Chapter 2 Think Like an Economist.ppt

2 ThinkingLikeanEconomist 本章内容 关于我们的课程关于经济学分析方法关于本学期任务生产可能性边界 关于我们的课程 微观与宏观 微观经济学Microeconomics宏观经济学Macroeconomics 渺观微观介观宏观宇观 Microeconomics Microeconomicsisthestudyofthechoicesmadebyconsumers firms andgovernment andhowtheirchoicesaffectthemarketforaparticulargoodorservice Macroeconomics Macroeconomicsisthestudyofthenation seconomyasawhole 关于经济学分析方法 实证分析与规范分析 实证分析 PositiveAnalysis 世界是什么 规范分析 NormativeAnalysis 世界应该是什么 TheEconomicWayofThinking Positiveeconomicsconcernstheforcesthataffecteconomicactivity andpredictstheconsequencesofalternativeactions Itisthefocusofmostmoderneconomicreasoning Normativeeconomicsanswersthequestion Whatoughttobe Mosteconomistsshyawayfromnormativequestions 实证分析与规范分析 王小波先生写道 有人说 朱熹老夫子做了一世的学问 什么叫做 是 Be 什么叫做 应该是 Shouldbe 从来没有搞清出过 前者是指事实 后者是指意愿 两者是有区别的 关于本学期任务 TheCircular FlowDiagram Spending Revenue Income Flowofinputs andoutputs Flowofdollars Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Firms MarketsforFactorsofProduction MarketsforGoodsandServices FactorsofProduction Factorsofproductionaretheresourcesthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservices Land Labor Capital andEntrepreneurship FactorsofProduction Naturalresources Thethingscreatedbyactsofnaturesuchasland water mineral oilandgasdeposits renewableandnonrenewableresources FactorsofProduction Labor Thehumaneffort physicalandmental usedbyworkersintheproductionofgoodsandservices FactorsofProduction Physicalcapital Allthemachines buildings equipment roadsandotherobjectsmadebyhumanbeingstoproducegoodsandservices FactorsofProduction Humancapital Theknowledgeandskillsacquiredbyaworkerthrougheducationandexperience FactorsofProduction Entrepreneurship Theefforttocoordinatetheproductionandsaleofgoodsandservices Entrepreneurstakeriskandcommittimeandmoneytoabusinesswithoutanyguaranteeofprofit Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurshipisthepracticeofstartingneworganizations particularlynewbusinessesgenerallyinresponsetoidentifiedopportunities Entrepreneurshipisoftenadifficultundertaking asamajorityofnewbusinessesfail 本页开始的部分内容摘自http www wikipedia org Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurialactivitiesaresubstantiallydifferentdependingonthetypeoforganizationthatisbeingstarted Entrepreneurshiprangesinscalefromsoloprojects eveninvolvingtheentrepreneuronlypart time tomajorundertakingscreatingmanyjobopportunities Entrepreneurship Many high profile entrepreneurialventuresseekventurecapitalorangelfundinginordertoraisecapitaltobuildthebusiness Manykindsoforganizationsnowexisttosupportwould beentrepreneurs includingspecializedgovernmentagencies businessincubators scienceparks andsomeNGOs Entrepreneurship TheunderstandingofentrepreneurshipowesalottotheworkofeconomistJosephSchumpeterandtheAustrianSchoolofeconomics InSchumpeter 1950 anentrepreneurisapersonwhoiswillingandabletoconvertanewideaorinventionintoasuccessfulinnovation Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurshipforces creativedestruction acrossmarketsandindustries simultaneouslycreatingnewproductsandbusinessmodels Inthisway creativedestructionislargelyresponsibleforthedynamismofindustriesandlong runeconomicgrowth Characteristicsofentrepreneurship企业家的特征 1 Theentrepreneurhasanenthusiasticvision thedrivingforceofanenterprise Theentrepreneur svisionisusuallysupportedbyaninterlockedcollectionofspecificideasnotavailabletothemarketplace Theoverallblueprinttorealizethevisionisclear howeverdetailsmaybeincomplete flexible andevolving Theentrepreneurpromotesthevisionwithenthusiasticpassion Characteristicsofentrepreneurship企业家的特征 2 Withpersistenceanddetermination theentrepreneurdevelopsstrategiestochangethevisionintoreality Theentrepreneurtakestheinitialresponsibilitytocauseavisiontobecomeasuccess Entrepreneurstakeprudentrisks Theyassesscosts market customerneedsandpersuadeotherstojoinandhelp Anentrepreneurisusuallyapositivethinkerandadecisionmaker Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Firms ProductMarkets FlowofFactors SupplyFactors DemandFactors FactorMarkets Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Firms ProductMarkets Flowof SupplyFactors DemandFactors LandLaborCapital FactorMarkets Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Firms ProductMarkets FlowofGoodsandServices SupplyGoods Services DemandGoods Services FactorMarkets Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Businesses ProductMarkets TheFlowofDollars Spending Revenue FactorMarkets Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Businesses ProductMarkets TheFlowofDollars Revenue Expenses Income Spending FactorMarkets Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Businesses ProductMarkets TheFlowofDollars Revenue Expenses Income RentWagesProfit Spending FactorMarkets Diagram TheCircular FlowModel Households Businesses ProductMarkets DollarFlowRealFlow FactorMarkets 生产可能性边界 TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsof