专业英语部分学习资料 符德学 第二版.doc

Lesson one Elements and Compounds元素与化合物 Elements are pure substances that can not be decomposed(分解) into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. At present there are 109 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of1 our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise(包含) the entire universe.注： 1 To the best of + (ones) knowledge 尽所知。2 To the best of + (ones) ability . or To the best of + (ones) power尽力地; 歇尽全力 。元素是单纯的物质，不能通过一般的化学变化分解成为更简单的物质。目前已知有109个元素。一些你熟悉的常见元素是碳、氧、铝、铁、氮和金。元素是组成物质的基本单元，就象0到9的数字是组成数的基本单元一样。就我们所知，已经在地球上发现的元素也是组成整个宇宙的元素。 About 85% of (85 percent of) the elements can be found in nature , usually combined with other elements in minerals and vegetable matter or in substances like water and carbon dioxide. Copper, silver, gold, and about 20 other elements can be found in highly pure forms. Sixteen elements are not found in nature; theyhave been produced in generally small amounts in nuclear explosions (爆炸)and nuclear research. They are man-made elements.大约有85%的元素可以在大自然的矿物或者植物中，以及如水和二氧化碳这样的物质中找到，通常与别的元素结合。铜、银、金和别处约20%的元素可以在大自然中以高纯度的形式找到。有16种元素是不能在大自然中找到的，这些元素已经由核爆炸或者核研究中少量的制造出来，他们是人造元素。 Pure substances composed of1 two or more elements are called compounds. Because they contain two or more elements, compounds, unlike elements, are capable of being decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes. The ultimate(最终的) chemical decomposition of compounds produces the elements from which they are made.注： 1.composed of 由.组成. composed of two or more elements作为定语修饰Pure substances。2the elements from which they are made. “which”是指示代词，指“elements ”。同意于“they are made from the elements”。句中“from”可以后置：the elements which they are made from.两种或者更多种元素结合成的单纯物质称为化合物。化合物与元素不同，由于其中含有两种或者更多种的元素，所以能够由化学变化分解成为更简单的物质。化合物化学分解的最终结果是生成组成该化合物的元素。 The atoms of the elements in a compound are combined in whole number ratio(以整数比), not in fractional parts(分数部分) of an atom. Atoms1 combined with one another to form compounds which exist as either molecule or ions. A molecule is a small, uncharged（不带电荷的） individual unit of a compound formed by the union of two or more atoms, if we subdivide（细分，再分） a drop of water into smaller and smaller particles, we ultimately(最终地) obtain a single unit of water known as a molecule of water. This water molecule consists of(由.组成) two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded2(结合，键合) together. We cannot subdivide(再分;细分) this unit further without destroying the molecule, breaking it up into its elements. Thus, a water molecule is the smallest unit of the compound water.注：1 Atoms combined with one another to from compounds which exist as either molecule or ions. “combined with”动词短语做谓语。“which”指其前的“compounds”。此句直译则为“一些原子与另一些原子结合成为或者以分子，或者以离子存在的化合物。“2 bond 结合，在化学中意为通过化学键结合。不同元素的原子以整个数之比结合为化合物，而不是一个原子的一部分。一些原子与另一些其他原子结合成的化合物或者以分子存在，或者以离子存在。化合物中的一个分子是由两个或者更多的原子结合而成的很小且不带电荷的单元，当我们把一滴水分成越来越小的部分，我们最终得到一个称之为水分子的单元。这个水分子由结合在一起的两个氢原子和一个氧原子组成。我们不把这个水分子消灭，即破坏成为组成它的元素，就不能把它再分割。因而水分子是水这种化合物的最小单元。 An ion is a positive or negative electrically charged（电荷） atom or group of atoms. The ions in a compound are held together in a crystalline（晶体） structure by the attractive（吸引的） forces of their positive and negative charges. Compounds 1consisting of ions do not exist as molecules. Sodium chloride is an example of a non-molecular compound. Although this type of compound consists of large numbers of positive and negative ions, its formula（公式，分子式） is usually represented（描述；表现） by the simplest ratio of the atoms in the compound. Thus, the ratio of2 ions in sodium chloride is one sodium ion to one chlorine ion.注：1Compounds consisting of ions do not exist as molecules. “consisting of ions”是” Compounds”的定语。2the ratio of ions in sodium chloride is one sodium ion to one chlorine ion. “the ratio of to ” 与之比。一个离子是带正电荷或者带负电荷的原子或者原子团。化合物中的离子靠正负电荷的吸引结合为晶体结构。由离子组成的化合物不以分子形式存在。氯化钠是非分子化合物的一个例子。尽管这种化合物由大量的正离子和负离子组成，但其分子式通常按这种化合物中不同原子的最简单的整数比表示。这样，氯化钠中钠离子与氯离子之比为一比一。 Compounds exist either as molecules which consist of two or more elements bonded together or in the form of1 positive and negitive ions held together by the attractive force of their positive and negative charges.注：in the form of 以形式 化合物或者以两个或更多的元素结合成为分子的形式存在，或者以正负离子靠正负电荷吸引力结合的形式存在。 The compound carbon monoxide (一氧化物) is composed of carbon and oxygen in the ratio of one atom of carbon to one atom of oxygen. Hydrogen chlorid contains a ratio of one atom of hydrogen to one atom of chlorine. Compounds（复数形式指多种化合物） may contain more than one atom of the same element. Methane (CH4)is composed of（由.组成） carbon and hydrogen in a ratio of one carbon atom to four hydrogen atoms; ordinary table sugar (sucrose C12H22O11) contains a ratio of 12 atoms of carbon to 22 atoms of hydrogen to 11 atoms of oxygen. These atoms are held together in the compound by chemical bonds.注：1.chlorid 氯化物；chlorine 氯。oxide 氧化物；oxygen 氧；hydroxide 氢氧化物。2.methane 甲烷；ethane 乙烷；propane丙烷；butane 丁烷。注意后掇-ane表示“烷烃”。3 table sugar 食糖，蔗糖；sucrose 化学意义上的蔗糖。4. chemical bond 化学键；bond 结合；联接。一氧化碳是碳原子和氧原子按一比一组成.氯化氢含有的氢原子与氯原子之比是一比一。一些化合物的分子中同一元素的原子数可以多于一。甲烷由碳和氢组成，其碳原子与氢原子之比是1比4；食糖(蔗糖 C12H22O11)含有的碳、氢、氧原子数之比是12：22：11。化合物中的这些原子由化学键结合在一起。 There are over three million known compounds, with no end(没有尽头) in sight(看得见,在即,在望) as to the number that can and will be prepared(制备,准备) in the future. Each compound is unique(唯一的) and has characteristic(特有的) physical and chemical properties(性质). Let us consider in some detail two compoundswater and mercuric(汞,水银) oxide(氧化物). Water is a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that can be changed to a solid, ice at 0 and to a gas , steam(蒸汽) at 100. It is composed of two atoms of hydrogen(氢) and one atom of oxygen per molecule, which represents(表现) 11.2 percent hydrogen and 88.8 percent oxygen by mass. Water reacts chemically with sodium to produce hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide(氢氧化物), with lime （calcareousness石灰） to produce calcium hydroxide, and with sulfur(硫) trioxide(三氧化物) to produce sulfuric(硫的,硫磺的) acid(酸). No other compound has all these exact(精确的) physical and chemical properties; they are characteristic of water alone. 注： 1 monoxide一氧化物； dioxide 二氧化物；trioxide 三氧化物。 2 percent与 per cent同义。 3 as to 关于；至于；就.而论；在.方面。 4 关于小数点的读法：0.1 O point one or zero point one or nought point one。 0.01 O point O one or zero point zero one or nought point nought one。 0.25 nought point two five or point two five。 0.045 decimal nought four five or point nought four five。2.35 two point three five。45.67 four five(forty-five) point six seven。 5. 关于温度的读法：0 zero degree Centigrade(Celsius)。100 a hundred degrees Centigrade。已知的化合物超过3000000种，在今后还会制备出新的化合物，其种类还要增加。每一种化合物是唯一的（与其他的化合物有区别的）并且有他独特的物理和化学性质。让我们从某些具体内容来考察两种化合物水和氧化汞。水是无色、无嗅、无味的液体，在0下变成固体即冰，而在100变为气体即蒸汽。水的每个分子由一个氧原子和两个氢原子结合而成，氢和氧的质量百分数分别为11.2和88.8。