建筑专业英语 reading.docx

深阅读【1】Solid opaque building坚固不透明大厦Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass).The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.【2】Cold bridge热桥These parts become more bridge heat transfer, thermal bridges, cold bridges. Bridge is often the result of heat transfer coefficient of the parts of the.Thomas,R,(ED)（1996） Environmental Design,E&FN SsponThomas, R. (Ed.) (1999) Environmental Design: An Introduction for Architecture and Engineers, E&FN Spon 3 creating the urban structure Barton,【3】Pittsburgh Corning(UK) Ltd匹兹堡康宁公司（英国）As a world-class manufacturer of sustainable, high-performance glass insulating products for the building, energy, and industrial markets, Pittsburgh Corning has been on the forefront of designing products that stand the test of time. Pittsburgh Corning Corporation had a promising start in 1937, with one innovative product, architectural glass block, and the support of two renowned companies Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company and Corning Glass Works. When the company was founded, its sole purpose was to produce and sell glass block products to the building and construction market. Through 75 years, Pittsburgh Corning has evolved into a leading global manufacturer of innovative and technically advanced FOAMGLAS insulation and glass block products for the industrial, commercial and building markets. Its sustainable products conserve energy, protect the environment, and have improved the lives of millions of people in virtually every country in the world.【4】Embodied Energy 体现能源Embodied Energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy was incorporated or embodied in the product itself. The concept can be useful in determining the effectiveness of energy-producing or energy-saving devices, or the real replacement cost of a building, and, because energy-inputs usually entail greenhouse gas emissions, in deciding whether a product contributes to or mitigates global warming. One fundamental purpose for measuring this quantity is to compare the amount of energy produced or saved by the product in question to the amount of energy consumed in producing it.Embodied energy is an accounting method which aims to find the sum total of the energy necessary for an entire product life-cycle. Determining what constitutes this life-cycle includes assessing the relevance and extent of energy into raw material extraction, transport, manufacture, assembly, installation, disassembly, deconstruction and/or decomposition as well as human and secondary resources. Different methodologies produce different understandings of the scale and scope of application and the type of energy embodied.【5】Superinsulation超绝热Superinsulation is an approach to building design, construction, and retrofitting that dramatically reduces heat loss (and gain) by using much higher levels of insulation and airtightness than normal. Superinsulation is one of the ancestors of the passive house approach.【6】Low-energy housing 低能耗住宅What is low-energy housing? Combining 20 sustainable construction rules with innovative solutions produced by Lafarge research and partnerships, low-energy housing is explained in this flash animation.【7】Take the owners tour! From a sustainable construction perspective, there is no ideal building. The characteristics of an energy-efficient home vary according tothe climate, the buildings size, its function or spatial organization for example.The flash animation below shows a cross-section of a typical apartment block (communal housing, located in a country with a temperate climate using traditional construction methods).To find out Lafarge solutions and sustainable constrution rules, navigate by category using the tabs at the top of the flash animation or directly by clicking on the buttons in the homes rooms.浅阅读【1】Thermal insulation, which provides a restriction to heat flow, is used to reduce the magnitude of heat flow in a resistive manner.* which 为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句。* provides 为谓语，采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。* to heat flow 为不定式，作状语。* used 为谓语，采用一般现在时和被动语态。* is 为助动词。相关语法知识:非限制性定语从句时态动词的第三人称单数形式不定式被动语态助动词be used to do sth(被)用来做某事【2】Since air provides good resistance to heat flow, many insulation products are based upon materials that have numerous layers or pockets of air trapped within them.* since 为连词，引导状语从句。* provides 为谓语，采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。* are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* based 为形容词作表语。相关语法知识:状语从句时态动词的第三人称单数形式系动词表语【3】Generally, the higher the density, the greater the heat flow.(higher 为 high 的比较级形式, greater 为 great 的比较级形式)* 句中含有“the + 比较级., the + 比较级.”结构，意为 “越， 越”。* flow 开头为祈使句。* flow 为谓语。* the 为定冠词。相关语法知识:形容词的比较级和最高级祈使句【4】Since structural components are often, of necessity, rather high in density, they are unable to provide the same level of resistive insulation.* since 为连词，引导状语从句。