Because和for的用法不同之处.doc

Because和for的用法不同之处1， 作为原因状语，because-分句位置灵活，而for-分句只可在主句之后The doctor looks tired and sleepy because he sat up all night with the patient.The doctor looks tired and sleepy, for he sat up all night with the patient.2， 由because引导的原因状语分句可以单独用来回答why-问句，而for-分句不行-Why does the doctor look so tired and sleepy?-Because he sat up all night with the patient.3， 作为原因状语，because-分句可在because前带否定词或其他修饰语，还可带某些并列连词，而for-分句不可以The doctor looks tired and sleepy not because he isnt feeling well, but because he sat up all night with the patient.4， 作为原因状语，because-分句可作分裂句中心成分，而for-分句不行It is because he sat up all night with the patient that the doctor looks tired and sleepy. 5， 连词for可以引导一个句子，为上文陈述的情况说明原因或提供理由，而because-分句通常引导从属分句，除用以回答why-问句外不单独出现When I saw her in the river, I was frightened. For at that point the currents were dangerous.在because，since，as这三个从属连词中，以because语势最强，since次之，as又次之。Because通常表示“新信息”，即一种未知的原因，而since/as则表示已知原因。由于since/as分句通常表示已知原因，所以常常出现在句首，这也是它们与for-分句用法上不同的地方。Though和although同义，在一般情况下可以互换。但although比though语气强烈，常用以强调让步概念He insisted on doing it although I wanted him not to.当让步分句指一种臆想的情况时，通常用thoughThough all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion.Though everybody desert you, I will not.引导某些让步状语分句通常也只能用thoughDifficult though the task was, they managed to complete it in time.Clever though he was, he failed the exam.Hes welcome to come with us, _ it wont be too much of a strain for him to walk so far.A, provided B. as if C. unless D. since有些动词ing或ed形式可以用做连词，引导原因、条件或让步状语分句，如seeing that（鉴于，由于），considering that，providing that，provided that（假如，以为条件），supposing that（假如），given that（以为条件），granted， granting that（假使），在许多情况下，that是不出现的。一些常见缩略语2G 2nd Generation Mobile Communications System 第二代移动通信系统3G，3GMS 3rd Generation Mobile Communications System 第三代移动通信系统3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 第三代合作组织AAA Authentication, Authorization, Accounting 鉴权、授权、计费ANSI American National Standard Institute 美国国家标准组织ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准码ASP Application Server Process 应用服务器进程ASP Access Service Provider 接入服务提供商ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式BIOS Basic Input Output System 基本输入输出系统CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址接入CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器ADSL asymmetrical digital subscriber line 非对称数字用户线路 APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济全作组织 ATM Automated teller machine 自动提款机 BBS Aulletin board service 电子公告牌服务 CD Compact disc 激光唱片 CD-ROM Compact disc read-only memory 只读光盘 CPA Certified public accountant 注册会计师 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸 DVD digital video disc 数字激光视盘 GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值 GNP gross national product 国民生产总值 GPS global positioning system 全球定位系统 GRE Graduate Record Examination（美国等国家）研究生入学资格考试 OPEC organization of the Petroleum Exporting Country 石油输出 国组织 RAM random-access memory 随机存取存储器 ROM read-only memory 只读存储器 SCI science citation index 科学引文索引 SOHO Small office, home office 居家办公 TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language 托福（美国对非英语国家留学生的英语考试） WAP Wireless Access Protocol 无线接入协议WAP Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议IGOinter-governmentorganization政府间国际组织LNG liquifiednaturalgas液化天然气LPGliquifiedpetroleumgas液化石油气“失业”新说career change opportunity chemical change transitionedoutplacement work force imbalance correction vocational relocationindefinite idling executive cutting force reductionpersonal surplus reduction reducing headcount redundancy eliminationrelease selective separation coerced transition involuntary separation negotiated departure voluntary severance voluntary terminationdecruitment degrowing dehiring deselection downsizing rightsizing(调整规模)schedule adjustment skill-mix adjustment work force adjustmentbag e.g. Just say the boss was willing to bag