水与钠反应生成氢气和氢氧化钠，与石灰反应生成氢氧化钙，与三氧化硫反应生成硫酸。其他的化合物不具有所有这些准确的物理和化学性质，这些性质是水特有的。 Mercuric oxide is a dense(致密的), orange-red powder composed of a ratio of one atom of mercury to one atom of oxygen. Its composition(组成) by mass is 92.6 precent mercury and 7.4 percent oxygen. When it is heated to temperatures greater than 360, a colorless gas, oxygen, and a silvery(银子似的；有银色光泽的) liquid metal, mercury, are produced. Here again are specific(明确的,特定的) physical and chemical properties belonging to mercuric oxide and to no other substance. Thus, a compound may be identified(区别,识别,鉴定) and distinguished(区分) from all other compounds by its characteristic properties.氧化汞是一种致密的、橙红色粉沫，由一原子氧和一原子汞组成。当被加热到高于360后，生成无色气体-氧气和银色液态金属-汞。这又是一个例子，只有氧化汞有这些明确的物理和化学性质而其他物质则没有。因此，可由一个化合物的特定的性质来鉴别它并与所有其他的化合物区别开Lesson twoThe Anatomy of a Chemical Manufacturing Process 化工生产过程构成 The basic components of a typical chemical process(n过程;步骤;方法;工艺,vt 加工;处理) are shown in Fig.1, in which each block represents a stage in the overall process for producing a product from the raw materials. Fig.1 represents a generalized(无显著特点的,一般的) process; not all the stages(步骤;阶段) will be needed for any particular(特定的) process and the complexity of each stage will depend on the nature of the process. Chemical engineering design is concerned with the selection and arrangement（排列；安排）of the stages, and the selection, specification and design of the equipment required to perform(演出；执行；完成任务) the stage functions. 注： 1anatomy 剖析；构成；组织；结构；人体（骨骼） 2component 元件；成分；部分；分量。 3concerned with 与.有关；关心；关注。典型的化学工艺的基本构成示于图1., 在此图中，每一个方框表示从原料到加工成产品的全过程中的一个步骤。图1所示只是一般的情况，对于一个特定的工艺来说并非所有的步骤都是必需的，而且每一个步骤的复杂程度取决于生产过程的性质。化工设计所关注的是各步骤的选择与安排，以及完成各步骤的任务所需设备的选择、说明和设计。Stage 1.Raw material storage-原始原料贮备 Unless the raw materials (also called essential materials, or feedstocks) are supplied as intermediate products (intermediates) from a neighboring plant, some provision（供应） will have to be made to hold(保持；把握；拥有；占据) several days, or weeks storage to smooth out fluctuations（波动） and interruptions（中断） in supply. Even when the materials come from an adjacent （邻近的） plant, some provision is usually made to hold a few hours, or even a few days, supply to decouple（断开；中断）the processes. The storage required will depend on the nature of the raw materials, the method of delivery（递送，发送，交货）, and what assurance can be placed on the continuity of supply. If materials are delivered by ship (tanker or bulk carrier), several weeks stocks may be necessary; whereas（反之；然而；但是） if they are received by road or rail, in smaller lots(份额；一堆), less storage will be needed.除非有邻近的工厂提供他们的半成品作为原料，某些原料的贮存必须形成几天或者数周的贮量以备供应的波动和中断。即使有原料由邻近的工厂提供，有些供应常需保持几个小时甚至几天的备用，以防供应断绝。原料必需的贮备量取决于原料的性质、输送方式和连续供应的保障程度。如果原料由大型散装货船运送，几周的贮备也许是必要的，反之如果原料由公路或者铁路分小批量多批次运输，则可较少贮备。 注： 1 provision，供应，预备，防备。 2 smooth out，使平滑。 3 decouple，断开。couple，耦合，联接。 4 be make to + inf 被迫做.；迫使.。例如：heat makes things expand. 热使物体膨胀。 5 depend on what assurance can be placed on the continuity of supply. 可以写为depend on the assurance that can be placed on the continuity of supply. 取决于供应的连续性的保障处于的地位。在此“what”引导一个主语“assurance”。例如：give them what books we have on the subject. 可以写为 give them the books that we have on the subject. 把我们关于这个题目的书都给他们。