachtorequirementsidentication,268Aspiratedprobes,151Astablemultivibrators,243Asymptoticstability,475Asynchronousserialdatatransfer,852,853A-typeelement,305,307,312Autocorrelationfunction,363AutomaticallyProgrammedToolslanguage,seeAPTlanguageAutomobilesuspension,41,43Automotiveindustry,444Availabilityofinformation,279Availabletemperature,132BBackemf,393Backingmaterial,strain-gauge,76Backlash,500,661,805806Backlashnonlinearity,372Backsteppingneurocontrollers,801Balanced-designactuators,574,575BaldwinLimaHamilton(BLH)Corporation,73Bandpasslters,203204Bandrejectlters,204205Bandwidth,340Bang-bangcontrolproblem,442Bartlettwindow,200,201Baserate,279280Beamexureusedinaccelerometer,84Behavioralevaluation,294295BehindtheTapeReader(BTR),697BellLabs,444Bellows,396,397Bent-axispistonservomotors,575,576,578Beststraightline,94Binaryaddition,846Binarynumbers,844847,849additionof,846ofdifferentsize,844845andhexadecimalnumbers,845846twoscomplementof,846847BipolardrivePWMampliers,570Bipolarshunting,97,98Bipolar-woundsteppermotors,564,567Bistablemultivibrators,243Bits,845Black,H.S.,444Blackmanwindow,200,201BLHElectronics,73,80Blockdiagramreduction,457460Blockdiagrams,328330,456460addition,456,457ofcontrolsystems,384386multiplication,457reductionof,457460takeoffpoint,457transferfunctionsofcascadedelements,458460Blocks,programming,702,705706Bode,H.W.,444Bodediagrams/plots,339343,345,347,349,419,421,508Boiler-generators,440Boltedassemblies,fatiguein,52Bondingadhesives,77Index879Boole,George,246Booleanlogicnotation,246Bourdon,Eugene,70Bourdontubes,7071Boxcaralgorithm,220,221Brainstorming,270Brainwriting,270Branches,311,312Breakpoints,519,520,523Bridgeequations,8286Bridgeexcitation,102103Bridgesubstitution,99101Bridgetransducers,69115acimpedance,111115calibration,93102excitation,102103exuraldevices,7073noiseconsiderations,105111resistancebalancemethods,9193resistancestraingauge,7382signalamplication,103104sliprings,104,105Wheatstonebridge,8191Brusheddcservomotors,546552Brushlessdcservomotors,552557,592commutationof,552,554556constructionof,552,553crosssectionsof,553,556numericalexampleof,556557operationof,552performancedatafor,553,556Brushwear,105BTR(BehindtheTapeReader),697Bufferampliers,670Bulkmicromachining,866,868Buoyantforce,179Butterworthlter,193194Bytes,846CCACSD(computer-aidedcontrolsystemdesign),759CAD,seeComputer-aideddesignCADENCE,867868Calibration,93102dynamic,9596electricalsubstitutiontechniques,96102ttingequationstodatafor,69ofinstrument,117static,4,69,9395Callendarbridge,155,156Callendarequation,159CallendarVanDusenequation,160CAM,seeComputer-aidedmanufacturingCanonicalforms:forcontinuous-timesystems,722731fordiscrete-timesystems,731739Cantileverbeams,70Capacitance,38Capacitivebridges,114115Capacitivestorageelements,307Capacitors,829831Cascadecontrol,415,417Cascadedelements,458460Cascadedinstrumentsystem,64Causalbaserate,279Causalloopdiagrams,272Celsius,degrees,117Centrallimittheorem,17Centralprocessingunits(CPUs),848850Centraltendency(mostrepresentativevalue),9Centrifugalpendulum,395Ceramiccements,77Ceramicrotors,552,553Cerebellarmodelarticulationcontroller(CMAC),794Cesiumclock,117Cesiumfountainatomicclock,117CFDResearchCorporation,867CFM(cubicfeetperminute),175Characteristicequation(s),351closed-loop,469471,481,517526open-loop,469Charette,270Chi-squaredistribution,24,27,2931Chordaladmittance,5354Chordalimpedancematching,53Chordalslope,52Circuitanalysis,831833Circularresonators,870,872Clampeddiaphragms,7172Classicalcontroltheory,322,761CLCE,seeClosed-loopcharacteristicequationCL(cutterlocation)level,697Closed-loopamplituderatio,512514880IndexClosed-loopcharacteristicequation(CLCE),469471,481,517526Closed-loopcontrolsystem(s),385withdisturbance,468open-loopcontrolvs.,445,446servoactuatorsfor,seeServoactuatorsClosed-loopcontrolsystemanalysis,443501blockdiagramsof,456460characteristicequation,469471closed-looptransferfunction,468,469directdigitalcontrol,446,447effectsofadditionalzero/pole,474477hierarchicalcontrolcomputers,445447hybridcontrol,446,447Laplacetransforms,448456open-looptransferfunction,469realsystemswithdigitalcontrol,447,448representationof,468477simulationfor,490501stability,475486standardsecond-ordertransferfunction,471472steady-stateperformance,482,483,487493stepinputresponseofstandardsecond-ordertransferfunction,472474supervisorycontrolcomputers,445447z-transforms,459,461468Closed-loopfrequencyresponse,627629fornonunityfeedbacksystems,511,512fromthatofopenloop,514516Closed-