博远初中英语语法.doc

BEYOND TUTORSHIPBY 博远初中英语语法目录1、 名词22、 数词53、 代词74、 冠词95、 连词116、 介词137、 形容词和副词208、 动词229、 动词时态2710、 动词语态3111、 非谓语动词3512、 句子3913、 主谓一致49BEYOND TUTORSHIPBY 博远初中英语语法一、名词、名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词.可数名词单数变复数规则变化名词形式复数变化读音单数复数一般名词+s清辅音读作/s/deskdesks浊辅音读作/z/dogdogs以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词+es/iz/classclasses个别以ch结尾的词+s/ks/stomachstomachs以e结尾的词+s/iz/pagepages以fe,f结尾的词去fe或f为ves/vz/lifelives有些以f结尾的词+s/fs/或/fz/roofroofs以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i，+es/iz/familyfamilies以元音字母+y结尾的词+s/z/boyboys以o结尾的词，如不是外来词或缩写形式+es/iz/tomatotomatoes否则+s/z/kilophotopianoradiokilosphotospianosradios特殊变化的名词复数： 不规则变化变oo 为ee : Footfeet ,toothteeth，goosegeese变man为men :policemanpolicemen单复形式相同:People , deer ,sheep,fish表民族的名词单复中日不变：Chinese,Japanese英法把man变为men其他一般加-s : GermanGermans ,RussianRussians词尾加-en或-ren oxoxen, childchildren复合名词词尾+s/es 或词尾变为复数: Tooth-brushtooth-brushes ；Green-housegreen-houses ；gentlemangentlemen ； boy/girl studentboy/girl students主体名词+s 或主要部分:Son-in-lawsons-in-law ； Passer-bypassers-by两个构成部分都变成复数:A man doctormen doctors；A woman doctorwomen doctors字母、数字、符号及单词的复数形式，词尾+s: There are three es in the word“temperature”. Hes got four 5s.不可数名词1上下文决定可数与不可数:A glass is made of glass. Chicken小鸡（可数）与鸡肉（不可数）2.表不同类别时可用复数：teateas 各种茶；fruitfruits 各种水果3.个别抽象名词表具体的事物时，可用复数形式：difficultydifficulities 困难的事4.有些名词单复数形式意义不同Time 时间times时代，次数wood木头 woods森林sand沙sands沙滩paper纸 papers试卷、文件、论文cloth布 clothes衣服water水 waters水域、水体work 工作works工厂、著作、工程green 绿色greens蔬菜mamer态度 mamers礼貌 集体名词 the police (全体警察)5.只有复数形式:Trousers ; clothes; shorts; glasses; goods ; shoes6.不可数名词数量表达:A piece of paper ; a bottle of milk ; Plenty of water;a block of ice; a cup of tea一些不定量词：some ice; much money; a little water、名词所有格：在句子中表示所属关系，两种形式of +sof + 名词性物主代词1.一般有生命的用s；无生命用of 如：the boys hat the title of the song2.带s必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词，同时of前名词必须为不确指的名词，带有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词 A cousin of my fathers.3.双重所有格 Tom is a friend of my brothers 整体中的一部分4.中心词picture,painting,photo等双重所有格s指收藏的；用of表示某人自己的照片，画注：、并列名词表各自所属: Lucys ang lilys bedrooms.、共同所属，最后加s : Lucy and lilys bedroom.、名词有共同位语，只在同位语后加“” ： My younger brother,John.、表店铺、某人的家、诊所、餐馆等，名词可省略：at the doctors例子：1.They are from_. Theyre_. a.Germany; Germans b. Germans; Germanyc. German; Germany d. Germans; Germen2.All the _teachers enjoys themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.a.man b.men c.woman d.women3.Im hungry. Can you give me_?a. some sclice of bread b.some slices of bread c.some bread d.some breads3.Our school is just ten _walk from my home. a.minutes b.minutes c. minute d.minutes4. People in America eat much _.a. coffee b.onions c. beef d .iced water练习：1. My parents dont allow me to eat_. I never eat any. Because they are junk food.a. fruits b. noodles c. hamburgers d.vegetables2. I hear you have to get up early every morning. Right. Its one of the _in my family.a. plans b. orders c.rules d.suggestions3. Whose key is this? Is it _? She is looking for it on the playground.a. Toms b. Kates c. Tom d. Kate4. I have to speak to my grandma loudly because something is wrong with her_.a. eyes b. ears c. legs d. hands5.It is five years since we began to enjoy a _spring holiday each year.a. ten-day b.ten day c. ten days d. ten-day6. There are four _and_two at the _.a. Johns;Marys;doctors b.Johns;Marys;doctoers c. Johns;Marys;doctors d. John;Mary;doctors7.After moving to their new house, the Lees bought some_in the mall nearby.a.furniture b. chair c.table d.shelf8.Do you like listening to “the moonlight sonata”?Yes. Listening to _is my favorite.a. News b. stories c. reports d. music9. I saw many_about the earthquake in Wenchuan on the Internet.They told us a lot of stories about the_.a. photos; heros b. photos; heroes c. photos; hero d. photos; heros10. We have no _ in the fridge. Lets go and buy some peas,carrots and cabbages.a. vegetables b. eggs c. meal d. fruit11.