专业英语翻译.doc

第五章So What is Cloud Computing? We see Cloud Computing as a computing model, not a technology. In this model “customers” plug into the “cloud” to access IT resources which are priced and provided “on-demand”. Essentially, IT resources are rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are used by tenants. Delivered over an Internet connection, the “cloud” replaces the company data center or server providing the same service. Thus, Cloud Computing is simply IT services sold and delivered over the Internet. Refer to section of Types of Cloud Computing. Cloud Computing vendors combine virtualization (one computer hosting several “virtual” servers), automated provisioning (servers have software installed automatically), and Internet connectivity technologies to provide the service1. These are not new technologies but a new name applied to a collection of older (albeit updated) technologies that are packaged, sold and delivered in a new way. A key point to remember is that, at the most basic level, your data resides on someone elses server(s). This means that most concerns (and there are potentially hundreds) really come down to trust and control issues. Do you trust them with your data? 那么，什么是云计算？我们看到云计算作为一种计算模式，而不是一个技术。在这种模式的“客户”到“云”访问它的价格和“按需”提供的资源插件。从本质上讲，IT资源之间的大部分写字楼，公寓，或存储空间的多个租户租用和共享，是由住户使用。 “云”通过Internet连接传递，取代该公司的数据中心或服务器提供相同的服务。因此，云计算是简单地在互联网上销售和交付IT服务。是指部分类型的云计算。云计算厂商将虚拟化（一台电脑主机多个“虚拟”的服务器），自动配置（服务器有软件自动安装），互联网连接技术，提供的服务1。这些都不是新技术，但一个新的名字（虽然更新）适用于老年人的集合打包，销售和技术提供一种新的方式。关键的一点要记住的是，在最基本的层面上，您的数据驻留在别人的服务器（S）。这意味着，最关心的（和有潜在的数百个）真的来了，信任和控制问题。你信任你的数据呢？The Economics Economies of scale and skill drive Cloud Computing economics. As with rented Real Estate, the costs of ownership are pooled and spread among all tenants of the multi-tenant Cloud Computing solution. Consequentially, acquisition costs are low but tenants never own the technology asset and might face challenges if they need to “move” or end the service for any reason2. Something that is often overlooked when evaluating Cloud Computing costs is the continued need to provide LAN services that are robust enough to support the Cloud solution. These costs are not always small. For example, if you have 6 or more workstation computers, you will probably need to continue to maintain a server in a domain controller role (to ensure name resolution), at least one switch (to connect all of the computers to each other and the router), one or more networked printers, and the router for the Internet connection. What do I need to use Cloud Computing? All that is really needed to acquire and use Cloud Computing solutions is a credit card (or other payment method) and a LAN with an Internet connection robust enough to support the Cloud delivered service. These two requirements are deceptively simple. From a technical point of view the biggest challenge for businesses, particularly SMBs, may be the need for an appropriately robust LAN infrastructure and Internet connection. Typically, Internet access is provided by a single commercial service ISP provider through a single port on a router. A characteristic of this type installation is that all of the computers connecting through the LAN share the Internet bandwidth equally. This can quickly become an issue. 经济学规模经济和技能驱动云计算经济学。与出租房地产，所有权的费用汇集和传播的多租户云计算解决方案的所有住户之间。作出相应，收购成本低，但住户从未拥有的技术资产，并可能面临的挑战，如果他们需要“移动”，或因任何原因终止服务2。评估云计算成本时，常常被忽视的东西，是需要继续提供网络服务，这是强大到足以支持云解决方案。这些费用并非总是很小。例如，如果你有6个或更多的工作站电脑，你可能会需要继续保持在一个域控制器角色的服务器（确保名称解析），至少有一个开关（连接所有的计算机和对方的路由器），一个或多个网络打印机和互联网连接的路由器。使用云计算我需要什么？真正需要购买和使用云计算解决方案，是一个信用卡（或其他付款方式）和一个强大到足以支持云提供的服务与互联网连接的局域网。看似简单的这两项要求。从技术角度查看企业面临的最大挑战，尤其是中小型企业，可能需要适当强大的网络基础设施和互联网连接。通常情况下，互联网接入提供一个单一的商业服务的ISP提供商通过在路由器上的单个端口。这种类型的安装的一个特点是，所有的计算机通过局域网共享连接互联网的带宽同样。这能迅速成为一个问题。