Stage 2. Feed preparation-进料预处理 Some purification, and preparation, of file raw materials will usually be necessary before they are sufficiently（足够地；充分地） pure, or in the right form, to be fed（应为feed）to the reaction satge. For example, acetylene generated by the carbide（碳化物；碳化钙；电石） process contains arsenical (砷的) and sulphur compounds, and other impurities, which must be removed by scrubbing （擦洗，使气体净化）with concentrated sulphuric acid (or other processes) before it is sufficiently pure for reaction with hydrochloric acid (此处有误，应为hydrochloride氯化氢) to produce dichloroethane. Liquid feeds will need to be vaporized before being fed to gas-phase reactors, and solids may need crushing（破碎）, grinding（研磨） and screening（筛分）.将原料经足够的纯化以适当的形式送到反应步骤之前，某些净化和预处理是必须的。例如，由碳化钙发生的乙炔气含有砷和硫的化合物以及其他的杂质，必须在乙炔有足够的纯度与氯化氢反应制造二氯乙烷之前，用浓硫酸洗去（或者其他的处理过程）这些杂质。液态物料在进入气相反应器前要蒸发汽化，固体物料需要破碎、研磨和筛分。 注： 1 in the right form， 以适当的形式。 2acetylene，乙炔。 3hydrochloric acid，盐酸。 Stage 3. Reactor 反应器 The reaction stage is the heart of a chemical manufacturing process. In the reactor the raw materials are brought together under conditions that promote （促进；助长） the production of the desired product; invariably, by-products and unwanted compounds (impurities) will also be formed. 注： 1 desired product 目的产物 2 by-products 副产物。 反应步骤是化学加工过程的心脏。在反应器中，各种原料在有利于生成期望产物（目的产物）的条件下汇合，总的来说，副产物和不期望的物质也会生成。Stage 4. Product separation 产品分离 In this first stage alter（应为after） the reactor, the products and by-products are separated from any unreacted material. If in sufficient quantity, the unreacted material will be returned directly to the reactor or to the feed purification and preparation stage. The by-products may also be separated from the products at this stage. 注： 1A separate from B；把A从B中分离出来；使A与B分离。在反应之后的第一个分离步骤中，将目的产物和副产物与未反应的原料分离。如果未反应的物料足够多，则可以直接返回到反应器或者返回到原料的净化与预处理。在这个步骤中，产物与副产物也可被分离。 Stage 5. Purification 净化（或者称精制）Before sale the main product will usually need purification to meet the product specification. If produced in economic quantities, the by-products may also be purified for sale. 注： 1 meet vt.遇见, (迎)接, 与(某人目光)相遇, (赴约)和.会面, (经介绍)与.相识, 对付例：meet a condition 满足条件；meet a objective 达到目的；meet particular circumstances 对付具体情况；meet the problem 解决问题；meet requirements 符合要求；meet the specification 合乎规格、规范。 在主产品销售之前常需要精制以符合产品规格。如果副产品有经济上的产出量，也可以精制后销售。Stage 6. Product storage 产品贮存 Some inventory （目录，清单） of finished product （成品）must be held to match production with sale. Provision （规定） for product packaging and transport will also be needed, depending on the nature of the product. Liquids will normally be dispatched in drums（鼓；桶） and in bulk （散装的） tankers (road, rail and sea), solids in sacks (袋子), cartons （硬纸箱）or bales（打包；捆扎）. The stack （堆；堆栈） held will depend on the nature of the product and the market. 注： 1provision 规定；条款。例如：express provision 明文规定； general provisions 总则；provisions of the agreement 协议条款。产品目录必须与销售的产品相符。根据产品的性质，也需要规定包装和运输方式。液体产品通常用桶和槽罐分装，固体物料则装入袋中、纸箱中或者打成大包装。 成品的贮存需根据产品的性质和交易的情况放置。1.Ancillary（辅助的；副的） processes 辅助过程 In addition to the main process stages shown in Fig.1, provision（措施；保障） will have to be made for the supply of the services (utilities) needed, such as process water, cooling water, compressed air, steam. Facilities（设备；工具） will also be needed for maintenance （维修）, firefighting, offices and other accommodation （住处；食宿）, and laboratories. 注： 1.provision 防备；措施；保障。例如：make provision for ones old age.为老年预做准备（采取措施）。 2.process water, cooling water, compressed air, steam，and electric power.等在国外的企业和工程界中称为“public service”。意为公用设施、公共服务。在国内的企业和工程界则称这些为“公用工程”。 