2012考研完型填空讲义 2011-4.doc

考研真题词汇近义词辨析abnormal, uncommonabnormal bn:ml adj. 反常的, 不正常的, 不规则的n. 不正常的人记ab-远离，normal 正常，远离正常的反常的；英Someone or something that is abnormal is unusual, especially in a way that is worrying.解强调“反常的、不太正常的”甚至接近“诡异和令人担忧”的状态搭 abnormal psychology变态心理学；abnormal amounts of rain 反常的降雨量abnormal circumstances 反常的境况abnormal phenomenon 反常的现象abnormal weather 反常的天气uncommon nkmn adj. 不寻常的, 不凡的, 罕有的 = unusual 记un-不，common平常的、普通的、共同的 不平常的，不常见的英 If you describe something as uncommon, you mean that it does not happen often or is not often seen. you describe a quality, usually a good quality, as uncommon, you mean that it is unusually great in degree or amount.解uncommon强调的事某个事情“不常见，不常发生”或者是“某个物品的质量非常好、非凡的、出色的”。它并没有和abnormal那样强调“反常、不正常的”搭 an uncommon degree罕见的程度 Uncommon occurrence 罕见的事情abide, adhere, conform, complyabide baid vt.遵守，容忍，坚持 记 a-不，bid-命令、竞标 不抵抗命令，你要遵守；不许你竞标，你要忍着 英 if you abide by something，you do what you are told.解 abide 通常表示遵守“决定、裁决、法规”等，与介词by搭配；还表“忍受，容忍”搭 abide by the decision 遵守某个决定 abide by the rules 遵守条律abide by the judgment 遵守裁决adhere dhi vi. 遵守,粘附,附着；,坚持；追随,支持记ad-去，here-这；去这里，到此地 必须遵守英 If you adhere to a rule or agreement, you act in the way that it says you should. If you adhere to an opinion or belief, you support or hold it.解 也表示遵守，强调遵守“法规、协约”；也会考到“遵照某个意见和某种信仰”，常常和介词to搭配搭 adhere to the principle 遵守某个原则 adhered to the contract/rule/agreement/opinion 遵守合同、法规、协约、意见conform knf:mvi.(to/with)遵守，适应；相似，一致，符合记 con-共同。Form形式 形成共同的形式，大家都遵守英 If something conforms to something such as a law or someones wishes, it is of the required type or quality.解 conform 强调的是遵守法律，符合（遵照）某人的意愿，通常和介词to搭配，也有和with搭配的情况搭 conform to the rules/ regulations 遵守规则 conform to reality 符合现实conform to the traffic laws 遵守交通法规conform to the customs of society. 遵守社会习俗。 Comply kmplai vi.(with)遵从，依从，服从记 com-共同，ply-play玩；要“一起玩”，就必须“遵守”游戏规则！英 If someone or something complies with an order or set of rules, they are in accordance with what is required or expected.解 comply通常和介词with搭配，这和abide，adhere，conform都是不同的，且comply通常用在较为正式的场合。搭 comply with the request 遵照要求comply with the Requirements 符合（遵守）要求comply with the law. 遵守法规comply with your wishes 符合你的意愿comply with the instruction 遵照说明、指导abstract, digest, outline, summaryabstract bstrkt n.摘要 vt.摘要,提取；a.抽象(派)的记abs-远离。Tract = drag 拉 拉出来的东西，摘要英 An abstract of an article, document, or speech is a short piece of writing that gives the main points of it.解 通常abstract是对文章、文件、学术论文或者演讲者说的话的简述；做形容词表示“抽象的、非具体的”搭 an abstract of the book 这本书的摘要An abstract of the article 这篇文章的摘要An abstract of ones lecture 讲座的摘要digest daidest n.文摘；vt.消化；吸收，领悟 记 ge的发音类似“摘” 文摘 英 A digest is a collection of pieces of writing. They are published together in a shorter form than they were originally published.解 (篇幅较长的)文章或者选集的摘要，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。搭 digest of the weeks news 本周新闻摘要Readers Digest读者文摘Market Information Digest(MID) 市场资讯综览outline autlainn.提纲；外形，略图 vt.概述；描外形记 out-外，line线条 外面的线条，轮廓，提纲英 An outline is a general explanation or description of something.解 outline表示的是描述某个东西的大概情况，大纲，概况。并没有强调归纳性的摘要搭 the outline of a plan 计划的概要The outline of a report 报告的大纲summary smrin.摘要，概要 a.即刻的，立即的记 sum- 总数，也就是总结英 A summary of something is a short account of it, which gives the main points but not the details.解 指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。也通常表示“总结”搭 in summary 总的说来，概括起来 summary report of the days events. 一天的事件作了简要的报告absurd, ridiculousabsurd bs:da.荒谬的，荒唐的 （侧重荒唐）记 “爱不死的” 爱情真的是不死的嘛？ 荒唐！英 If you say that something is absurd, you are criticizing it because you think that does not make sense.解 荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑搭 an absurd idea 一个荒唐的想法 absurd notion 荒唐的想法 absurd situation 荒唐/尴尬的处境 absurd suggestion 荒谬的建议ridiculous ridikjulsa.可笑的，荒谬的 （侧重可笑）记 英 If you say that something or someone is ridiculous, you mean that they are very foolish.解 荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。搭 Its the most ridiculous thing I ever heard in my life. 这是我一生中所听说过的最可笑的事情。accent, tone, dialectaccent ksnt, ksentn.口音,腔调；重音(符号) vt.重读记 “阿婶”的口音很重英 Someone who speaks with a particular accent pronounces the words of a language in a distinctive way that shows which country, region, or social class they come from.解 指的是“口音”，在说某种大家共同使用的语言的时候所发出的地方性语言特征，通常和介词with搭配。有时会表示“强调”的意思，请看搭搭 She spoke with an Irish accent 说话带有爱尔兰口音put the accent on 强调某事tone tunn.语气；音调；气度；色调 vt.(up)增强记 未及英 The tone of a sound is its particular quality.解 通常指的是某人说话的语调和音调，而这种语调又能某种程度上显示出人的情绪态度，表示“以什么样的语气，口吻”搭 He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。 He spoke in an angry tone. 他用很生气的口吻讲话dialect dailektn.方言，地方话记 未及英 A dialect is a form of a language that is spoken in a particular area.解 dialect不含有“口音”和“语调”的意思，它只表明某个地区的传承下来的方言而已搭 the Yorkshire dialect约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect四川方言accommodate, afford, furnishaccommodate kmdeit vt. 向提供住处；容纳；使适应,顺应记 ac-去，com共同，mod-model模式；提供统一模式的住所英 To accommodate someone means to provide them with a place to live or stay.解 accommodate表示的提供，着重点在“提供住所”上面；这个单词有的时候还表示“适应（情况）、满足（要求）”的意思；固定搭配accommodate sb with sth，表示向提供搭 The hotel can accommodate 500 tourists. 这家旅馆可住五百名观光客。 You will have to accommodate yourself to the changed situation. 你必须适应变化了的形势。 You will have to accommodate yourself to the changed situation. 你必须适应变化了的形势。afford f:dvt.买得起,担负得起；提供,给予记 af-去，ford-福特；去买福特买的起的！英 1If you cannot afford something, you do not have enough money to pay for it.2If someone or something affords you an opportunity or protection, they give it to you.解afford强调“买的起”，或者表示“提供”，此时可以用双宾语，比如It affords me great satisfaction，多用于指抽象事物的提供。搭 afford the car = afford to buy the car Dancing affords us pleasure. 跳舞给我们带来快乐。The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。furnish f:nivt. 供应，装备，布置，配备家具 记 fur 皮毛，提供皮毛，用皮毛装点房间英 If you furnish someone with something, you provide or supply it.If you furnish a room or building, you put furniture and furnishings into it.解afford通常表示装点房间，摆放家具；当作为“提供”来讲的时候，通常和介词with 搭配使用。搭 Ill furnish you with all you need. 我将提供你所需要的一切。Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。accomplishment, attainment, achievementaccomplishment kmplimntn.完成；成就；才艺记ac-去，complish- complete 完成，完成了某事，功成名就 成就英 An accomplishment is something remarkable that has been done or achieved. 解 强调某人的成就是“前人未达成的，了不起的”；还可以表示某人的“才艺、造诣”搭 That class increased her accomplishments as a pianist. 那个培训班增长了她作为钢琴师的技艺。 The first walk on the moon was quite an accomplishment. 第一次在月球上行走是一项了不起的成就。attainment teinmntn.完成，成就记at-去，tain-拿；拿到手的东西 成就英 The attainment of an aim is the achieving of it.An attainment is a skill you have learned or something you have achieved.