虚拟语气考点回顾.doc

虚拟语气考点回顾 英语中的虚拟语气有两种，一种是表示与各种时间的事实不符的假设（因为是假的，所以叫“虚”拟），常表达说话人的后悔或遗憾或责备或假想。这种虚拟语气的句法特征是“时态都往过去推一步”，所以所用时态都是过去相关时态。 第二种是名词性从句表示建议, 劝告，命令, 要求, 主张和指示，这些都是希望或要求某人某物要如何，所以还没有实现的，也可叫做“虚”拟。句法特征是这种名词性从句谓语部分都用(should）do / be。虚拟语气的复习可从以下四个方面进行：虚拟条件句、虚拟语气常见句型、名词性从句中的虚拟语气和特殊虚拟语气句型。一、表示与事实不符（即遗憾后悔或假想）的虚拟条件句if虚拟条件句中的谓语动词的形式见下表：表示与事实相反的时间if条件句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在一般过去式(be用were, 口语中一三人称单数也可用was)Shouldwouldcouldmight+ do过去过去完成时态shouldwouldcouldmight+have done将来Should(可译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”或一般过去式shouldwouldcouldmight do 例如：1. If he were here right now，he would help us 2. If they had not helped us，our experiment would have failed 3. If he were to go tomorrow，he might tell you 4. If I had time，I would attend the meeting注意：1.主句中的情态动词would和should可换用，would / should do意思是 “本来会”，would / should not do是“本来不会”，would / should have done是“当初本来会”，wouldnt / should not have done 是“当初本来不会”；could /might do是“本可能”；could not do是“本不可能”，might not do为“本来可能不”，could / might have done为“当初本来可能”，could not have done为“当初本来不可能”，might not have done为“当初本来可能不”(和表推测的意思差别类似)2.should have done可以表示“过去本应该做却没有做”，shouldnt have done可以表示“过去本不应该做却做了”；neednt have done表示 “本不需要做的却做了”(need have done不对，因为need作情态动词不用在肯定句中)。3.在if引导的虚拟条件句中，如果有were，had，should，可将其提到条件句句首，将if省略。例如：If I were you，I would accept their invitation可改为：Were I you，I would accept their invitationIf he had been given some infomation，he could have answered the question可改为：Had he been given some information, he could have answered the question。If there should be a good film tomorrow，I would go to the theatre with you可改为：Should there be a good film tomorrow，I would go to the theatre with you4有时条件句和主句分别对不同的时间进行虚拟。例如：If he had taken his parents，advice，he would be a college student now. (从句表示过去，主句表示现在)If we shouldnt have an exam this afternoon，I would go shopping now(从句表示将来，主句表示现在)If I were not to make a preparation for my lecture this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night. (从句表示将来，主句表示过去)If we hadnt made adequate preparations，we shouldnt dare to do the experiment next week(从句表示过去，主句表示将来)5有时句子中没有if，had，should，were引出的条件句，而从意义上看，却有含蓄的条件句。例如：I would have gone with you，but I had to study我要是不学习的话，就跟你一起去了。句中：but I had to studyif I hadnt had to studyI would never have succeeded without your help要是没有你的帮助，我决不会成功。句中：without you help = if you hadnt helped meShe ran，otherwise she would have missed her bus她要是不跑，就错过这趟公共汽车了。句中：otherwiseif she had not runIn the absence of water and air，nothing could live如果没有水和空气，什么都不能活。句中：In the absence of water and airIf there were no water and airBut for the leadership of the party，we could not have made such great progress如果没有党的领导，我们不可能取得如此大的进步。句中：but for=withoutif it had not been for6if it were not for和if it had not been for分别表示同现在事实相反和过去事实相反的假设，意为“如果没有”。例如：If it were not for the rain，the crops should die.=Had not been for = Without, the crops should die.If it had not been for your timely help，I would have failed.二、其它表示与事实不符的虚拟语气句型1had hoped/wished/planned/meant/intended/thought表达过去未实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用“would + 动词原形”形式。例如：His father had hoped that he would go into business with himHe had hoped that he would stay longer2would rather“宁愿/宁可”之意，后可接省去that的从句，从句谓语要用过去时对一般现在和将来虚拟，对将来虚拟不用would do, be则用were，一三人称单数可用was；对过去进行虚拟，还是用过去完成时。例如：Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being我宁愿你现在暂时不采取什么措施。Id rather you were a postman.我宁可你就当个邮递员。I would rather he came tomorrow than today我宁愿她明天来而不是今天。3It is highabout time.这一句型中that从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式用过去式或“should +动词原形”形式，意为“该干某事的时候了”。如：Its time we left.Its high time that the children should go to bed4Wish+宾从表示与事实相反的愿望，从句中的时态和非真实条件句中一样。如：I wish they were at home this time. (In fact, they are not.)I wish I had two lives to give to my country. (But I have only one life.)I wish I might be able to come tomorrow(But I cant come tomorrow.)表示对过去的愿望，从句中谓语要用“had done词”形式，或用couldwould+have done”形式。例如：I wish I had started to study mathematics years ago.I wish I could have finished writing the book report yesterdayBut I was too busy5as if与as though(1)对现在的虚拟谓语动词使用过去时(be动词用were)，意指主从句谓语表示的动作同时发生。例如：He looks as if he were ill.He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.(2)对过去的虚拟谓语动词使用“had done”，意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之前。