美国文学史及选读2复习笔记.doc

History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume)美国文学史及选读2Part The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学1. 美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.2. 现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that American was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.3. 美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利詹姆斯、马克吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。马克吐温打破了乡土小说的狭窄局限，前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活the bulk of Americas literary realism was limited to optimistic treatment of the surface of life. Yet the greatest of Americas realists, Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America. James probed deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience. Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.4. 美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们并没有意志的自由，他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；他们还认宗教上的“真理”是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了naturalism, a new and harsher realism. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.一、Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼1819-18921. 美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的草叶集中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.2. 1855年出版草叶集第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However, a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. 他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.3. 教材作品：自己之歌：”Song of Myself”我坐在这儿眺望着：”I sit and Look Out”敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Drums”二、Emily Dickinson爱米丽狄金森1830-18861. 她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌she wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.2. 她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起，1862年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没有离开过自己的家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象力she and her sister remained at home and did not marry. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing even close friends. Her later retirement from the world, though perhaps affected by an unhappy love affair, seems mainly to have resulted from her own personality, from a desire to separate herself from the world. The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imagination.3. 她在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品Emily, however, refused to revise her poems to fit the standards of others and took no interest in having them published; in fact she had only seven poems published during her lifetime.4. 她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨Emily Dickinsons poetry comes out in bursts. The poems are short, many of them being based on a single image or symbol. But within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes about some of the most important things in life.5. 教材作品：我品味未经酿造的饮料：”I taste a liquor never brewed”我意识到一场葬礼：”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”鸟儿沿着小径过来：“A Bird Came Down the Walk-“我为美而死：”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时：”I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“我不能等候死神：”Because I Could not Stop for Death-“三、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特比彻斯托1811-18961. 她出生名门，父亲莱曼是当地有名的牧师，父亲在家“一手遮天”，非常专横，对待他们兄妹非常严厉，他希望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士，女孩子能够嫁给传教士she was born into a respectable family that was to become famous, her father Lyman was a renowned clergyman. The family was dominated by the father who ruled with the kind of wrathful severity that he imagined were the chief characteristics of the God he worshiped and feared. The boys were expected to become preachers, the girls to marry preachers.2. 1851年6月5日，系列小说汤姆叔叔的小屋的第一集在民族时代专栏上开始连载，到1852年4月1日最后一集刊登完成the novel “Uncle Toms Cabin” or “The Man That Was a Thing”, began serially in the National Era on June 5, 1851, and the last installment appeared on April 1, 1852.3. 这部小说被翻译成40多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自己对两主人公所受痛苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动Since then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world. The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the authors sense of her own suffering and oppression (as well as her determination to be free) in the characters of Tom and his fellow slave Eliza, the protagonists of the books two main plots.4. 