* 第1个 are 为谓语，采用一般现在时。* they 开头为陈述句。* 第2个 are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* unable 为形容词作表语。* to provide 为不定式，作状语。* they 为人称代词主格。相关语法知识:状语从句时态系动词表语不定式人称代词【5】Warmth is a valuable commodity and it will seek every possible means to escape from a building. Walls, roofs, floors, chimneys, windows are all escape routes.* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* and 为并列连词，连接并列句。* seek 为谓语，采用一般现在时。* to escape 为不定式，作后置定语。相关语法知识:系动词时态并列连词不定式【6】It may be necessary to provide additional layers of insulation around them to prevent such elements acting as weak links or cold bridges in the thermal design. * it 为先行主语，代表后移的不定式。* be 为系动词作谓语。* necessary 为形容词作表语。* to provide 为不定式。* to prevent 为不定式，作状语。* may 为情态动词。相关语法知识:系动词表语不定式情态动词【7】Increased levels of insulation are a cost-effective way of reducing heating energy consumption.* increased 为过去分词作定语* are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* reducing 为动名词，作介词宾语。* heating 为现在分词。* a 为不定冠词。相关语法知识:过去分词系动词时态动名词现在分词【8】In several domestic and other small buildings, it has already been demonstrated that the additional costs of insulation can be offset against a much reduced cost for the heating system involving a whole building radiator and central boiler option.* it 为先行主语，代表后移的主语从句。* demonstrated 为谓语，采用现在完成时和被动语态。* offset against为谓语，采用被动语态。* can 为情态动词。has, been, be 为助动词。相关语法知识:时态被动语态助动词 | 情态动词 【9】When specifying insulation materials it is important avoid those which are harmful to the environment such as materials involving chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the production process and to select materials with zero ozone depletion potential (ZODP).* when 为连词，引导时间状语从句。* specifying 为现在分词。* it 开头为定语从句，引导词 that 被省略。* is 为谓语，采用一般现在时。* avoid 开头为祈使句。* avoid 为谓语。* which 为疑问代词，引导特殊疑问句。* are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* harmful 为形容词作表语。* those 为指示代词。相关语法知识:状语从句现在分词定语从句时态祈使句特殊疑问句系动词表语指示代词【10】For fibrous materials such as glass and mineral fibres there is a theoretical risk of cancer and non-malignant diseases like bronchitis.* there 引导 there be . 句型, 表示“有”的意思。* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* a 为不定冠词。相关语法知识:there 引导的句子系动词时态【11】This is a matter that is still under review (Thomas, R. (ed.) (1996) EnvironmentalDesign, E & FN Spon).* 第1个 is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。* 第2个 is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* this 为指示代词。a 为不定冠词。相关语法知识:系动词时态定语从句指示代词【12】There are numerous alternatives when it comes to choosing insulation materials.* there 引导 there be . 句型, 表示“有”的意思。* are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* when 为连词，引导时间状语从句。* comes 为谓语，采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。* choosing 为动名词，作介词宾语。相关语法知识:there 引导的句子系动词时态状语从句动词的第三人称单数形式动名词【13】Some also lose much their insulating efficiency if affected by moisture.* lose 为谓语，采用一般现在时。* if 为连词，引导条件状语从句。句子有省略。* affected 为过去分词。* their 为形容词型物主代词。some 为不定代词。相关语法知识:时态省略句状语从句过去分词some, any 的用法many, much 的用法不定代词 | 物主代词【14】So, at the outset it is advisable to understand something about the most readily available insulants.* it 为先行主语，代表后移的不定式。* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* advisable 为形容词作表语。* to understand 为不定式。* something 为不定代词。the 为定冠词。相关语法知识:系动词时态表语不定式不定代词【15】The thermal efficiency of an insulant is denoted by its thermal conductivity, termed lambda value, measured in W/mK.* denoted 为谓语，采用一般现在时和被动语态。* its 为物主代词。is 为助动词。the 为定冠词。相关语法知识:时态被动语态助动词 | 物主代词【16】There is a health issue with fibrous materials.* there 引导 there be . 句型, 表示“有”的意思。* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* a 为不定冠词。相关语法知识:there 引导的句子系动词时态【17】Some cause skin irritation and it is advisable to wear protective gear during installation.* it 为先行主语，代表后移的不定式。* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* advisable 为形容词作表语。* to wear 为不定式。* wear 为系动词。* protective 为形容词作表语。* some 为不定代词。相关语法知识:时态并列连词系动词表语不定式some, any 的用法不定代词【18】There has been the suggestion that fibrous materials constitute a cancer risk.* there 引导 there be . 句型, 表示“有”的意思。* been 为系动词作谓语，采用现在完成时。* that 为副词，修饰其后边的形容词，表示达到某种程度。意为“那么”“这般”。* fibrous 为形容词作后置定语* materials 开头为定语从句，引导词 that 被省略。* constitute 为谓语，采用一般现在时。* has 为助动词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。相关语法知识:there 引导的句子系动词时态定语定语从句助动词【19】It is impervious to water vapour and is waterproof, dimensionally stable, non-combustible, vermin-proof and has high compressive strength as well as being CFC and HCFC free.* it 为先行主语，代表后移的不定式。* 第1个 is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。* impervious 为形容词作表语。* to water 为不定式。* 第2个 is 为不带 to 的不定式。* 第2个 is 为系动词。* waterproof 为形容词作表语。相关语法知识:系动词时态表语不定式并列连词【20】It has a high insulation value, is resistant to decay, odourless, and non-irritant.* has 为谓语，采用一般现在时。动词采用第三人称单数形式。* is 开头为祈使句。* is 为系动词作谓语。* resistant 为形容词作表语。* a 为不定冠词。相关语法知识:时态动词的第三人称单数形式祈使句系动词表语并列连词【21】In general, cellular materials do not pose a health risk and there are no special installation requi