交通运输专业英语英语翻译.doc

Choice of modeThe choice of mode for long distance travel is heavily dependent on the sensitivity of the traveler with respect to time and cost.By and large,business travel is time sensitive,vacation travel is price sensitive,and travel for personal reasons may be either time sensitive or cost sensitive,or both.长距离旅行方式的选择在很大程度上取决于旅行者对时间和价格反应的灵敏程度。一般来说，商业性旅行对时间反应更灵敏，节假日旅行对价格反应更灵敏，由于私事（个人原因）旅行则对时间或价格的反应都灵敏。The basic attributes of each mode are schedule, speed, cost, service offered,and perceptions regarding the service offered.每种方式的特性取决于所提供服务的时间速度、价格、服务质量和给人们的感受。Schedule and speed prescribe the ability of the mode to serve passengers at the times they want and the speed they require; for example, a same-day round trip from Chicago to New York can beaccomplished by air only.时间性和速度性要求旅客所采用的运输方式能提供给乘客想要的速度和时间。 比如, 从芝加哥到纽约只有乘飞机可以在同一天内完成往返旅行Cost is a major consideration for most passengers. Rail and bus are least expensive,with private or rented car following, and air travel coming last as the most expensive means of travel. Advance purchase the supersaver fares may reduce the air transporation cost substantiaIIy.价格是大多数旅客考虑的一个重要因素, 乘坐火车和公兵汽车是最便宜的, 自己开车和租用车辆位于其次, 乘坐飞机是旅行方式中最贵的方式. 以前购买特惠机票可以大量减少乘飞机出行的费用。For example, in January 1992, the supersaver Honolulu to Washington, D.C.round-trip fare was around $800, the fulleconomy class fare was around $1800,and the first class was around $3600.例如, 1992年1月份, 从火奴鲁鲁到华盛顿往返旅行的的特惠机票大约只有800美元, 全价是是1800美元, 头等仓大约3600美元.The destination point may restrict the mode choice set, or it may require the use of more than one long-distance transportation mode. In the Honolulu to Washington, D.C. example, the on|y practical way to travel is by air.出行目的地可能会限制出行方式的选择，它可能需要利用 一种以上的长距离运输方式.从火奴鲁鲁到华盛顿的这个例子中, 最实用的出行方式就是乘飞机。Service is also an important factor. Travel by private or rented car offers the convenience of having a car available at all time. This may be of great importance to some travelers (e.g. , personal salespeople). Bus or rail offers few amenities on board, while airlines offer a wide variety of services on board(drinks,meals, music, and screen entertainment).服务也是一个重要因素。自己开车或租车出行在任何时间内都可享受到有车的便利。这对于一些旅行者来说或许是非常重要的(比如，售货员)。公共汽车或火车几乎提供不了那种怡人的感觉。而乘坐定期航班就可以享受到多种服务（喝免费饮料、免费午餐、听音乐、看娱乐表演）。Perceptions of passengers regarding the overall service offered by a mode compared with other modes (e.g., auto versus bus or rail), or among providers of the same mode (e.g. ,American versus United Airlines, Avis versus Hertz Car Rental) affect the choice of modes and providers.乘客对运输方式的感受取决于这种运输方式挺提供的所有服务与另一方式所提供的服务的相互比较（比如，把乘坐小汽车与乘坐大汽车相比较，乘坐小汽车与乘火车相比较），或将同一运输方式各自提供的服务进行比较（比如，将美国航线与联合航线相比较，将欧洲汽车租凭巨头Avis与全球最大的汽车租凭公司赫兹相比较），这些都会影响运输方式的选择。In terms of fast service, the competitiveness of modes can be judgedby their ability to provide minimum overall travel time from origin to destination on a door-to-door basis (i.e., from the office in town A to the meeting place in town B or from !he house in town X to the hotel room in town Y).在快速服务方面，运输方式的竞争在门到门服务的基础取决于所提供起讫点之间的最小出行时间的能力，（比如，从A市办公室到B市会场，或从住宅地X市道旅馆所在地Y市所花费的最小时间）。All modes except private auto and rented or company car provide terminal-to-terminal service. There are several time-consuming components before and after the main haul as well as in the terminals.除过私人小轿车与租用车辆及公司汽东之外,历有的运输方式都提供起点到终点的全线运输服务。在除过车站多耗费的时间之外. 主要运输前后也还有若干耗费时间的部分。For rail transportation, these time components are times to get to the origin terminal, to wait for train and to board, to travel from terminal to terminal (main haul),to |eave the train and walk to exit from the platform, and to get to the destination.对铁路运输而言, 时问组成有: 到达起点站的时间 、等车时间、 上车时间、 旅途中从起点到终点乘车时间(就是主要运程所花的时间)、 下车和从站台走到车站出口的时间、 到达目的地的时间。Similarly, the respective time components by air are times to get to the terminal, to check in, to walk to gate, and to wait, to board and to wait until takeoff, main haul,to land, to alight and walk to luggage claim, to wait for luggage, to walk to exit terminal, to get to destination.同样, 乘飞机的各个时间组成部分有: 到达机场的时间、 检票时间 、 到达登机入口的时间、等待时间、 登机时间、 等待直到飞机起飞的时间、飞行时间 、着陆时间、下飞机和到达行李提取处的时间、 等侯行李时同、 走出机场出站站口时间、 到达目的地时间。It is normal to expect that a two-hour trip( terminal-to-terminal) by air should take at least 4 hours from origin to destination. Considering the door-to-door time frame, it is likely that several modes may offer competitive service. By and large, auto would be the fastest mode for trip up to 100 miles (about 160 km)long, high-speed rail running at 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) is most competitive for distance between 100 to 500 miles(160 to 800 km),通常情况下乘飞机从站到站要2小时的旅程，从出发地到达目的地至少要花费4小时的时间。