例如：She spoke English so well as if she had studied English in England.He smiled as if he had read my thought.(3)对未来的虚拟谓语动词使用“would +动词原形”，意指从句谓语动词发生在主句谓语动词之后。例如：Mrs Smith sobbed as if her heart would break注意：as if及as though引导的从句也常用陈述语气，用以表示句中的情况可能会发生。6suppose与supposing两者有一些区别：suppose常表示想像的条件，用作虚拟条件句，有时也用陈述语气；supposing常表示可能的条件或事前的假设，因而常用陈述语气。例如：Suppose you were sent abroad to study，which country would you like to go?Suppose you had been in my position，could you have done otherwise?Suppose all who accepted the invitation actually come，will there be seats enough for them?7if only相当于I wish，意为“但愿；要是就好了”，常表示强烈的愿望或遗憾。例如：If only he were alive!If I could only see him at once!If only you had worked with great care!If only I had more money，I could buy some new books8for fear(that)由for fear(that)连接的从句总是使用虚拟语气，而且总是用于肯定结构。例如：Take an umbrella with you，for fear it may rain.Paul is studying hard for fear that he should fail to pass his examination9in case意为“以防(有某种情况)”，可用陈述语气和虚拟语气；case后的从句中如果用“should do”则表示发生这种情况的可能性很小(可译为“万一”)。例如：I stayed home in case you called.You must take your umbrella in case it rainsit should rain.三、名词性从句中使用虚拟语气用来表示要求、建议、劝告、命令、指示、主张等。从句中谓语可用“(should)+动词原形”形式。1主语从句中使用虚拟语气句型为“It is +要求引起虚拟的形容词或过去分词+主语从句”。常用的形容词和过去分词有：urgent，necessary，better，advisable，important，natural，strange，possible，probable，demanded，requested，required，desired，suggested，ordered等。例如：It is necessary that we (should) keep our room cleanIt is important that we (should) study a foreign languageIt is required that nobody (should) smoke here.2宾语从句中使用虚拟语气句型为“主语+要求跟虚拟从句的动词+虚拟宾语从句”。这类动词有：ask，advise，beg，demand，desire，determine，decide，deserve，insist(坚持)，intend，maintain，order，propose，prefer，recommend，require，suggest(建议)，urge等。例如：He insisted that the work (should) be started tomorrowThey requested that he (should) speak on the radio3表语从句和同位语从句中使用虚拟语气，这类虚拟语气主要由下列表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等名词引出，即：advice，desire，demand，idea，order，proposal，requirement，suggestion等。例如：I made a suggestion we (should) hold a meeting next weekMy idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference 虚拟语气考点回顾一条件句中的虚拟语气 条件句分真实条件句和虚拟条件句. 虚拟条件句一般表示与事实相反的 假设,或对不大可能发生的事情的假设. 虚拟的形式主要反映在条件句中谓语动词的时态上.If条件句中1. if 引导的条件句中，如果所说的与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其具体的规则如下：主句从句与现在事实相反Would/should/could+动词原形一般过去时与过去事实相反Would/should/could have done过去完成时与将来事实相反would/should/could/might/动词原型动词的过去式should +动词原型 were to +动词原型1) If I were you, I would not accept his offer. 如果我是你，就不会接受它的建议。2) If it should rain tomorrow, the race would be put off. 如果明天下雨，比赛将会推迟。3) If you had been more carefully, you would have passed.4) If it were not for the learning tower, the city of Pisa wouldnt be so famous. 如果没有斜塔的话，比萨称也不会这么有名。2混合时态虚拟语气很多情况下，从句和主句并不于同一时间的事实相反，这时需仔细判断其所述情景，运用适当的语气和时态。1) If you had followed my advice, your English would be much better. 如果你当时听了我的话，现在你的英语就会好得多了。（从句与过去事实想相反，主句与现在事实相反）2) If he werent a kind-hearted man, he wouldnt have helped such a man as you that day. （从句是与一般特性相反的假设，主句表示与过去事实相反的结局。）3) If it hadnt been for you, I would have to make another trip there tomorrow. 如不是你的话，我明天还要再走一趟。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与将来事实相反。)4)If I were you，I wouldnt have missed the film last night如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）5)If he had followed the doctors advice，he would recover already如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）3在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词had，should移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。例如：1)Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。2)Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。3) Should I get a rise, I would treat you to whisky.如果我能长工资，就请你喝威士忌。4有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如without， but for等）引出的短语、分词（如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。例如：1)But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work要不是你的劝告，我是不会做这份工作的。2)Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened，otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark显然维克多不知道发生了什么事情。不然的话，他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了。二Wish 后的宾语从句的虚拟语气1. 