loopstepresponses,627,630632Closed-looptransferfunction,468,469CMAC(cerebellarmodelarticulationcontroller),794CMOS,seeComplementarymetaloxidesemiconductorCNC,seeComputernumericalcontrolCoatings,temperature-sensitive,173174Cognitiveillusions,282Collective-inquirymethods,270Commandtransferfunction,388Commonmoderejection,103Communications,data,231234Communicationsprocessors,681Comparators,497,498Compatibility,46,313314Compensation,414419feedback,415feedforward,415418series,415,416Compensators,414Complementarymetaloxidesemiconductor(CMOS),870872Completeresponseofsystem,328,329Completingthesquare,325326Complexpoles,325326Complexs-plane,335,336Complextranslationtheorem,463Compliance,121,123Compoundmotors,548Compressiontechniques,218222Computedtorquemethod,427,428Computer-aidedcontrolsystemdesign(CACSD),759Computer-aideddesign(CAD),709710,869870Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM),709710Computer-assistedprogramming,706709Computer-baseddigitalcontrollers,673677Computercontrolsystems,444Computernumericalcontrol(CNC),697,698Conductionangle,552Condencelimits:determinationof,1718onregressionlines,1822Connectors,thermocouple,142143Conservation-basedowmeters,175Conservatism,280Constant-觠method,158Constantan,75Constant-magnitudecircles,510,511Constant-phasecircles,510512Constantreference,modicationfor,761763Constitutiverelationship,304Constraints(term),269Consumerproducts,444Continuity,46,313,314Continuous-pathmachines,701Continuous-rotationrotary-vaneservomotors,575,576Index881Continuoussystemsimulationlanguages(CSSLs),499,500Continuous-timecompensators,540Continuous-timedynamicsimulation,276Continuous-timesystems:canonicalformsfor,720731LQRproblem,763764observer-basedcontrollerforLTI,784observerforLTV,777state-spaceequationsfor,718720systemequationssolutionsfor,732,740741transformationmatricesforcanonicalformsof,728731Contouringcontrollers,701Control:illusionof,280objectivesof,399Controlaction,399Controlalgorithm,399Controllability,746748,750752Controllablecanonicalform,723,728,733,737Controllaw(s),399405derivative,404405integral,401,402PID,405proportional,399401proportional-plus-integral,403Controlled-variablederivatives,646649Controllerdesign,538540,620677accuracy/loopgain,621625dynamicresponse/stability,625635effectsofnonlinearities,660,661,663665,667669frequencycompensation,632645andimplementation,669677innerfeedbackloops,645651PID,656,658666prelters/feedforward,651657Controllerhardware,405409digital,434437electronic,406409feedbackcompensationanddesignof,405406hydraulic,407pneumatic,407Controllerimplementation,669677analog,669672computer-baseddigital,673677hard-wireddigital,672674Controllers:observer-based,783788robot,711713Controlprocessors,681Controlprogram,robot,712715Controlsystemdesign,383442actuator,392399blockdiagramsin,384386compensation/alternativecontrolstructures,414419andcontrollaws,399405digital,424438gainselectioncriteria,409414graphicalmethodsof,418424hardware,405409softwaresupportfor,438440state-spacemethodsof,seeState-spacecontrolsystemdesignstructureofcontrolsystem,386389transducer/error-detector,389392inthez-plane,428432Controlsystemperformancemodication,503540controllerdesign,538540gain/phasemargin,504509Hallchart,509514Nicholschart,513517polelocationsinz-domain,532,535539rootlocus,seeRootlocusControlsystems:analysisofclosed-loop,seeClosed-loopcontrolsystemanalysisclassicationsof,388elementsof,387388functionsof,386futuretrendsin,439442purposeof,384system-typenumber/errorcoefcientsof,388389transferfunctionsof,388Controlsystemssimulationsoftware,438440Coordinatesystems,NC,699701Correlation,illusionof,280Correlationcoefcient,362Corrosion,spuriousemfdueto,148,149Corrosion-/strain-inducedspurious,148,149882IndexCounters,247249Covariance,362Coventor,867CPUs,seeCentralprocessingunitsCrayons,temperature-sensitive,173,174Creep,4Criticallydampedresponse,335Criticalstepsize,358Critics,adaptive,816Cross-correlationfunction,363Crouzet,567CSMP,501CSSLs,seeContinuoussystemsimulationlanguagesCubicfeetperminute(CFM),175Current:Kirchhoffslawof,833asterm,827Currentbalance,495,496Currentsource,828,834,835Current-valueinspection,226227Cutofffrequencies,340Cutterlocation(CL)level,697Cuttingdepth,700Cuttingspeed,700,701Cuttingtools,696698DD/Aconverters,seeDigital-to-analogconvertersDahlinsalgorithm,433Damping,334335poorlydampedsystems,637644techniquesforimproving,611616well-dampedsystems,633637DARE,501Data,transferofdigital,850851Dataacquisition,210214accuracy/precision,213