解 attainment 指“目标的达成”，并没有强调“前人未达成的、不可思议”的意思；attainment做复数的时候，表示“某方面的才艺和技能”搭 a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极高的学者The attainment of wealth did not make her happy. 获得财富并没有使她幸福。Hes a man of great attainments in several fields. 他是在几个领域中都有很高造诣的人。achievement ti:vmntn.成就，成绩；达到，完成，实现英 An achievement is something which someone has succeeded in doing, especially after a lot of effort.解 achievement 指的通常是“经过长期努力后成功地做成某事”，通常和effort同时出现搭 The invention of the computer is a great achievement. 发明电脑是一大成就。 Effort and achievement are always in full accord. 努力和成就总是相辅相承的。acute, critical, crucial, urgent，emergent，essential acute kju:ta.严重的,激烈的；敏锐的；急性的；尖的记ac-字母组合含有“尖锐，急剧”的含义，比如acid英 You can use acute to indicate that an undesirable situation or feeling is very severe or intense. 严重的情况 An acute illness is one that becomes severe very quickly but does not last very long. Compare chronic. 急性病 If a persons or animals sight, hearing, or sense of smell is acute, it is sensitive and powerful.灵敏的嗅觉解 通常指的是问题的严重程度，并没有强调非常重要搭 an acute problem 严重的问题 An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people. 食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。critical kritikl a.决定性的，关键性的，危急的；批评(判)的英 A critical time, factor, or situation is extremely important. 关键的A critical situation is very serious and dangerous. 危急的If a person is critical or in a critical condition in hospital, they are seriously ill 重病解.意为关键的，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点；与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指批判性的，分析性的搭 at the critical moment在关键时刻a critical shortage of food 食品严重短缺crucial kru:ila.至关重要的，决定性的记cru cross 十字架 对于生命来说是至关重要的英 If you describe something as crucial, you mean it is extremely important.解 意为决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的，常是在两个决定或假想中最终决定为关键的，并没有说“问题很严重”的搭 A crucial problem，一个重要的问题 Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。urgent :dnta.急迫的，紧要的英 If something is urgent, it needs to be dealt with as soon as possible.解.意为紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，强调紧急的状态。搭 We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。an urgent telegram; an urgent cable紧急电报 She was speaking to him in an urgent voice. 她正急迫地跟他说话。 Emergent im:dnt adj. 出现的, 紧急的, 新兴的记e-向外，merg-沉没 沉没的东西现身了英 An emergent country, political movement, or social group is one that is becoming powerful or coming into existence.新兴的解 emergent强调的是事情的“突发性”，而非“急迫性”；同时，emergent还有表示“新兴”的国家，政权等搭 emergency exits 紧急出口 Emergency room 急救室 Essential isenla.必不可少的；本质的，基本的 n. pl.要素记 谐音“医生说” 医生说的都是“必不可少的”建议！英 Something that is essential is extremely important or absolutely necessary to a particular subject, situation, or activity.解 essential 强调的也是重要，但是更侧重于表达“必不可少，必须的和本质的”意思搭 Food is essential to life. 食物对生命是必不可少的。 Hard work is essential to success. 成功必须努力工作。admit, confess, concedeadmit dmitvt.承(供)认；准许进(加)入 vi.承认记 基础词汇，未及英 If you admit that something bad, unpleasant, or embarrassing is true, you agree, often unwillingly, that it is true.解 通常表示承认“不愉快的、尴尬的”事情，而且多带有“不自愿地、勉强地承认”；也表示“录取、准许进入某地”搭 I admit that you have a point.我承认你有理。 I admitted breaking the window. 我承认打破了窗子。 No one but ticket-holders was admitted. 只有持票者方可入内。confess knfesv.