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：1). I wish (that可省略, 下同) I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2). I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. (wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)3). I wish I were a bird. (wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)4). When she was at the party, she wished she were at home. (wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)5). Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese. (wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)6). When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us. (will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)2. 对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：1). I wish (that可省略，下同) I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2). He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3). We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)4). I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)5). They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish, had + listened)(事实上并不如此)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have left是答案3. 对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：从句动词would/should/could/might + 动词原形(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：1). I wish it would stop raining. (虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)2). I wish you would be quiet. (would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)3). you wished she would arrive the next day. (would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)4). I wish she would change her mind. (would + change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)5). He will wish we would join him the following week. (would + join)(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)三、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：1. 表示“要求”的：Ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的： propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的：Decide, order表示“同意、坚持”的： insist1).The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2).He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.3).When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”( 当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)4).He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)5).One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：Order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command+. (Should) do1).I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.2).He insisted that he (should ) be sent there但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.1).she insists that she is right.2).she insisted that I should finish the work at once.或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。3).The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.2. 在和necessity， motion，order，proposal，recommendation，suggestion， insistence, demand,等词有关的同位语或表语从句中，谓语动词用动词原形或should 动词原形表示虚拟语气。例如：1) What do you think of his suggestion that we (should) put on a play.他建议我们演出一出剧，你觉得怎么样。2) Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained be taken into account before starting a new project我们强调在开始制定一个新的计划之前，必须把要达到的所有目标都考虑进去。3) He gave orders that everyone should turn in their weapons.他下令要求每个人把武器上交。3. 在某些It is 形容词that句型中，如It is important（necessary，essential， natural，desirable，unusual，pity，strange）that，that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词均用动词原形或should 动词原形来表示虚拟语气。例如：1) It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this college人们迫切地希望能给这个学院派一个新院长。2) It is strange that the girl（should）be so arrogant真奇怪，这个女孩竟会如此傲慢。3) Its necessary that we should know how to operate the computer.4. 在It is ordered（suggested，demanded，moved，planned等）that这个句型中，that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气形式，谓语动词用动词原形或should 动词原形。例如：1) It is moved that Lucy give a performance at the party有人提议露茜在晚会上表演一个节目。2) It was suggested that more teachers（should）be sent there to help them有人建议派更多的老师去那儿帮助他们。四. as if as though可以引出一个状语从句也可以引出一个表语从句。当as if as though跟在be，feel，look，seem ，sound等系动词之后时，引导的是表语从句；如果主句的谓语动词不是联系动词be等，as if though引导的则是方式状语从句。无论是哪种类型的从句，只要从句的内容是不真实的，都须用虚拟语气。 如从句中的谓语动词表示与主句的谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时 如从句中的谓语动词表示与主句的谓语动词同时发生的动作，用过去进行时 如从句中的谓语动词先于主句的谓语动词发生，则用过去完成时 如从句中的谓语动词后于主句的谓语动词发生，则用would/might +动词原型例如：1)I feel as if I were going to faint我感到我像要昏过去似的。（与现在事实相反的表语从句）2)She cried as if her heart could be broken她哭的好像心都要碎了。