力学 Mechanics January 4th 2008.doc

mechanics 力学Newtonian mechanics 牛顿力学classical mechanics 经典力学statics 静力学kinematics 运动学dynamics 动力学kinetics 动理学macroscopic mechanics， macromechanics 宏观力学mesomechanics 细观力学尺度约为0.01100m .microscopic mechanics， micromechanics 微观力学general mechanics 一般力学solid mechanics 固体力学fluid mechanics 流体力学theoretical mechanics 理论力学applied mechanics 应用力学engineering mechanics 工程力学experimental mechanics 实验力学computational mechanics 计算力学rational mechanics 理性力学physical mechanics 物理力学geodynamics 地球动力学force 力point of action 作用点line of action 作用线system of forces 力系reduction of force system 力系的简化又称“力系的约化”。equivalent force system 等效力系rigid body 刚体transmissibility of force 力的可传性parallelogram rule 平行四边形定则force triangle 力三角形force polygon 力多边形null-force system 零力系equilibrium 平衡equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态component force 分力resultant force 合力resolution of force 力的分解composition of forces 力的合成couple 力偶arm of couple 力偶臂system of couples 力偶系resultant couple 合力偶moment arm of force 力臂moment of force 力矩moment of couple 力偶矩moment of area 面矩center of moment 矩心moment vector 矩矢量moment vector of couple 力偶矩矢principal vector 主矢量principal moment 主矩torque 转矩force screw 力螺旋acting force 作用力reacting force 反作用力reaction at support 支座反力friction force 摩擦力kinetic friction 动摩擦rolling friction 滚动摩擦coefficient of rolling friction 滚动摩擦系数sliding friction 滑动摩擦coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数static friction 静摩擦coefficient of maximum static friction 最大静摩擦系数angle of friction 摩擦角Coulomb law of friction 库仑摩擦定律center of reduction 简化中心又称“约化中心”。internal force 内力external force 外力elastic force 弹性力distributed force 分布力concurrent force 汇交力forces acting at the same point 共点力coplanar force 共面力constraint 约束constraint force 约束力principle of removal of constraint 解除约束原理tensile force 拉力tension 张力tension 拉伸constant force 恒力active force 主动力concentrated force 集中力parallel forces 平行力center of parallel force system 平行力系中心free-body diagram 受力图描述分离体所受力的图。center of gravity 重心specific gravity， specific weight 比重density 密度statically determinate 静定statically indeterminate 超静定fixed vector 固定矢量free vector 自由矢量sliding vector 滑移矢量principle of rigidization 刚化原理Varignon theorem 伐里农定理funicular polygon 索多边形bearing 轴承journal bearing 颈轴承pivot bearing 枢轴承pulley 滑轮guy cable 拉索suspended cable 悬索hinged end 铰接端planar hinge 平面铰spherical hinge 球铰roller 滚柱material point， mass point， particle 质点mechanical motion 力学运动又称“机械运动”。reference system 参考系fixed reference system 固定参考系moving reference system 动参考系geocentric coordinate system 地心坐标系position vector 位置矢量简称“位矢”。displacement 位移radius vector 径矢又称“矢径”。trajectory 轨迹orbit 轨道path， itinerary 路径path 路程沿路径的长度。velocity 速度speed 速率composition of velocities 速度的合成resolution of velocity 速度的分解angular velocity 角速度component velocity 分速度resultant velocity 合速度average velocity， mean velocity 平均速度instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度radial velocity 径向速度transverse velocity 横向速度areal velocity 掠面速度又称“扇形速度（sector velocity）”。absolute velocity 绝对速度convected velocity 牵连速度relative velocity 相对速度initial velocity 初速度final velocity 末速度acceleration 加速度angular acceleration 角加速度jerk 加加速度radial acceleration 径向加速度transverse acceleration 横向加速度tangential acceleration 切向加速度axial acceleration 轴向加速度centripetal acceleration 向心加速度normal acceleration 法向加速度binormal acceleration 副法向加速度absolute acceleration 绝对加速度convected acceleration 牵连加速度relative acceleration 相对加速度Coriolis acceleration 科里奥利加速度简称“科氏加速度”。hodograph 矢端图intrinsic equation 内禀方程kinematical equation 运动学方程uniform motion 匀速运动accelerated motion 加速运动absolute motion 绝对运动convected motion 牵连运动relative motion 相对运动rectilinear motion 直线运动curvilinear motion 曲线运动circular motion 圆周运动helical motion 螺旋运动projectile motion 抛体运动composite motion 复合运动rigid body motion 刚体运动motion of rigid-body with a fixed point 刚体定点运动inertia 惯性inertial reference frame， inertial reference system 惯性参考系law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律Galilean transformation 伽利略变换Galilean principle of relativity 伽利略相对性原理Galilean invariance 伽利略不变性attraction force 吸引力gravitation 引力gravitational field 引力场gravitational constant 引力常量potential force 有势力conservative force 保守力dissipative force 耗散力translation 平移instantaneous translation 瞬时平移rotation 转动fixed-axis rotation 定轴转动planar motion 平面运动base point 基点instantaneous center of rotation 转动瞬心instantaneous center of acceleration 加速度瞬心centrode 瞬心迹fixed centrode 定瞬心迹又称“空间瞬心迹（herpolhode）”。moving centrode 动瞬心迹又称“本体瞬心迹（polhode）”。