Types of Cloud Computing SaaS (Software As A Service) Is the most widely known and widely used form of cloud computing. It provides all the functions of a sophisticated traditional application to many customers and often thousands of users, but through a Web browser, not a “locally-installed” application4. Little or no code is running on the Users local computer and the applications are usually tailored to fulfill specific functions. SaaS eliminates customer worries about application servers, storage, application development and related, common concerns of IT. Highest-profile examples are S, Googles Gmail and Apps, instant messaging from AOL, Yahoo and Google, and VoIP from Vonage and Skype. PaaS (Platform as a Service) Delivers virtualized servers on which customers can run existing applications or develop new ones without having to worry about maintaining the operating systems, server hardware, load balancing or computing capacity. These vendors provide APIs or development platforms to create and run applications in the cloud e.g. using the Internet. Managed Service providers with application services provided to IT departments to monitor systems and downstream applications such as virus scanning for e-mail are frequently included in this category5. Well known providers would include Microsofts Azure, Salesforces F, Google Maps, ADP Payroll processing, and US Postal Service offerings. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Delivers utility computing capability, typically as raw virtual servers, on demand that customers configure and manage. Here Cloud Computing provides grids or clusters or virtualized servers, networks, storage and systems software, usually (but not always) in a multitenant architecture. IaaS is designed to augment or replace the functions of an entire data center. This saves cost (time and expense) of capital equipment deployment but does not reduce cost of configuration, integration or management and these tasks must be performed remotely. Vendors would include A (Elastic Compute Cloud EC2 and Simple Storage), IBM and other traditional IT vendors.云计算的类型的SaaS（软件作为服务）是云计算最广为人知的和广泛使用的形式。它提供了一个复杂的传统应用程序的所有功能，许多客户和经常成千上万的用户，但不是一个“本地安装”应用程序通过Web浏览器，4。很少或根本没有代码，用户的本地计算机上运行的应用程序通常是量身定制，以满足特定功能。 SaaS的消除对应用服务器，存储，应用软件开发和相关的共同关心的问题，IT客户的后顾之忧。最引人注目的例子是S，谷歌的Gmail和Apps，从AOL，雅虎和谷歌即时消息，并从Vonage和Skype的VoIP。的PaaS（平台即服务）提供虚拟服务器上的客户可以运行现有的应用程序，而不必担心维护的操作系统，服务器硬件，负载均衡或计算能力或开发新的。这些供应商提供API或开发平台来创建和运行在云中的应用 - 例如使用互联网。应用服务托管服务提供商提供的IT部门监控系统和下游应用，如电子邮件病毒扫描经常被包括在这一类5。众所周知的供应商将包括微软的Azure，Salesforce的F，谷歌地图，ADP薪资处理，美国邮政服务产品。的IaaS（基础设施即服务）提供实用的计算能力，通常作为原始的虚拟服务器上的需求，客户的配置和管理。在这里，云计算提供网格或集群或虚拟服务器，网络，存储和系统软件，通常在一个多租户架构（但不总是）。 IaaS是设计，以增加或更换整个数据中心的职能。这样可以节省资本设备部署的成本（时间和费用），但不降低配置，整合或管理成本，这些任务必须远程执行。供应商将包括亚马逊（弹性计算云EC2上和简单存储），IBM和其他传统的IT厂商第六章The term Internet of Things appears to have been coined by a member of the RFID development community circa 2000, who referred to the possibility of discovering information about a tagged object by browsing an Internet address or database entry that corresponds to a particular RFID. Since that time, visionaries have seized on the phrase “Internet of Things” to refer to the general idea of things, especially everyday objects, that are readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable, and/or controllable via the Internetwhether via RFID, wireless LAN, wide-area network, or other means. Everyday objects includes not only the electronic devices we encounter everyday, and not only the products of higher technological development such as vehicles and equipment, but things that we do not ordinarily think of as electronic at allsuch as food, clothing, and shelter; materials, parts, and subassemblies; commodities and luxury items; landmarks, boundaries, and monuments; and all the miscellany of commerce and culture. Although analysts define the IoT in terms of connected everyday objects, the nature of the connection remains to be determined. A two-way connection by means of the Internet Protocol constitutes the ideal case, but the originators of the IoT concept appear to have emphasized a simpler model of RFID query and response. The IoT will be inextricable from sensor networks that monitor things but do not control things. Both connected everyday objects and sensor networks both leverage a common set of technological advances toward miniature, power-efficient sensing, processing, and wireless communication. Analysts commonly describe two distinct modes of communication in the Internet of Things: thing to person and thing-to-thing communication.长期上网的事情似乎已经由RFID发展社区大约2000年，谁发现通过浏览互联网地址或数据库条目对应一个特定的RFID标签对象的信息的可能性的成员创造。自那时以来，高瞻远瞩，抓住了那句“物联网”指的事情，尤其是日常的对象，是通过互联网无论是通过RFID的可读性，可识别，可定位，可寻址，和/或可控的总体思路，无线局域网，广域网，或其他手段。