非谓语动词之不定式.doc

非谓语动词：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词，也叫作动词的非限定形式。非谓语动词在句中不可单独做谓语，不受主语人称和数的限制。它在句中可以用作其他句子成分。非谓语动词有3种形式：不定式、动名词、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式的时态和语态主动形式被动形式一般式To do To be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进行式To be doing /完成进行式To have been doing/不定式的一般式：表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生或者在其后发生。How I wish to travel around the world. 我多么希望能够周游世界。The shop expects to make a small profit this year. 这家店铺期望今年能够赚点钱。不定式的进行式：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词动作同时发生。Dont pretend to be working hard. 不要假装努力工作。不定式的完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. 真对不起，给你带来这么多麻烦。不定式的完成进行式：表示在谓语动词动作之前一直在进行的动作。Robin is known to have been studying aboard for a while, but we dont know which country. 我们知道罗宾在国外学习了一段时间了，但是不知道在哪个国家。不定式的被动形式：当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，一般要用被动语态。不定式被动语态的一般式通常表示将来的动作。All the work required to be completed next week. 所有的工作要求下周完成。不定式被动语态的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。The window glass is supposed to have been broken by Alva. 可能是阿尔瓦打碎了窗户玻璃。不定式的否定形式：由not或者never加不定式构成。He decided not to do it.Try not to be late.She wished never to see him again. 不定式作主语1， 不定式或者不定式短语作主语To see is to believe.To raise wages means increasing purchasing power.提高工资意味着增加购买力。2， 形式主语it替代不定式作先行主语，把真正的主语也就是不定式放在句子后面去。这类句子有下面几种形式：A： it+be+adj+不定式： It is good to be here. 在这里很好。 It is better to die on ones feet than to live on ones knees. 站着死胜于跪着生。B：it + be +adj + for 引起的短语+不定式：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. 一个人做点好事并不难。C：it + be +adj + of引起的短语+不定式： It is selfish of him not to contribute anything. 他很自私，什么也不捐。D：it + be +名词 +不定式：It was a great honor to receive the award. 得到这个奖是很荣幸的事。E：it + 动词+宾语 +不定式： It interests me to hear what you have been buying. 听到你买的这些东西我很感兴趣。F：it + be + 介词短语 + 不定式：It is just like her to think of others before thinking of herself. 她就是这个样子，总是先想到别人后想到自己。It is not within my power to answer the question.不定式作宾语：1， 能跟不定式作宾语的动词有: ache, afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, claim, consent, continue, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, disdain, endeavor, expect, fail, forget, grow, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, long, manage, mean, need, neglect, offer, plan, pledge, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, reckon, refuse, resolve, scorn, seek, strive, swear, threaten, try, undertake, venture, volunteer, vote, vow, wait, want, wishI promised not to be late.They longed to go back to their hometown. He vowed to fight for their happiness. 他发誓要为他们的幸福而奋斗。2， 不定式作宾语时有时可用被动式或者完成式。被动式：The old man declined to be helped across the street老人婉谢被人送他过街。完成式：I should like to have seen it. 我本想事前看到的。3， 动词不定式的进行式表示谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作也正在进行。不定式作宾语时可以用进行式。：I would like to be flying over the Alps and looking down at the mountains. 我愿飞跃阿尔卑斯山俯瞰下面的群山。 I hope to be staying with Grandma. 我希望和祖母住在一起。4， 不定式作宾语时可与连接代词或连接副词连用。常见的这类词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, forget, know, think等。They waited and wondered what to do. 他们等着，不知怎么办才好。Emma doesnt understand how to look after her baby. 艾玛不知道该怎样照顾她的孩子。I cannot decide whom to invite. 我决定不了该邀请谁。 注：“whether + 不定式”也可做宾语。： I have been wondering whether to retire. 我一直犹豫是否要退休。 Bob didnt know whether to feel glad or sorry at his dismissal. 鲍勃不知道他被解雇了是该高兴还是该难过。5， 介词后用“连接代词或副词 + 不定式”作宾语。Grace was worried about how to fill her leisure time. 格瑞斯为如何打发她的闲暇时间而发愁。不定式构成复合宾语和复合谓语1， 有些代词后面可跟由“名词代词 + 不定式”构成的复合宾语。Can you remind me to phone her tomorrow? 你明天能提醒我给她打电话吗？What caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变主意的？2， 在feel, have, hear, listen to, let, look at, make, notice, observe, watch, see等动词后用不带to的不定式与宾语构成复合宾语。Did you notice a man go into the red house? 你注意到有人进入这个红房子了吗？She felt someone touch her on the shoulder. 她感觉有人碰她的肩膀。3， “疑问代词或疑问副词 + 不定式”构成复合宾语： I advised her where to stay. 我就她住在哪里提了建议。4， 有些动词与介词短语连用，后面常用不定式。I pleaded with father to tell me. 我恳求爸爸告诉我。You may depend on me to be there early. 你放心我会早到那儿的。I wouldnt care for that man to be my lawyer. 我不想让那个人当我的律师。5， 有些动词可在被动结构中与后面的不定式构成复合谓语。He was warned not to swim there. 有人他不要在那里游泳。He was obliged to abandon that i