（与将来可能相反的主语从句）3) They talked as if they had known each other for a long time.4) He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they didnt exist.5) He heard some sound as if someone were breathing.6) They talked as if something terrible might happen.五. 在It is（about high）time引导的定语从句中，也可以根据需要使用虚拟语气，用以表示（此刻）该做.而没有做的意思，其谓语动词用过去时或should 动词原形（用should时，不能将其省略）。在It is the first(second, third) time that中用现在完成时（have /has don）例如：1)It is time I should leave我该走了。2)It is about time that you got（should get） dressed你该穿衣服了。3) It is the second time that I have come to Beijing.六. if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构，现在已成为惯用法，表达愿望。从句用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望；对过去没有实现或不能实现的愿望，从句就用过去完成时。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件，常译成要是.就好了！例如：1)If only I had taken mothers advice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。2)If only I could speak several foreign languages我要是能讲几种外语就好了。七. 在以in order that，so that，lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用may（might）动词原形或should 动词原形。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用should 动词原形。例如：1)She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her sick mother她在家里呆了好几天，以便能照顾生病的母亲。2)The teacher explained the sentences again and again in order that the students could understand them clearly老师一再解释这些句子以便学生能够清楚地理解。八. 在would（had）rather（would sooner，would as soon）宾语从句句型中，要求后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望，其从句谓语动词用一般过去时。例如：1)I would rather you came next Friday我希望你下周五来。2)Id just as soon you didnt speak rudely to her我真希望你别对她那么粗鲁地讲话。3)Id rather no one had told me the truth. (与过去相反)九. 虚拟语气在其他情况下的应用1虚拟语气用在口语中，使语气显得客气委婉。这是谓语多用should, would, could, might +do的形式。（1）陈述自己的看法It would be a shame to stop the work halfway.半途而废就太遗憾了。I dont think he would be so careless. 我想他或许不至于这样粗心吧。I should be glad to talk to him. 我愿意和他谈谈。This is something I should advise you not to do. 我看你还是不这样做的好。上面的句子如果用陈述语气，就会显得很肯定，有时甚至显得不够虚心或自以为是。不过在很熟的人之间也可以不用虚拟语气。（2）提出请求或邀请。1. Would you mind turning the light on?2. Would you like to come and spend the weekend with us.?3. Would you leave a note for me.?4. Could you come a litter earlier next time?（3）提出建议或劝告1. You had better leave the matter to me.2. You might as well put the meeting off for a couple of days.3. Perhaps you could get better results this way.（4）提出问题1. What would you advise me to do?2. Which seat might I take?3. Do you think you could spare us a few minutes?4. Could you leave your telephone number with us?（5）表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy!祝你快乐！、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如：(1).Long lives the people! 人民万岁！(2). “God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！十. 未曾实现的意图或希望表达法1. 过去进行时表示未曾实现的安排.We were interviewing the professor the next afternoon, but he went to Nanjing.我本打算第二天下午采访那位教授，但他去南京了。Oh! I was sending her a present this morning, but I forgot all about it.我本打算今天上午给她送个礼物，但是全给忘了。-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday?-I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.2.可以用think, expect, suppose, hope, believe 等动词的过去完成时接宾语从句来表示未曾实现的意图，安排或希望。We had hoped that we would be able to see more of Yancheng, but time didnt permit.我们本来希望在盐城多看一些地方，但是时间不允许。He had thought the train would have left by the time he arrived at the station.他原以为在她到达火车站是火车已经离开了。3Had better +have done 结构表示“最好”；would rather +have done结构表示“但愿/宁愿。”I would rather have gone to the lecture last Sunday. 上星期我宁愿去听讲座。We had better have gone to the zoo that day. 要是那天我们去了动物园就好了。4.动词不定式的完成式用于was /were 后表示本来准备做而实际上未做的动作。We were to have come to see you the day before yesterday, but we were too busy.我们本打算前天来看你，但是太忙了。He was to have come to our party yesterday, but his brother came.他昨天本来准备参加我们的聚会，但是她哥哥来了。5Would +have done结构，后面加上but 通常也用来表示过去本来想做但是实际上未曾做的动作。We would have come to see Mr. Zhang, but we were asked by our maths teacher.我们本来要来看望张先生，但是被数学老师叫去了。6Would love/like to have done结构表示本来打算做但实际上未能完成的动作。I would like to have gone to your dinner party laet night, but I had to prepare an article.I would love to have gone to the cinema yesterday evening, but I had too much homework.十一. 情态动词+have done结构。1 could加完成式用于肯定句时，一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。You could have completed the task a little earlier.你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.我本可以轻易通过考试，