him.Give somebody the bag 解雇某人；拒绝某人求婚Do somebody out of the job Pay somebody off 发清工资后解雇；算帐走人Any more of this and Ill pay off the whole bunch of you.Get the birdThis situation can only lead to your catching later trains and getting the bird at the office.Be put downThe manager has been put down for misconduct.Be forced out of officeWalking ticket ( walking papers; pink slip)Two baseball veterans got their walking ticket today.Walking ordersMarching ordersWalk the plankRostows deputy walks the plank; Rostow hangs in.Explusion 赶出或赶走；开除Bounce BumpGet the hookJust when he thought he was doing so well, he got the hook.Give someone his running shoesWhen he objected to the new policy they gave him his running shoes.Brush-off 解雇，尤指用粗暴的方式Layoff tie a can to (on) someoneBe struck off the rolls 开除He will certainly be struck off the rolls if this conduct continues.Bust out 因成绩不佳而被学校开除Oust sb from a firm ousterErase ones name from the list Be excommunicated for Be relieved of ones postCut down the number of persons employedReduce the staff汉语新词译例There is no mathematics without plus or minus, which holds good for translation. - Bayard Taylor一，增补词义推动经济 push / fuel economic growth老年大学 college of continuing education for the elderly发展两岸关系，推进祖国和平统一进程 develop relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits and promote the peaceful reunification of the motherland减负 lighten the burden of the students 打假，打非，打拐 crack down on counterfeiters/ mount (launch) an attack on counterfeiters mount an attack on illegal publishers launch an attack on abductors (of women and children)财务公开 keep the public informed of the financial affairs兰州拉面 Lanzhou hand-pulled noodles推向市场 push into market competition拉动消费 stimulate consumption消费心理 consumer psychology与国际接轨 gear oneself to international conventions对内搞活 enliven the domestic economy二，删减饰词医德医风 medical ethnics歪风邪气 evil winds and noxious influences/ evil winds居高临下 be at a commanding post头重脚轻 be top-heavy三，补全文化差异野蛮装卸 the rash-and-rough way of loading and unloading高考状元 the highest-ranking student in entrance examinations for college and university/ the best candidate for college entrance examinations养鸡状元 the champion chicken-raiser向病人索要红包 solicit under-the-table payments from patients拒收病人的红包 refuse to accept any covert payment from patients四，避免“中式英语”，切忌想当然失足青年 youth who has taken a wrong step in life内耗 losses (of manpower and material resources) in internal strife; in-fighting豆腐渣工程 jerrybuilt project; beancurd project, so named because they fall apart easily投资热点 popular investment spot道德法庭 conscience forum钉子户 recalcitrant 横向经济联系 lateral economic ties堡电话粥 do marathon talk on telephoneEach language has its own genius Rather than force the formal structure of one language upon another, the effective translator is quite prepared to make any and all formal changes necessary to reproduce the message in the distinctive structure forms of the receptor language.- E. A. Nida中小型企业 small and medium-sized enterprises高新技术 new and high technology国际经济新秩序 a new international economic order霹雳舞 break dance量贩店 bulk sale store封闭式小区 gated community过劳死 karoshi讨债公司 debt-recovery firm珍珠奶茶 tapioca milk tea; bubble tea声讯电话 pay-per-call露脐装 midriff-baring shirt; midriff; half-shirt假唱 lip-sync 搭售 conditional sale; tie-in一些常见搭配动词+介词形式 account for说明(原因等)aim at瞄准，针对allow for考虑到appeal to呼吁，要求arrive at达成，得出ask after询问，问候ask for请求，要求attach to附属于，隶属于begin with从开始break into闯入break off断绝，结束break through突破break up中止，结束；打碎，折断bring about带来，造成bring down打倒，挫伤；降低bring forth产生，提上bring forward提出bring out使出现；公布；出版bring up教育，培养，使成长build up积累；堵塞；树立，逐步建立；增进；锻炼call for邀请；要求；需求call forth唤起，引起；振作起，鼓起call off放弃，取消catch at抓住(东西)call on/upon访问，拜访；号召，呼吁call up召集，动员；打电话care for照管，关心；喜欢，意欲carry off夺去carry on继续下去；从事，经营carry out贯彻，执行；实现come to总计，达到；苏醒，复原count on依靠；期待，指望count up把相加cover up掩饰，掩盖cut across走捷径，抄近路deal with处理，对付，安排do without没有也行fill