日常物品包括电子设备不仅我们遇到的日常生活，不仅较高的技术开发的产品，如车辆和设备，但是，我们通常不认为所有这些，如电子，食品，服装，住房的东西;材料，零件和组件;商品和奢侈品;地标，边界，古迹;所有的商业和文化的杂物。虽然分析师定义IOT，连日常物品连接的性质仍有待确定。通过互联网协议的双向连接，构成了理想的情况下，但物联网概念的始作俑者似乎都强调了RFID的查询和响应简单的模型。物联网将是不可分割传感器网络监控的东西，但不控制的东西。首尾相连的日常物体和传感器网络都利用一套共同对微型，低功耗传感，处理，无线通信技术的进步。分析家普遍描述了两种不同的通信联网模式：事情和事情的东西的人沟通。Thing-to-person (and person-to-thing) communications encompasses a number of technologies and applications wherein people interact with things and vice versa, including remote access to objects by humans, and objects (sometimes called “blogjects”) that continuously report their status, whereabouts, and sensor data. Thing-to-thing communications encompasses technologies and applications wherein everyday objects and infrastructure interact with no human originator, recipient, or intermediary. Objects can monitor other objects, take corrective actions, and notify or prompt humans as required. Machine-to-machine communication is a subset of thing-to-thing communication; but machine-to-machine communication often exists within large-scale IT systems and so encompasses things that may not qualify as “everyday objects”.Developers and visionaries have described a number of concepts that are distinct yet closely related to the IoT. Sensor networks need not be connected to the Internet and indeed often reside in remote sites, vehicles, and buildings having no Internet connection. Smart dust is a term that some have used to express a vision of tiny, wireless-connected sensors; more recently, others use the term to describe any of several technologies that range from the size of a pack of gum to a pack of cigarettes, and that are widely available to system developers. One may think of the vision of tiny instances of smart dust as a Disruptive Technologies development that will arise after a long period of IoT evolution, during which a number of disruptions are foreseeable well before usable wireless sensors shrink to the size of gravel.事到人（人事）通讯包括一些技术和应用，其中人用的东西，反之亦然，包括人类的远程访问的对象，和对象（有时称为“blogjects”）连续报道互动他们的身份，行踪和传感器数据。事情的东西通讯，包括技术和应用，其中日常物品和基础设施，没有人类的鼻祖，收件人，或中介互动。可以监视其他对象的对象，采取纠正措施，并通知或提示人类所需。机对机通信的事情，事情沟通的一个子集，但机器对机器通信，往往存在于大型IT系统等包含的东西，可能没有资格作为“日常物品”。开发者和梦想家所描述的一些独特而又密切相关的物联网的概念是。传感器网络需要互联网连接，的确经常驻留在远程站点，车辆，建筑物有没有互联网连接。智能灰尘是长远一些用来表达一个微小的，无线连接的传感器的视野;最近，别人用这个词来描述任何几个技术，范围从一包口香糖大小的一包香烟，而且是广泛地提供给系统开发。有人可能会认为智能灰尘微小的情况下，作为一个颠覆性技术的发展，将出现长时间后物联网的演变，在这期间的中断数量是前缩小到可用的无线传感器砾石的大小可预见的视力。 Ubiquitous positioning describes technologies for locating objects that may reside anywhere, including indoors and underground locations where satellite signals may be unavailable or otherwise inadequate. Biometrics enables technology to recognize people and other living things, rather than inanimate objects. Connected everyday objects could recognize authorized users by means of fingerprint, voiceprint, iris scan, or other biometric technology. Machine vision is an approach to the IoT that can monitor objects having no onboard sensors, controllers, or wireless interfaces. Progress in the following technologies will contribute to the development of the IoT: Machine-to-machine interfaces and protocols of electronic communication set the rules of engagement for two or more nodes on a network. Microcontrollers are computer chips that are designed to be embedded into objects other than computers. Wireless communication is familiar to most people in the developed world. Many different wireless technologies have the potential to play important roles in the IoT including short-range and long-range channels; as well as bidirectional and unidirectional channels. Wireless devices identify themselves; in practice virtually all wireless Internet devices contain unique identifiers, including all cell phones and Wi-Fi clients. However, see the next bullet.无所不在的定位描述为定位对象可能驻留在任何地方，包括室内和地下的卫星信号的地方可能无法或其他不足的技术。生物识别技术识别人及其他生活的东西，而不是无生命的物体。连日常的对象可以识别授权用户指纹，声纹，虹膜扫描，或其他生物识别技术的手段。机器视觉是一种方法，可以监控对象，有没有板载传感器，控制器，或无线接口的IOT。在下面的技术进步，将有助于物联网的发展：机器对机器的电子通讯接口和协议设置为两个或两个以上的节点在网络上的交战规则。微控制器被设计为嵌入到比电脑的其他对象的计算机芯片。无线通信是在发达世界的大多数人所熟悉。许多不同的无线技术有可能在IOT发挥的重要作用，包括短距离和长距离通道;以及双向和单向通道。无线设备确定自己在实践中，几乎所有的无线上网设备包含唯一标识符，包括所有的手机和Wi-Fi客户端。然而，看到未来的子弹。