坦白，供认；承认记con-全部，fess 说话，来自profess （教授，站在前面pro说话fess的人）英 1If someone confesses to doing something wrong, they admit that they did it.2If someone confesses or confesses their sins, they tell God or a priest about their sins so that they can be forgiven.3You use expressions like I confess, I must confess, or I have to confess to apologize slightly for admitting something you are ashamed of or that you think might offend or annoy someone.解 通常表示“承认做错某事”、向上帝“忏悔、坦白”，这个单词表示的承认含有“愧疚、后悔、忏悔”等意思搭 He confessed that he did not read the assigned book. 他承认他没有读指定的书。 He confessed himself to be unfaithful to his friends. 他承认自己对朋友不忠实。concede knsi:dvt.(不情愿地)承认；让予 vi.让步，认输记 con-共同全部，cede-走，全部都走出来了 说出来，承认英 If you concede something, you admit, often unwillingly, that it is true or correct.解 指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误，但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认，还可以指以退为进的承认。搭 The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人。aggravate, reinforce, strengthen, intensifyaggravate grveitvt.加重(剧),使恶化；激怒,使恼火记 ag-去，grav-gravity重量，ate后缀；变重-加重恶化了英 If someone or something aggravates a situation, they make it worse.解 加重的对象通常是负担、罪行、病情等，使之恶化；还可表示“惹某人生气”搭 aggravate the circumstances使情况恶化 aggravate the situation. 使局势恶化Ice water aggravated my toothache.冰水使我的牙痛加重了。Reinforce .ri:inf:s vt.加固, 加强, 增强, 使更具说服力 vi.得到加强记re-再次，in-加强，force-力量 再次加强力量，加固，增强英 If something reinforces a feeling, situation, or process, it makes it stronger or more intense.解 加强“感觉”；还可以表示军队“增援”；还可以表示增加论点论据“使更具有说服力和可信性”，这点在考试的时候尤其需要注意搭 reinforce his argument with facts. 用事实来加强他论点。A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。increase inkri:s, inkri:sv.增加，增长，增强 n.增加，增长，增强 记 in-加强语气，crease grow ，不断grow，表示增加英 If something increases or you increase it, it becomes greater in number, level, or amount.解 尤其指的是在数量方面的增加搭 The number of people has increased.人数增加了。 There was a steady increase in population. 人口在不断增长中。Strengthen strenvt.加强，巩固记 来自单词strength，而strength则来自 strong英 If something strengthens a person or group or if they strengthen their position, they become more powerful and secure, or more likely to succeed. v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。解 笼统意义上的加强，用法比较多。可以表示“增强可信度”“货币升值”“加强法律（力度）”“使某人更强大，更自信，身体更健康”“加强联系，加强关系，加深印象”“加固物体”等多层意思。搭Exercising every day strengthens the heart.每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。intensify intensifaiv.(使)增强，(使)加剧记 in-加强，tens = tense-紧张的，拉紧的，ify动词后缀英 If you intensify something or if it intensifies, it becomes greater in strength, amount, or degree.解 表示通常意义上的加强，但是摄影方面可以表示“加强亮度”搭 intensify colors加深色彩 intensify a campaign加强一项活动 intensify hatred加深仇恨alert, cautious, consideratealert l:ta.警觉的 vt.使警惕 n.戒备；警报英 If you are alert, you are paying full attention to things around you and are able to deal with anything that might happen.If soldiers or police are on alert, they are ready to deal with anything that may happen.解 alert强调的是处在“戒备和警觉”的状态，也表示“随时准备着，时刻准备”做某事；也可以表示人的“机敏的,灵活的”搭 be alert to danger 对危险的警觉The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests drinking need.女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。cautious k:sa.十分小心的，谨慎的记 来自单词care英 Someone who is cautious acts very carefully in order to avoid possible danger.解 强调的是小心谨慎，并没有时刻警惕的含义搭 He has a cautious attitude about spending money.在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。The old lady is very cautious with money. 那位老太太用钱很谨慎。 My nephew is a cautious investor. 我侄子是个小心谨慎的投资者。 The boss is cautious about making promises. 老板对承诺持谨慎态度。 considerate knsidrit adj.考虑周到的, 体谅的, 体贴的记 来自单词consider考虑，总为别人考虑的体贴的，细心的英 Someone who is considerate pays attention to the needs, wishes, or feelings of other people.解 considerate 强调的是体贴她人的，细心的，并没有强调小心谨慎的含义，常和of搭配搭 He is considerate of others.他很体谅别人。 He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。alive, live, living, livelyalive laiva.活着的；存在的；活跃的；(to)敏感的解 表示人或者动物是“活着的” If people or animals are alive, they are not dead. 表示有活力的 If you say that someone seems alive, you mean that they seem to be very lively and to enjoy everything that they do. 表示活跃的 If a place is alive with something, there are a lot of people or things there and it seems busy or exciting.搭 alive and kicking活蹦活跳的(活生生的, 精力充沛的)alive and well 存货良好的, 依然存在的After the accident, he was barely alive.交通事故后，他奄奄一息。all man alive所有活着的人（做定语时后置）live laiv,liv v.活着, 居住, 过着 adj.活的, 直播的, 现场的, 带电的, 燃烧着的, 当前的 搭 We watched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我们通过电视观看了这部歌剧的实况。living livia.活(着)的，生活(动)的；现行的 n.生计(活)解 活着的，作定语可前可后，可修饰人也可修饰物。搭 inwithin living memory在现今活着的人们的记忆中Who is the worlds greatest living artist?谁是现在还健在的世界上最伟大的艺术家？living room起居室lively laivlia.活泼的；热烈的；逼真的英 You can describe someone as lively when they behave in an enthusiastic and cheerful way.A lively event or a lively discussion, for example, has lots of interesting and exciting things happening or being said in it.Someone who has a lively mind is intelligent and interested in a lot of different things.搭 She is a lively young girl, always laughing and doing things.她是个活泼可爱的小姑娘，总是欢声笑语忙个不停。alleviate, diminish, reduce, decrease, declinealleviate li:vieitvt.减轻，缓解，缓和记al-ad去，lev-leaf树叶- 轻轻的，iate 后缀英 If you alleviate pain, suffering, or an unpleasant condition, you make it less intense or severe. 解 通常指减轻“痛苦”，缓和“不愉快的状况”等，使之不那么的紧迫和严重搭 The painkiller alleviated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。to alleviate the pain 减轻痛苦alleviate the sorrow by drinking.借酒浇愁。 Min diminish dimini vt.减少, 减损, 贬低 vi.变少, 逐渐变细记 di-往下，min-mini微小，ish动词；向下变小减少英 When something diminishes, or when something diminishes it, it becomes reduced in size, importance, or intensity.If you diminish someone or something, you talk about them or treat them in a way that makes them appear less important than they really are.解 表示在大小，重要性，强度上面的减少；也可以表示贬低某人搭 The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争石油的供应减少了。Diminish ones popularity 降低声望reduce ridju:svt.减少，缩小；使降级，使沦落；迫使英 If you reduce something, you make it smaller in size or amount, or less in degree.解 指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。还可以表示“迫使某人做事”搭 He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。Reduce sb to doing sth 迫使某人做某事 decrease dikri:s, di:kri:sv.减小，减少 n.减小，减少(量)记increase表示增加，de-表示往下，所以decrease表示下降，减少英 When something decreases or when you decrease it, it becomes less in quantity, size, or intensity.解 指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。搭 The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量急剧下降。decline diklainn.下降 vi.下降；衰退；谢绝 vt.谢绝记de-往下，clin倾斜，往下倾斜下降英 If something declines, it becomes less in quantity, importanc