汤姆叔叔小屋题解“A Key to Uncle Toms Cabin” with documented case histories to support what she had portrayed fictionally. 1856年德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事“Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp” attempt to repeat the theme and extend the argument of her masterpiece: that a society resting on slavery could not long survive.5. 教材作品：汤姆叔叔的小屋：“Uncle Toms Cabin”四、Mark Twain 马克吐温1835-19101. 原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯。1847年父亲去世后开始到一家出版社当学徒工，从1853年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生活his formal education ended soon after his fathers death in 1847, when he became a printers apprentice. From 1853, he traveled widely, as a journeyman printer, in the eastern states and in the west, he met Horace Bixby, the captain of the boat, and turned to a career on the river.国内战争爆发以后，他离开密西西比河，先后在军队当过志愿者，到内华达州掏过金，他还做过木材投机生意，当过新闻记者he left the Mississippi at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became, in swift succession, and army volunteer, a gold-prospector in Nevada, a timber speculator and a journalist.2. 在弗吉尼亚企业杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克吐温”，意为口寻，也就是十二尺深while working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve feet.3. 1865年，他第一本书跳蛙出版”Jumping Frog”;1869年，傻子国外旅行记“Innocents Abroad”;1872年，艰苦岁月“Roughing It”;1873年，镀金时代“The Gilded Age”1876年，汤姆索亚历险记“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”;1883年，密西西比河上的生活“Life on the Mississippi”;1884年，哈克贝里费恩历险记”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”;1894年，傻瓜威尔逊“Pudd head Wilson”;1900年，败坏了哈德莱堡的人“The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”;1906年，什么是人？“What is Man”;1916年，神秘来客“The Mysterious Stranger”4. 晚年悲观与失望，对十九世纪美国社会价值观不能接受，后一直是一个坚定的怀疑论者，有时他通过时事恶毒的评论来疏缓自己的压力，晚景凄凉，亲人相继离去he pointed towards his uneasy acceptance of the values of nineteenth-century American society, he wrote three works expressing his acute pessimism. From that time until his death, he maintained a bitter skepticism, relieved at times by outraged commentary on world affairs. His last years were saddened by personal bereavement.5. 教材作品：汤姆索亚历险记“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”五、O. Henry 欧亨利原名威廉悉尼波特（笔名欧亨利）William Sidney Porter.1. 由于人们对他撰写的故事特别感兴趣,安斯利杂志的出版人便邀请他到纽约专门写稿he wrote stories for different magazines, and when there came a big demand for his stories, the publishers of “Ainslees Magazing” invited him to come to New York.2. 欧亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述的故事一般很短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困难，这些表达方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured humor. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described.3. 欧亨利认为他自己是一个十分谦虚的人，他很害羞，不喜与人交往，即使是成名以后也是这样His own estimate of himself was always a very modest one and he was shy and retiring in the presence of friends yet his fame.4. 最好小说集四百万his best volume” The Four Million”; 最好单部小说：旧知、麦珙的礼物、市政报告、没讲完的故事、月亮女神、吝啬爱人、装饰过的房间，his best individual stories “Retrieved Reformation”, “The Gift of the Magi”, “A Municipal Report”, “An Unfinished Story”, “Phoebe”, “A Lickpenny Lover”, “The Furnished Room”.5. 教材作品：警察与赞美诗：”The Cop and the Anthem”六、Henry James亨利詹姆斯1843-19161. 他大部分教育是在家里完成的，全家在欧洲的频繁旅行是他接受教育的另一个重要源泉he received the major part of his education at home, his familys travels in Europe were another source of education for Henry.2. 1871年，第一部小说观察和守护“Watch and Ward”;1875年罗德里克赫德森”Roderick Hudson”;1877年美国人讲述的是一个国际性的话题，书中他认为美国人同丰富多彩的欧洲生活相比，显得没底蕴“The American” with its “international” theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life1878年达西密勒有人评论该作品是“对美国姑娘的嘲弄”，但正是这部作品让他首次获得了国际声誉”Daisy Miller”, which one American critic described as “an outrage to American girlhood” but which brought James his first international fame.1881年一个贵妇人的画像是其早期作品中最好的一部“The Portrait of a Lady” the finest example of Jamess early work.3. 他第二个创作时期作品有：1886年波士顿人“The Bostonians”1886年卡萨玛西玛公主“The Princess Casamassima”;1890年悲惨的缪斯“The Tragic Muse”4. 第三阶段作品有：1902年鸽翼“The Wings of the Dove”;1903年大使”The Ambassadors”1904年金碗”The Golden Bowl”这时他写法日趋成熟和灵活，许多评论家声称为他的“主要阶段” exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.5. 