in/out填充，填写get at得到，接近；意思是get into进入，陷入go after追求go into进入；研究，调查go for竭力想取得；喜爱；支持，拥护go through经历，经受；详细检查go with伴随，与协调go without没有也行improve on改进keep to保持，坚持lie in在于live up to不辜负live on/by靠生活，以为食live through度过，经受过look after照管，照料look at看望，注视look for寻找，寻求look into调查，观察，过问；窥视look over检查，查看，调查look through仔细查看，浏览，温习make for走向，驶向；有助于occur to被想到，被想起play with以为消遣，玩弄refer to参考，查阅，涉及，提到run for竞选run into撞上，偶然碰见see to注意，负责，照料，修理send for派人去请，召唤；索取send in 呈报，递交，送来serve as作为，用作set aside挑出，拨出，留出；拒绝sit for参加stand by支持，帮助；袖手旁观stand for代替，代表，意味着stand against反抗，抵抗stick to坚持，忠于，信守take after与相像take for把认为是，把看成是take in接受，吸收；了解，理解take to喜欢，亲近touch on关系到，涉及turn into变成turn to变成；求助于，借助于turn off关上；出产；解雇动词+副词形式break down损坏，分解，瓦解break in闯入；打断，插嘴break out逃出；突然发生，爆发bring to使恢复知觉burn out烧掉burn up烧起来，旺起来；烧完catch on理解，明白check in办理登记手续check out结账后离开；检验，核查check up (on)校对，检查，检验cheer up使高兴，使振奋clear away扫除，收拾clear up收拾；澄清；放晴make it clear that弄清楚come off实现，成功，奏效come on请，来吧，快点；开始，出场，上演come out出版；出现，显露；结果是come round (around)来访，前来；苏醒，复原come through经历，脱险come up走近，上来；发生，被提出cross out删去，取消cut back削减，减少cut down削减，降低cut in(汽车)抢道；插嘴，打断cut off切断；删去；停止cut out删cut short突然停止die down渐渐消失，平息die out消失，灭绝draw in(火车、汽车)到站draw up写上，画上；草拟；停住dress up穿上盛装，打扮得很漂亮drop by/in顺便来访dry out干透，使干dry up干涸，枯竭 drop off减弱，减少drop out退出，离队fall behind落后fall out争吵；结果是fall through落空，失败feed in输入find out查明get across解释清楚，使人了解get around/round走动，旅行；(消息)传开get away逃脱，离开get by通过，经过get down从下来；写下get in进入；收获，收集get off从下来；离开，动身，开始get over克服；(从病中)恢复过来get through结束，完成；接通电话have got to (do)不得不，必须get together集合，聚集get up起床；增加，增强give away泄露；分送give back送还，恢复give in交上；投降，屈服give off放出，释放give out分发，放出give up停止，放弃go ahead开始，前进；领先go by过去go down下降，降低；被载入，传下去go off爆炸，发射；动身，离开go out外出；熄灭go over检查，审查；复习，重温go round/around足够分配go under下沉，沉没；失败；破产go through通过，审查，完成go up上升，增加；建起hand down流传下来，传给，往下传hand in交上，递交hand on传下来，依次传递hand out分发，散发，发给hand over交出，移交，让与hang about闲荡，徘徊，逗留hang back犹豫，踌躇，畏缩hang on抓紧不放；继续下去hang up挂断(电话)have back要回，收回have on穿着，戴着hold back踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制hold on继续，握住不放hold out维持，支持；坚持，不屈服hold up举起，阻挡，使停止；抢劫hurry up(使)赶快，迅速完成keep back阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留keep down控制，压制，镇压；压低keep off不接近，避开keep up保持，维持；继续，坚持let down放下，降低；使失望let in让进入，放进来let off放(烟，烟火)，开(枪)let out放掉，放出，发出line up排队，使排成一行look back回顾，回头看look out留神，注意，提防，警惕look on旁观，观看；看待，视作look up查阅，查考；寻找(某人)look in顺便看望make out辨认，区分；理解，了解make out of用做，从得出 make up构成，拼凑；弥补，赔偿；化装mix up混淆，混合，搞糊涂pass away去世，逝世pass off中止，停止pass to转到，讨论，传到pass out失去知觉，昏倒pay back偿还，回报pay off还清(债)pay down即时交付，用现金支付pay up全部付清pick out选出，挑出，拣出；辨认，辨别出pick up拾起，(偶然)得到；(车船)中途搭(人)，学会pull down拆毁，拉倒；拉下，降低pull in(车)停下，进站，船(到岸)pull off脱(帽、衣)pull on穿，戴pull out拔出，抽出；(车、船)驶出pull together齐心协力pull up(使)停下put across解释清楚，说明put aside储存，保留put away放好，收好；储存put down记下，放下；镇压，平定put forward提出put in驶进put on穿上，戴上；上演；增加(体重)put out熄灭，关(灯)；出版，发布；生产put right改正(错误)，整理put up提起，举起，提(价)；为提供食宿，投宿ring off挂断电话rub out擦掉，拭去run down撞倒，撞沉；追捕，追查run off复印，打印run over略读，略述；辗过，浏览，匆匆复习see off给送行see through看穿，识破；干完，干到底set back推迟，延缓，阻碍set down卸下，放下，记下，记入set forth阐明，陈述set off出发，动身；引起，使发生set out陈列，显示；动身，起程；制定set up创立，建立，树立；资助，扶持show in领入show off炫耀，卖弄 show up使呈现，使醒目shut out排除sit in列席，旁听sit up迟睡，熬夜speed up使加速stand out突出，显眼stand up站起来，耐用step up提高，加快，加紧step in插入，介入stick out伸出，突出；坚持到底，继续take away消除；消耗take down记下，写下take off拿走，脱下；起飞take on呈现；接纳，承担，从事take over接管，接办take up占据；开始；拿起，接收take up with和交往，忍受，采用think over仔细考虑throw away扔掉，抛弃touch up润色，改进turn down拧小，调低；拒绝turn in交出，上缴；转身进入turn off关掉，断开；拐弯，叉开turn on接通，打开turn out制造，生产；结果是turn over翻过来；移交，转交turn up开大；出现；来到；发生use up用完，花完warm up变热wear off逐渐消失wear out用破；耗尽，使精疲力竭while away消磨(时间)wipe out擦去，抹去；消灭，毁灭work out解决，算出；弄懂，制定出work up引起，激起；逐渐上升work on从事于，努力做write off报废，勾销，注销后接动名词的固定搭配aim at目的在于，旨在；瞄准accuse.of.控告；谴责depend on取决于devote to奉献，致力engage in从事于，忙着；订婚feel like欲，想要go on继续；发生cannot/couldnt help禁不住；不得不insist on坚持keep from使不(