“Excuse me, are you _? ”“No, we are _. ”a. American, Englishman b. American, Germans c. American, Germen d. Englishman, Americans12._ fathers made them have piano lessons. A. Peter and AnnsB. Peters and Anns C. Peters and Ann D. Peter and Ann13. What can I do for you?Id like two_.a. box of apple b. boxes of apples c.box of apples d.boxes of apple14How many_would you like?Two, pleaseAcups of tea Bcup of teasCcups of teas Dcup of tea 15.Jack is a good friend _, he often comes to our home for a visit. A. of my father B. of my fathers C. for my father D. with my father 16.I am very thirsty, would you like to pass me some _? -Sure, Here you are.A. bread B. rice C. chickens D. orange17._ is made of _.a. Glass ; glass b. A glass ; glass c. Glasses ; glasses d.A glass ; glasses18. Are those_?a. sheep ; cows b. sheep; cow c. sheeps ; cow d. sheeps ; cows19. That bus driver drank two_.a. glass of water b. glasses of waters c. cups of tea d. cup of tea20. Help yourself to some_.Thank you, I really like them.a. fish b. orange c. bread d. cakes21. Two _died of cold last year.a. hundreds old people b. hundred old people c. hundreds old people d. hundred old peoples22. My uncle has three_(child).23. All the _(boxes) are full of apples.24. Would you get me some _(paper), please?25. I have some _(photo) of my friend Jim.二、数词数词可分为基数词、序数词、基数词 1、位于another,all之后 Can you give me another two dags?2、位于such,more之前 You can finish reading two such books in four days.基数词：1到12,单独记忆；13到19，相同后缀teen;20到90,相同后缀ty; billion,million,thousand十位与百位间加 and;百位与千位间不加and;以ty结尾，十位和个位间用“-“,eighty-nine具体数字后，不加s和of: two million几百，几千，几万等，加s和of: millions of特例：Two thousand of the students in the school are watching a movie.、序数词.基数词变序数词第一，二，三特殊记:first,second,third 逢vef再加th :fifth，twelve 八没t，九没e ：eighth， ninth 逢十把 yie， 再加th： twentieth，fortieth 第几十几只须变个位 ： twentyfirst 一般为th : sixth一般前面用the ,若有a/an，则表“又一，再一” Well try it a second time. 若前有物主代词就不加the Her first trip to Hainan.用“几十”复数， 表年龄：Thirties 三十多岁 ；Teens 表 十几岁.用“几十”复数， 表年代：1990 s 二十世纪九十年代当基数词用作名词或一些固定组中时，数词用复数How many fours are there in the twenty?.分数.分子大于1，分母用序数词复数:One third 1/3 two thirds = two-thirds 2/3 连接符“-”连接数词，名词;有数词和其他名词构成名词性短语名词用单数形式，作定语：Ten days = ten-day ten-day holidyA half = a/one second 1/2A/one quarter = one fourth 1/4.带分数：整数 and 分数: 234 two and three fourths.一个分数或分数 + of+名词 作主语时，谓语动词与其一致One third of the food has been wasted.小数 0.04 zero point zero four.百分数 0.35% zero point three five precent 50% fifty hundredths = fifty percent.年、月、日：日用序数词，年最后，用“，”隔开 in 2010 读作in twenty ten; on December 25th,2010若先日后月，月前加of.时刻：. 6:00 six oclock.半小时，用past twenty past six .半小时，用to twenty to six.24小时制 twenty-two, twenty-five 22:25.编号 the tenth lesson = lesson ten the first part = part one Room 401 读作room four o one.倍数 三倍以上 times 两倍 twice倍数：a,主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+as +adj.+asb.s+v+倍数（分数）+the size (amout,length)ofc,s+v+倍数（分数）+adj.(adv.)比较级+thand,by+倍数，表增加多少倍.算式 2+3 ： two plus three72: seven minus two65: six multiplied by five246: twenty-four divided by six3:2 : the ratio of three to two22 : two squard 23 :two cubed x3:the fourth power of x例子：1. -How much does it cost to build the school library?-Four _yuan.a. million of b. millions of c. millions d. million2. -Shanghai has opened its _TV channel that sends programs in foreign languages.-Great ! I can improve my English over it.a. first b. a first c. the first 3. John began to make a living by himself_.a. in his thirty b. in his thirties c. in the thirty d. in the thirties4. -Where is the head teachter?-Maybe he is in _.a . two room b. the two room c. rooms two d. room two5. About _of the workers in the factory were born in the_.a. two thirds; 1970 b. two thirds; 1970s c. two third; 1970 d. two third; 1970s练习：1 Today is my mothers_birthday. I will buy her a gift.a. fourteen b. fourteenth c. forty d.fortieth2. _ soldiers and doctors have been in Wenchuan to help the people there.a. Thousand of b. Two thousands c. Thousands of d.Two thousands of3. We dont have enough nurses to look after the patients . At least _ are needed.a. ten another nurses b. more ten nurses c. other ten nurses d. another ten nurses4. -There are sixty students in our class. And _of us are boys.