除了图1中所示的主要过程外，还必须提供公用工程保障，如工艺用水、冷却水、压缩空气、蒸汽等。维修、消防、办公等设备以及食宿和实验室等配置也是需要的。2.Continuous and batch processes 连续操作和分批操作 Continuous processes are designed to operate 24 hours a day, 7 day a week, throughout the year. Some down time will be allowed for maintenance (维修;保持) and, for some processes, catalyst (催化剂) regeneration （再生；重建）. The plant attainment （开工率；达到；成就；获得）, that is, the percentage of the available hours in a year that the plant operates, will usually be 90% to 95%.(读为:attainment percent equals hours operated multiplied by a hundred over twenty four times three hundred and sixty five.)注：关于数学式的一些读法 la=b, a is equal to b ; a equals b ; a is b. l;six times (multiplied by) five equals (is equal to; are; makes; ) thirty. l ; v equals s divided by t; v is s over t. 连续操作是在一个年份中按照每天24小时，每周七天的操作而设计的。允许由于维修以及某些过程的催化剂再生所需的停机时间。这种连续操作的工厂的开工率，即全年中实际的运行时数的百分数通常达到90%95%。 Batch processes are designed to operate intermittently （间歇地）. Some, or all, the process units being frequently shut down and started up. Continuous processes will usually be more economical for large scale production. Batch processes are used where some flexibility （弹性；灵活性；适应性） is wanted in production rate or product specification （规格）. The choice between batch or continuous operation will not be clear cut, but the following rules can be used as a guide. 分批操作则是按间歇运行来设计的。一部分或者全部单元过程经常停车开车。 连续操作对于大规模的生产来说通常是更经济的。分批操作用于那些对生产速率或者产品规格要求灵活性的场合。 选择连续操作还是分批操作没有清晰的区分标准，但以下的原则可作为指导。Continuous 1. production rate gerater than 5100kg/h (five times a hundred kilogramme per hour). 生产速率大于5100kg/h. (乘法还可以读为：multiplied by；)2. single product. 单一品种3. no severe （严重的）fouling. 没有严重结垢现象4. good catalyst life. 催化剂的寿命长5. proven(考验，证实) processes design. 成熟的工艺设计6. established market. 有确定的市场需求Batch1. production rate less than 5100kg/h. 生产速率小于5100kg/h.2.a range of products or product specifications. 品种或者产品规格在一定范围变化。3. severe fouling. 结垢严重。4.short catalyst life. 催化剂寿命短。5.new product. 新产品。6.uncertain design. 不成熟的设计。Lesson three Heat Transfer 传热 Heat, as a form of energy, cannot be created or destroyed. Heat can be transferred from one substance to another. 热是能量的一种形式,不能创造也不能消灭。热可以从一个物体传递到另一个物体。 Heat always tends to pass from warmer objects to cooler ones. When a warm substance comes in contact with a cold substance, the molecules of the warm substance collide （碰撞） whth the molecules of the cold substance, giving some of its energy to the cold molecules. This is only one way to transfer heat. 注： 1 tend to 倾向于 2 come in contact with 与.接触；接触到 热总是倾向于从较热的物体向较冷的物体传递。当一个暖的物体与一个冷的物体接触时，暖物体的分子与冷物体的分子碰撞，把他们的部分能量传给冷物体的分子。这仅仅是传递热的一种方式。 In a chemical plant, for example, in a refinery （炼油厂）, transfer of heat is very important , the successful operation of most processes is dependent on correct application of the principles (原理) of heat transfer. Where we are handling（处理；加工；操纵） a hot material, we may insulate（隔离，绝缘） the system to hold the heat in; where the material is cold, we insulate to keep the heat out. Efficient equipment, designed to take full advantage of (充分利用) processing heat, is in use on almost all chemical plants. 注： 1 take advantage of 利用. 2 be in use 使用中。 在化工厂，例如一个精炼厂，传热是非常重要的，大多数过程的成功运行取决于传热原理的正确运用。在处理热物料的场所，需要隔热以保持系统的热量，而在处理冷却物料的场所则需要隔热以防止吸热。为了充分利用过程热量而设计的有效的换热设备几乎在所有的化工厂中使用。 Three methods of heat transfer are conduction（传导）, convection（对流）, and radiation（辐射）. Conduction is the transfer of heat that occurs by direct contact be