214congurationvs.implementationof,235,237linkingstorageand,237samplinginterval,211213time-basedvs.event-driven,214withWebprograms/interfaces,235Dataanalysis,230,231Databasemanagementsystems,225226Databasestorage,225226Datachain,234236Datacommunications,231234benetsofstandard,234considerationsfor,237network,232OPCstandardfor,233234OSIstandardfor,232233parallel,232serial,231Dataconditioning,214222compressiontechniques,218222ltering,216218nonlinearrelationships,215217simplelineart,215,216Datadisplayandreporting,226230current-valueinspection,226227ofhistoricaldata,228230ofindividualpoints,227,228Dataoutputanddisplaysystem,70Datapresentationcontext,280Datasaturation,280Datastorage,222226database,225226le,224225in-memory,222224linkingacquisitionand,237andthird-partyacquisitionsystems,226triggersfor,222223dcampliercircuit,104dcservomotors,seeDirect-currentservomotorsDDC,seeDirectdigitalcontrolDead-timeelements,systemswith,420,438439Dead-weighttester,6Deadzones,499,663665,667,804805Decisionanalysis,282283Decisionmaking,278282Decisionsituationmodels,287Deepreactiveionetching(DRIE),868DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency,871Defenseindustry,444Delayoperator,378Delphi,270DeMorganslaw,246Densityfunction,362Derivativecontrol,404405Derivativegain,404Describing-functionanalysis,368373,664,668Index883Descriptiveidenticationofrequirements,268Descriptivemethods,272Descriptivemodeling,275Design:controller,seeControllerdesigncontrolsystem,seeControlsystemdesignlinear-state-estimator,776783MEMS,868870nonlinearoptimalcontrol,811poleplacementmethodof,758763state-spacecontrolsystem,seeState-spacecontrolsystemdesignsystem,seeSystemdesigntime-domain,523,527531valuesystem,267,269Detaileddesign/integration/testing/implementationphase(systemdesign),290291Detaileddesignphase(systemdesign),290291DFFs(Dip-ops),244Dip-ops(DFFs),244DHP(dualheuristicprogramming),816Diagonalizedcanonicalvariables,351DiagonalJordancanonicalform,724,727729,734,737738Diaphragms,392Differenceampliers,844Differenceequations,376377,425Differentiationcircuit,495Differentiationtheorem,449Differentiator,843Digitalalgorithms,427433computed-torque,427,428directdesignof,432433feedforwardcompensation,427428z-planecontroldesign,428432Digitalcomputation,498501Digitalcomputers,847850Digitalcontrol/controllers,424438algorithmsfor,427433computer-based,673677inelectrohydraulicservosystems,592hardware/softwarefor,433438hard-wired,672674PID,425427principlesof,424427realsystemswith,447,448structureof,425Digitaldatatransfer,850851Digitalfeedforwardcompensation,427428Digitallters,197205,412FIR,198201frequency-domain,205IIR,201203fromlow-passprototypes,203205z-transforms,198,199Digitalinstruments,118Digitalintegratedcircuits,239253adders/registers/multiplexers,249andBooleanlogicnotation,246counters,247249ip-ops,243246FPGA,240241logicblocks,241242logicgates,246248lookuptables,242243memory,249250programmableinterconnects,251253programmableI/Oblocks,251reductionofprocessorload,239DigitalMirrorDevice,871Digitalopticalencoders,854,855Digitalsignalprocessors(DSPs),434Digitalsimulation,352359continuous-systemsimulationlanguages,359,360Eulermethod,354355multistepmethod,356357numericalintegrationerrors,357,358predictorcorrectormethod,357RungeKuttamethods,355356selectingintegrationmethod,359timeconstants/timesteps,358359Digital-to-analog(D/A)converters,211,425,852853Diodenetworks,494,495Diodes,494,495Diodes,ideal,831,832Directcentralimpact,35n.Direct-current(dc)servomotors,546557acservomotorsvs.,546brushed,546552brushless,552557classicationof,547upperperformancelimitsof,547Direct-designmethod,432433884IndexDirectdigitalcontrol(DDC),446,447DirectNNcontrol,795Dischargecoefcient,52n.Discrete-eventdigitalsimulationmodels,276Discrete-timesystems,376381canonicalformsfor,731739differenceequations,376377LQRproblem,764766NNcontrolfor,800observer-basedcontrollerforLTI,785observerforLTV,778pulsetransferfunctions,379state-spaceequationsfor,718720systemequationssolutionsfor,741743uniformsampling,377378zero-orderhold,379381z-transform,378380Discretetransferfunctions,379Dispersion(scatter),9Displacementtransducers,389,390Dissipationconstant,164Dissipativeloadcharacteristics,45Distributednumericalcontrol(DNC),697698Distributed-parametermodels,364365Distributedsystems,6667,230Distributionfunction,362Distributionscomparison,2931Disturbanceaccommodation,768770Disturbanceinput,388,761763Disturbancerejection,384Disturbancetransferfunction,388Divisionofvoltages,495