鉴于门到门服务的时间性，各种运输方式都会提供相互竞争的服务。一般来说，旅程100英里（大约160公里）的距离小汽车是最快的。距离100到500英里（也就是160公里到800公里）的路程，快速火车是最有竞争性的，这种火车时速可达到每小时200英里（320公里/小时）。and air transportation is fastest for trips exceeding 500 miles (over 800 km) .Regular rail and bus are not competitive for any trip distance with respect to minimum travel time. But they possess competition advantage in terms of travel monetary expenses.距离超过500英里（超过800英里）的旅程飞机是最快的。对于任何距离和公共汽车都没有竞争优势，但在旅行所花的费用方面，他们具有竞争优势。Fast growth of world markets and International business travel make itnecessary to reduce travel time substantially.Traveling between international trade centers such as New York, Frankfurt, Hong Kong,London, Moscow, Paris, Singapore, Sydney,and Tokyo takes long time even by air.世界市场和国际间商务旅行的快速发展, 使得大量减少旅行时间非常必要。在世界贸易中心间的旅程即使乘坐飞机也要花很长时间。比如：纽约、法兰克福（德国）、香港、伦敦、莫斯科、巴黎、新加坡、悉尼、东京。The travel times for all transcontinental trips between the cities exceed 10 hours,As the result, at least two business days are lost in travel, while often passengers arrive in poor shape, all of which are detrimental to business.所有的城市间的跨陆旅行时间都要超过10小时，因此，在旅程中至少要花费2个营业日的时间，并且乘客到达时往往疲惫不堪，所有这些都对商业的发展是不利的。Future advances in transportation are expected to come in the form of high-speed trains capable of reaching or exceeding 300 miles per hour (almost 500km/h) , and second-generation supersonic and/or sub-orbital aircraft capable of traveling from New York to Tokyo in lessthan 4 hours.将来运输的发展期待出现时速达到或超过每小时300英里(约500公里/小时)的火车，和从纽约到东京不到4小时就可到达的第二代超音速与亚轨道的飞行。The major objective of advanced transportation technologies is thesubstantial reduction of travel time through high cruising speed. Additional objectives are the reduction of fuel consumption,pollution, and noise. Most of the research and applications are concentrated inpassenger rail (e.g. , the magnetic levitation rails) and air transportation (e.g. , the y-by-wire technology). (开发)先进的交通运输技术的主要目的是通过提高运输速度极大地减少出行时间，其次就是减少燃料消耗、污染和噪声。大多数研究和应用集中在铁路客运方面（比如磁悬浮列车）和空运方面（比如电子信号控制的飞行技术）。The evolution of transportation has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the history .Transportations early function was to meet the basis need of hauling food supplies .But with the formation of tribes ,then peoples ,and finally nations ,the societal and economic functions of transportation became more and more complex.运输的发展演变与人类整个历史的发展密切相关，运输的早期功能是为了满足食物的储备这一基本需要。但随着部落的出现、种族的产生、最后到民族的形成，运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。At first there was mobility required for individuals,households,and animals to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of nature disasters and tribal aggressions,and in search for the best place to settle.As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity,transportation was increasingly needed to open up regions for development,to provide access to natural resources,to promote inter-communal trade,and to mobilize territorial defense.最初，个人、家庭、动物为了抵御并避开自然灾害和部落侵袭，以寻求最好的地方来居住，因此都需要随时迁移。当部落群体形成并逐步建立他们的家园时，人们就更多地需要依靠运输来进行当地的开发。以寻求发展，依靠运输来获取自然资源、促进群落间贸易、实现领土防御。After basic societal needs had generally been attended to,local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic,cultural,and technological development through trade links with other people and regions.Again,transportation provided the mobility required for such intertribal,international,and intercontinental cultural exchange and trade.当基本的社会需求和受到普遍关注之后，当地政府就会投入更多的精力，通过与其他民族或区域间的贸易来提高当地的经济】文化和科技水平。另一方面，运输也会促进部落之间、民族之间、各州之间的贸易与文化交流。During this gradual development toward an organized human society,transportation as a physical process of moving people and goods promoting such development,continuously underwent technological and organizational changes.Todays transportation in its various modes and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changers in response to societal requirements and preferences.在人类社会逐步发展过程中，运输作为人和物移动的物理过程，加快了人类社会进程的步伐，并不断促进科学技术和组织方式的变革。为了适应社会需求并顺应人们的选择，如今运输的各种方式和组织安排发生了很大的变化。The evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transportation is manifested by todays transportation systems, which include surface, air. and water transportation. Special industry needs have led to the development of other transportation modes, such as pipelines,cables. and belts.