-Wow ! You have forty girls!a. one fourth b. one third c. two fifths d. two thirds5.Please write down the new words in the text of _.a. lesson eleven b .the lesson eleven c. lesson eleventh d. eleventh lesson6.The sun family had a _visit to Canada last month.a. ten days b. ten day c. ten-days d.ten-day7.The _letter in the word “develop” is “v”.A .second b. third c. fifth d.three8. -How old is your daughter?-_. We had a special party for her _ birthday last week.a .Ninth;ninth b.Nine ;nine c. Ninth; nine d. Nine; ninth9. Tom was _ to get to school and I was _.a. first; ninth b. a first; a ninth c. the first; the ninth d. the second; the nineth10.Please turn to _. Lets read the text aloud.a. page two b. the page two c. second page d. page second三、代词、人称代词单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit1 人称代词顺序：单数you, he ,I ; 复数 we, you, they2 It的用法：无人称动词的主语：表天气、时间、距离、日期等 :It rains continually in Naijing in Apirl.作先行词，引导非谓语动词或从句 ：It is good habit to do morning exercises. He took it for granted to ask for help from his friend.惯用it 作主语 ：It seemed that he did it.指代婴儿或不明身份的人; 指代无生命的动词指代上文内容形式宾语it句型:its no good /use doing sthit be +被强调部分+that 从句It is Lei Feng that was always ready to help others.it seems that It seems that the little boy dosent like the toy.its ones turn to do Its my turn to feed the bird today.its time to do /for /that Its time for dinner.its +adj.+for/of sb. +不定式、物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性名词性形容词性名词性形容词性名词性单数mymineyouryourshishisherhersitsits复数ouroursyouryourstheirtheirs名词性物主代词常与of连用作定语：a friend of mine a hat of hers形容词性物主代词接own之后，可跟名词，也可不跟 my own bike = a bike of my own、反身代词单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself,herself,itselfthemselves固定搭配：teach oneself 自学； enjoy oneself 玩得高兴；help oneself (to) 随便吃些吧leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 ；say to oneself 自言自语； learn.by oneself 自学、指示代词This, that 代单数； This is an English dictionary, that is a French one.This, these指离说话人所在地较近处或时间That, those指离说话人所在地较远处或时间; The weather in Kunming is better than in Changchun.Such表“如此，这样的人或物”;such +a(an)+ 形容词+ 名词 I have never seen such a fine dictionary.Same表“同样的人或物”;前面必须加the The same to you! They are not in the same class.、不定代词复合不定代词 不可数：Some-Any-No-Every-SomeoneanyoneNo oneeveryone某人任何人无一人每人，大家somebodyanybodynobodyeverybody某人任何人无一人每人，大家somethinganythingnothingeverything某事，某物任何事物无一物每一个事物，一切Some及其复合词，一般用于肯定句 ; Any及其复合词，用于否定句和疑问句No ,no one, nobody, nothing,表示否定意义No one was kinder to me than my mother.One代可数名词，复数用ones；one与前面出现的单数名词同一类但是不同一个None “没有任何（人/物）” none of 复数可数名词/不可数名词Both 两者都 ; All 三者或三者以上，或泛指一切Each 两者或以上，侧重于个别 ; Every三者或三者以上，侧重于全体Other 表“其他的，别的”只作定语，一般修饰可数名词复数The other 特指另一部,指代单数名词Others 表“另一些，别的（人或物）”= other+可数名词复数，不能作定语The others 表“剩下的，其余的”，除此之外的全部人或物；= the other+可数名词复数Another 不定数目的“另一个，类似的一个”，代单数名词；后有基数词或few，可接复数名词 another few chairsEither 两者中任一 ; Neither 两者中无一，具有否定意义Most 指“大部分，大多数”Few, little “几乎，一点没有”，具有否定意义主格和宾格所有格两者each , other互相each, others彼此的两个以上one, antherone ,anothers One the other One another One the others. Some others. Some the others、相互代词Each other 和one another 通常“each other”指两者之间的“互相”，one another 指两者以上的人或事物的相互关系The two girls often help each other in their lessons.The boys in this class like to bully one another.、关系代词Who ; whom; whose; that ;whichWho; whom;whose 引导定语从句时，其先行词必须是人。 This is the doctor who came here yesterday.That引导定语从句，其先行词既可指人，也可指物;which引导的定语从句，只能用来指物The man that is standing by the door is her brother.、疑问代词What表“什么，什么职业“等 Whats your father? what date; what price; what temperature; what number; what size等Who, whom, whoseWhich 有几种事物中挑选一个提问时用which,后面必须紧跟一个名词 Which color do you like better,white or red?