instantaneous axis of rotation 转动瞬轴instantaneous screw axis 瞬时螺旋轴fixed-point motion 定点运动rotation around a fixed point 定点转动Chasles theorem 沙勒定理Eulerian angle 欧拉角angle of precession 进动角angle of nutation 章动角angle of rotation 自转角Euler kinematical equations 欧拉运动学方程finite rotation 有限转动infinitesimal rotation 无限小转动angular motion 角向运动pitch 俯仰pitch 音调roll 侧滚angular displacement 角位移angular velocity vector 角速度矢量polar vector 极矢量axial vector 轴矢量Newton first law 牛顿第一定律Newton second law 牛顿第二定律Newton third law 牛顿第三定律constant of motion 运动常量gravity 重力acceleration of gravity 重力加速度centripetal force 向心力centrifugal force 离心力Atwood machine 阿特伍德机ballistic curve 弹道ballistics 弹道学external ballistics 外弹道学limiting velocity 极限速度terminal velocity 终极速度weightlessness 失重overweight 超重accelerometer 加速度计velocity of escape 逃逸速度first cosmic velocity 第一宇宙速度second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度third cosmic velocity 第三宇宙速度system of particles 质点系momentum 动量theorem of momentum 动量定理law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律impulse 冲量bounce 反弹recoil 反冲center of mass 质心isolated system 孤立系center-of-mass system 质心参考系laboratory coordinate system 实验室坐标系impulse of restitution 恢复冲量impulse of compression 压缩冲量coefficient of restitution 恢复系数oblique impact 斜碰collision 碰撞impact parameter 碰撞参量central impact 对心碰撞perfect elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞imperfect elastic collision 非完全弹性碰撞perfect inelastic collision 完全非弹性碰撞center of percussion 撞击中心variable-mass dynamics 变质量动力学variable-mass system 变质量系Meshcherskii formula 密歇尔斯基公式rocket 火箭moment of momentum 动量矩又称“角动量（angular momentum）” .theorem of moment of momentum 动量矩定理law of conservation of moment of momentum 动量矩守恒定律pendulum 摆simple pendulum 单摆isochronism 等时性isochronous pendulum 等时摆compound pendulum 复摆spherical pendulum 球面摆ballistic pendulum 弹道摆Foucault pendulum 傅科摆moment of inertia 转动惯量radius of gyration 回转半径parallel axis theorem 平行轴定理product of inertia 惯性积ellipsoid of inertia 惯量椭球principal moment of inertia 主转动惯量principal axis of inertia 惯量主轴central principal axis of inertia 中心惯性主轴free motion of rigid body 刚体自由运动top 陀螺gyroscope 陀螺仪heavy symmetrical top 重对称陀螺nutation 章动precession 进动物理学称“旋进”。regular precession 规则进动pseudoregular precession 赝规则进动Poinsot motion 潘索运动kinetic energy 动能theorem of kinetic energy 动能定理work 功elementary work 元功mechanical work 机械功power 功率potential function 势函数equipotential line 等势线equipotential surface 等势面gravity field 重力场mechanical energy 机械能law of conservation of mechanical energy 机械能守恒定律conservative system 保守系law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律central force 有心力center of force 力心force field 力场central field 有心力场law of universal gravitation 万有引力定律Kepler law 开普勒定律effective potential 有效势two-body problem 二体问题reduced mass 简化质量又称“约化质量”。为减少自由度而用的折算质量。three-body problem 三体问题many-body problem 多体问题perturbation 摄动kineto-statics 动态静力学dAlembert principle 达朗贝尔原理dAlembert inertial force 达朗贝尔惯性力Coriolis force 科里奥利力简称“科氏力”。inertial force 惯性力inertial centrifugal force 惯性离心力density 密度statically determinate 静定statically indeterminate 超静定fixed vector 固定矢量free vector 自由矢量sliding vector 滑移矢量principle of rigidization 刚化原理Varignon theorem 伐里农定理funicular polygon 索多边形bearing 轴承journal bearing 颈轴承pivot bearing 枢轴承pulley 滑轮guy cable 拉索suspended cable 悬索hinged end 铰接端planar hinge 平面铰spherical hinge 球铰roller 滚柱material point， mass point， particle 质点mechanical motion 力学运动又称“机械运动”。reference system 参考系fixed reference system 固定参考系moving reference system 动参考系geocentric coordinate system 地心坐标系position vector 位置矢量简称“位矢”。displacement 位移radius vector 径矢又称“矢径”。trajectory 轨迹orbit 轨道path， itinerary 路径path 路程沿路径的长度。velocity 速度speed 速率composition of velocities 速度的合成resolution of velocity 速度的分解angular velocity 角速度component velocity 分速度resultant velocity 合速度average velocity， mean velocity 平均速度instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度radial velocity 径向速度transverse velocity 横向速度areal velocity 掠面速度又称“扇形速度（sector velocity）”。absolute velocity 绝对速度convected velocity 牵连速度relative velocity 相对速度initial velocity 初速度final velocity 末速度acceleration 加速度angular acceleration 角加速度jerk 加加速度radial acceleration 径向加速度transverse acceleration 横向加速度tangential acceleration 切向加速度axial acceleration 轴向加速度centripetal acceleration 向心加速度normal acceleration 法向加速度binormal acceleration 副法向加速度absolute acceleration 绝对加速度convected acceleration 牵连加速度relative acceleration 相对加速度Coriolis acceleration 科里奥利加速度简称“科氏加速度”。hodograph 矢端图intrinsic equation 内禀方程kinematical equation 运动学方程uniform motion 匀速运动accelerated motion 加速运动absolute motion 绝对运动convected motion 牵连运动relative motion 相对运动rectilinear motion 直线运动curvilinear motion 曲线运动circular motion 圆周运动helical motion 螺旋运动projectile motion 抛体运动composite motion 复合运动rigid body motion 刚体运动motion of rigid-body with a fixed point 刚体定点运动inertia 惯性inertial reference frame， inertial reference system 惯性参考系law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律Galilean transformation 伽利略变换Galilean principle of relativity 伽利略相对性原理Galilean invariance 伽利略不变性attracti