现今的运输系统，包括地面运输、空中运输和水上运输（的出现），证实了日益复杂的运输方式的演变（过程）。特殊行业的需求是另外一些运输方式得以发展，譬如管道运输、索道运输和输送带运输。within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economicrequirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transportation modes generally fulll rather specific functions .These functions are outlined in table 1.各种已有的运输方式为了满足社会发展所追求的低成本高效率需求，都慢慢地具有了特殊功能。这些功能见表1.The total cost of owning and operating a company,including transportation companies,is usually broken into fixed and variable costs.Fixed costed do not relate to production or utilization of the equipment.Aircraft,trucks,trains,computers,and offices cost a fixed amount of money no matter what the degree of utilization(i.e.,from idle to around-the-clock utilization,the fixed cost remains the same).企业运营的总成本通常包括固定成本和变动成本，运输公司也如此。固定成本与设备的生产或利用状况无关。飞机、载重汽车、铁路汽车、计算机和办公室等不管其利用程度如和，它们都要花费固定的成本。就是说，从空闲到一天24小时使用，固定成本仍然相同。Variable costs,on the other hand,tend to be proportional to the degree of utilized,the more labor that is necessary to operation them,the more fuel that is necessary to produce propulsion,and the more maintenance that is required,due to the increased wear and tear.All costs tend to become variable in the long term(5 years or more)as corporations expand or reduce their activities(increase or decrease of fixed facilities,equipment,and operations).相反，变动成本与设备的利用程度成正比，设备利用的越多，使用设备所必需的劳动力就越多，产生动力所必需的燃料就越多，由于磨损所需要的维护就越多。从长远来开（5年或更多年份）随着企业扩张或缩减（增加或减少固定设施、设备和运营作业），总成本是变动的。The absolute magnitude of the xed cost and the magnitude of the variable cost relative to the xed cost determine the existence ofeconomics of scale. In simple terms, when economies of scale are present, production increases lower the cost per unit.固定成本的绝对数量和变动成本相对固定成本的数量决定了是否存在规模经济。简单来说，当规模经济存在是，随着产量的增加产品单位成本会下降。 Economies of scale exist when first,the fixed cost is high(thus the more the units over which it is spread,the lower the cost per unit),and second,the variable cost is small compared with the fixed cost.When Economies of scale are not present,the cost per unit does not change substantially.规模经济存在时首先是，固定成本高，可以分摊固定成本的产品数量越多，单位成本就越低。其次，变动成本比固定成本更小。当规模不经济时，单位成本就不会发生很大变化。Transportation carriers can be private or for-hire.Private carriers are usually the transportation subsidiary of a large manufacturing industry.They carry only materials and goods of a specific manufacturer.For-hire carriers are further categorized into common and contract.运输工具有私有的和租用的两种，私有运载工具常完成大型制造业的辅助运输，他们只为某些制造商运输材料或货物。出租的载运工具分为公有的和合同的。Common carriers serve the general public,often on a first-come,first-served basis.Contract carriers provide services to the public on a contract basis only.For-hire carriers can be either regulated or exempt from economic regulation,depending on the types of products they carry.公有的运载工具为大众服务，以先到先接待为服务的基础。合同式的运载工具专为签订合同的人民提供服务。租用的运载工具有些会和受到管制，有些则不会被管，这要依据他们运载的货物类型而定。7主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单，其实使用起来却不是那么容易，有时候甚至很复杂.这是因为在不同情况下，处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同.就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言，通常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1,语法一致 2,意义一致 3,就近原则.语法一致主谓一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语亦采取复数形式.例如：A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.(主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.(主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则.主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单，有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待：#不定式，动名词，以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.例如：Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习.To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处.What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.# 不定代词one,every,each,everybody,everyone,one of,no one,nothing,nobody,someone,somebody,either,neither,many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.例如：Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步.Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣.# 表示国家，机构，事件，作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.例如：One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .一千零一夜给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说.The United States is leading the world in science and technology .美国常在世界科技方面领先.The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs .联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用.# a portion,a series of,a kind of,the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.例如:A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出.The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命.A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题.A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人.# 由some,several,both,few,many,a number of 等词修饰主语，或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数.另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数.例如：On the seashore,some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边，有些人在打排球，有些人躺着晒太阳.Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.# 有些短语，如：a lot of,most of,any of,half of,three fifths of,eighty percent of,some of,none of,the rest of,all of等后接不可数名词，或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数.例如：A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时，那家商店丢失了许多钱.A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍.意义一致（ Notional Concord )这一原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式.1) 当主语后面接由as well as,as much as,accompanied by,including,in addition to,more than,no less than,rather than,together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定.在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单，复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语.也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去.从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有,隔开.例如：Petroleum,along with fuel gas,has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤气的价格上涨了.The teacher,with all his students,is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊.The students,together with their teacher,are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.The warehouse,with all its stockings,was burned last night.昨晚，那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了.我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去，因为它们在句子里是状语：Petroleum has recently risen in price,along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas,petroleum has recently risen in price.The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.As well as the suitcase,the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.The missing things have been found and returned to the owner,as well as the suitcase.2) 表示时间，金钱，距离，体积，重量，面积，数字等词语作主语时，其意义若是指总量应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指有多少数量则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.例如：Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月.Twenty years stands for a long period in ones life.二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十块钱给一个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了.3) 形容词前加定冠词即the + 形容词作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.例如：The young,on the one hand,often think of the old conservative. On the other hand,the old always consider the young inexperience.一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验.In many stories,the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在许多故事里，好人总是有好报；坏人注定要倒霉.4)当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人，同一物，同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数.另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.例如：War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史上的永恒的主题.Chinese and Japanese silk are good quality. 中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好.Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.加奶的咖啡与清咖啡都分别受到不同人们的喜爱.5) 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有：army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等，其中cattle,people,police一般看成复数形式.例如：The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局.The public now come to know the whole story.人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了.就近原则（ Principle of Proximity )这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or,either or ，neither nor ，not only but also 等.例如：Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧.Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会.Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.他全家人和他都不知道那件事.Transportation systems affect the environment in many ways. Three of the many transportation related major impacts are air quality, noise generation, and energy consumption. Therefore, the environment impact analysis has become an integral part of contemporary transportation planning and decision-making. 运输系统在多方面影