例子：1. -Two evening papers ,please!-Only one copy left. Would you like to have_,sir?a. one b.bit c. this d. that2. I am Cindy Brown. You can call_Cindy.a. us b. him c. her d. me3. -May I borrow your dictionary, Jim?-Oh ,sorry. It isnt_.a. his b. hers c. my d. mine4.”Have_try, you are so close to the answer,” the teacher said to Eric.a. the other b. one another c. other d. another5. She has written a lot of books, but_are good ones.a. any b. some c. few d. many6. I have two boxes. One is big, _is small.a. another b. others c. other d. the other6. The Shutes havent decided _to go there for a field trip this weekend.a . how b. why c. where d. what1. -_ did you buy for mom for Mothers Day?-Some flowers.a .How b. Where c. When d.What练习：1. -Betty, help_to some soup.-Thanks a lot.a. you b.your c. yourself d. yours2. -Is there_in todays newspaper?-Yes ,our National Table Tennis Team won all the seven gold medals once more.A . something new b. anything new c. somebody special d. anybody special 3. I find _easy to teach_ English . He is very clever.a. it ;him b. it; his c. that; him d. that; his4. -Do you know the girl between_?-Yes ,shes my pen pal from Australia.a. he and me b. him and I c. him and me d. he and I 5. Reading can increase your words. When you read, you will find words repeat(重复) _ and build up your vocabulary quickly.a. ourselves B. itself C. themselves D. himself6. -Does _ know the answer to the question? -Me.A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody7. -You speak English very wellYou must have a good English teacher-But no one taught meI learned it all by_Ame BI Cmine Dmyself8. -Again,my computer doesnt work.-_must be something wrong with the CPU.a. There b. That c. It d. This 9. -Fathers day is coming.What will you do for father?-Ill send _a card.a. him b. her c. me d. you10. I saw _ playing in the street at that time.a. them b. they c. their d. theirs11. Jim will give _ a short talk tomorrow.a. we b. us c. our d. ours12. _ was summer and it was very hot.a. She b. He c. It d. This13._ has happened and _did it?a. Who ; who b. What; who c. What ;what d. Who ; what14. The bottle is empty. There is _ in it.a. anything b. something c. nothing d. everything15. The film isnt interesting. _ people like it.a. Few b. A little c. A few d. Little16. Thats _ we want to say.a. when b. who c. how d. what17. Tom and_ will go to see our teacher, for _is ill.a. I ;she b. me ;she c. I ;her d. me ; her18. This blue suit looks better than that green_.a. / b. one c. suits d. ones19. Would you like _ more coffee?a. little b. any c. some d. another20. Hes a good friend of _(she).21. She is as tall as _(she) father.22. We want _(they) to help us.23. Tom invited _(we) to dinner.24. Let _(we) help _(you) with _(your) English .25. These books are very important to _(I ).四、冠词、不定冠词a/an，辅音音素前用a;元音音素前用an指人或事物的某一类 A knife is a tool for cutting with.相当于one,表示“一个”，但不如one强烈 He will be back in a day or two.相当于a certain,one like,指某人或某物，但不具体说明 A Mr. ling is waiting for you.相当于any,表示种类 A triangle has three angles.相当于every或per ，表示“每”The car is running 50miles an hour.用于adj.最高级前，无比较含义 This is a most useful book.=This is a very useful book.用于序数词前，表“再一，又一” Please give me a second chance.词组 have a cold a long time in a word总而言之、定冠词 the特指某些人或事物 Beijing is the capital of China.谈话双方都知道的人或事物 What do you think of the film?指上文提到过的人或事 I saw a girl. The girl is crying.世上独一无二的人或事 The moon goes around the earth.单独名词前表示一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.形容词最高级前 Who is the tallest student here?形容词前表示一类人或物 The young should respect the old.形容词前表某种抽象概念 The beautiful never dies.有些专有名词前：江河、湖海、山脉、沙漠、岛、杂志、建筑等 the Yellow River the Great Wall序数词前 the first姓氏的复数前表示一家人 The Turners are watching TV.乐器前 play the piano方位名词前 The island to the east of Japan用于含有普通名词的专有名词 the Peoples Republic of China the Summer Palace颐和园在“动词+某人+介词+定冠词+人体某一部分”，习惯上用the I hit him