同豪厄斯不一样，他的影响不在当时，而是在他去世后接下来的一段时间里，他因对自己祖国的批语，人物情感的塑造较为封闭狭小，人物的社会范围也较为有限而遭到了当时评论家的功击，他最后阶段创作的作品晦涩难懂，风格也不大气，遭到了当时人们的嘲讽，其实只是对读者提出了更高的要求，只有有了同步的心灵，才能感应他作品中的微妙之处，要求读者所受教育同他一样，要求读者同作者一样不慌不忙，慢慢咀嚼Unlike Howells Jamess greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. He had been attacked for criticizing his native land and for the narrow emotional and social range of his characters. And he had been ridiculed for the obscure and costive style of his final period, a style that was able to express the subtlest meanings but was based on the assumption that the reader was as well educated, as exquisitely attuned, and in as little hurry as the author.6. 原来小说主要是一种新闻形式，主要讲述一些浪漫故事。他则把小说转变成了个人在社会环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻转变的文学形式，对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这为感受的最高形式helping to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest form of experience.7. 教材作品：一个贵妇人的画像：”The Portrait of A Lady”七、Jack London杰克伦敦1876-19161. 他在极端贫困中长大，很小的时候，就开始从事低贱和危险的工作，为了生存，他尝尽了生活的艰辛，之后下定决心通过自学来提高自己的生活状况及其他方面he grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival.2. 1900年第一本故事集狼子：”The Son of the Wolf”;1903年荒野的呼唤：”The Call of the Wild”;1903年深渊中的人们”The People of the Abyss”;1904年海狼”The Sea Wolf”1905年附级的斗争“The War of the Classes”;1906年白牙”White Fang”1908年铁蹄”The Iron Heel”1909年纯自传小说马丁伊登这部作品也是研究杰克伦敦的核心学术文献 “Martin Eden” a central document for London scholars.1910年革命“Revolution”其他作品生活的法则”The Law of Life”.3. 他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作品一直经久不衰，他总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.4. 伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量Londons stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth.5. 教材作品：海狼”The Sea Wolf”马丁伊登”Martin Eden”八、Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱塞1871-1945全名西奥多赫尔曼阿尔伯特德莱塞Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser1. 从母亲那里他学会了与人为善，在幼小心里滋生了对弱者的同情心理，从父亲那里继承了注重道德的人个品质及面对失败、失望、绝望时表现出的坚强不屈的意志from his mother he seems to have absorbed a quality of compassionate wonder, from his father he seems to have inherited moral earnestness and the capacity to persist in the face of failure, disappointment, and despair.2. 德莱塞年幼时生活非常不幸，贫穷，生活不稳定，家庭不和，年轻时，德莱塞不爱动，稀里糊涂，还有点害羞，同他小说中男女主人公一样，充满了各种稀奇古怪的幻相，实际上他的教育大部分来自自己生活的经历，来自独立的阅读和独立的思考Dreisers childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fictional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking.3. 1900年他的第一部小说嘉莉妹妹，小说讲述了嘉莉米贝的发迹和GW赫兹伍德的悲剧性陨落，该书通过人物描写，描绘了当时转型的社会，剧中人物既没有悔过之心，还逃脱了惩罚，用语较为激烈 ”Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of GWHurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons.4. 最为成功的短篇小说尼吉尔杰夫、巴塞尔洛格劳的女儿his best short fictions “Nigger Jeff” and “Butcher Rogaums Daughter”1910年珍妮姑娘”Jannie Gerhardt”“欲望三部曲”：1912年金融家；1914年巨人及1947年的斯多葛，作品通过这三部作品开始了转变，即从描述无助悲惨的主人公的故事转向描写那些社会和商业上占支配地位的平凡的人的能力 ”Trilogy of Desire”: “The Financier”; “The Titan”; “The Stoic”, Dreiser shifted from the pathos of helpless protagonists to the power of those unusual individuals who assume dominant roles in business and society.5. 1915年天才”Genius”. 1928年德莱塞访苏印象记”Dreiser Looks at Russia”6. 1925年出版的最为恢宏，最为成功的小说美国悲剧表达了金钱万能的同样主题，作者通过自传性的生活环境，社会现实及工业化细节等交织成一幅气势恢宏的场面，描写了书中年轻的主人公的行为方式，他获得满足的唯一方式好像就是不断地获取财富，如果必要还可以借助于婚姻the identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreisers greatest and most successful novel, “An American Tragedy”. The Center of this immense novels thick texture of biographical circumstance, social fact, and industrial detail is a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth-through marriage if necessary.7. 教材作品：嘉莉妹妹：”Sister Carrie”PartTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学一、Ezra Pound埃兹拉庞德1885-19721. 埃兹拉卢米斯庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给TS爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to TS Eliot. 2. 庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特别是欧洲大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pounds continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture.3. 向塞克斯图普罗佩提多斯致敬”Homage to Sextus Propertius”; 人物（或面具）”Personae” or “Masks”;1920年休赛尔温毛伯利被看作是有关一战战争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World War;1917年开始创作诗集，截止1959年总首数已达109首，有点象但丁的神曲，也是由三个部分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时期缺乏信用所至 ”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems. The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dantes “Divina Commedia” in three sections, but representing a comedy human, not divine, dealing with the wreck of civ