RFID technology resembles an electronic barcode that a reader device can detect even without line of sight. Some RFID readers can identify multiple objects concurrently. And some RFID tag-reader architectures support security features such as requiring a human operator to input a challenge code before decoding an ID. RFID have varying sizes, power requirements, operating frequencies, amounts of rewriteable and nonvolatile storage, and software intelligence; ranges vary from a few cm to hundreds of meters. However, larger devices having an internal power source tend to operate at longer ranges; conversely, smaller devices having no internal power source (RF engineers say they are illuminated by the reader device, much as a radar illuminates a target) tend to operate at shorter ranges. Also, architectures that support more storage, rewriteability, and processing tend to cost more than simpler architectures. Energy harvesting technologies capture small but usable amounts of electrical energy from the environment. Current energy-harvesting R&D concentrates on adventitious temperature variations, ambient sound and vibration, and ambient RF. Unlike passive RFIDs, which simply resonate when illuminated, an energy-harvesting transducer produces electrical power that runs a microcontroller, sensor, and/or network interface in whole or part. Technically, energy harvesting transducers respond not only to adventitious sources but also to intentional transmissions of power, say, via RF and acoustic channels. A dramatic example of intentional transmission of power via RF channel: MITs recent “Witricity” demonstration of closely-coupled resonators, enabling relatively efficient wireless power transfers over a distance of a few feet.Sensors detect changing attributes in the environment and report them to a system;sensor networks aim to exploit the benefits of sensing at more than one location. Sensors are a type of transducer that must produce the miniscule amount of power required to convey information at a usable error rate. Sound, light, atmospheric conditions, vibrations, and other environmental signals are all fair game for sensordesigners.RFID技术类似于一个电子条码，读卡设备，甚至可以检测无视线。一些RFID阅读器可以同时识别多个物体。和一些RFID标签阅读器的架构支持安全功能，如需要人为操作，解码之前输入一个ID是一个挑战代码。 RFID技术有不同的大小，功率要求，工作频率，可重写的非易失性存储金额，和软件的情报;范围从几厘米到几百米不等。然而，大型设备，有一个内部电源往往在较长的范围经营;反之，较小的设备，有没有内部电源（RF工程师说，他们照亮读者的设备，就像一个雷达照亮目标）往往在较短的操作范围。此外，架构，支持更多的存储空间，rewriteability和处理往往要花费超过简单的架构。能量收集技术从环境捕获量小，但可用的电能。目前的能源收获的研发集中在温度变化不定，环境声音和振动，环境射频。能量采集传感器与RFID的被动，只是共鸣照亮时，产生电力运行的微控制器，传感器，和/全部或部分或网络接口。从技术上讲，能量采集传感器不仅不定的来源，但也故意传输功率，说，通过射频和声学渠道。最近麻省理工学院的“WiTricity技术”的紧密耦合谐振器的示范，使超过几英尺的距离相对高效的无线电力传输：通过射频通道传输功率故意戏剧性的例子。传感器检测环境中不断变化的属性和汇报制度;传感器网络的目标是利用多个位置传感的好处。传感器是传感器的类型，必须出示微乎其微的权力需要一个可用的错误率在传达的信息。声，光，大气条件下，振动，和其他环境信号都是公平的游戏所有的sensordesigners的。 Actuators detect an incoming signal and respond by changing something in the environment. For example, a relay is an actuator that toggles a mechanical switch, and can thus cause a good number of responses to occur such as enabling illumination, heating system, audible alarm, and so on. Actuators such as motors, pneumatics, and hydraulics can move objects and pump fluids.Location technology helps people and machines find things and determines their physical whereabouts. Sensors play a role in dead reckoning, but that approach does not satisfy practical needs for geolocation, resulting in the rise of wireless approaches including GPS (which is often augmented by other signals) and cellular towers. Fixed or orbiting transmitters have known locations. They broadcast timing signals, and receiving devices triangulate by calculating the amount of delay from each transmitter. Radar, lidar, and sonar can detect relative locations of things, depending on their electromagnetic, optical, and acoustic properties. And some things transmit their own radio, light, and/or sound in order to disclose their whereabouts to people and machines. Software comprises a broad domain of development. Development of the IoT will rely on many dimensions of software capabilities including distributed execution, self-describing data structures, and more. No theoretical framework exists to circumscribe the limits of software development, leading to speculation about software that emulates human reasoning and performs tasks on behalf of people. Regardless of the merit of long-awaited artificial intelligence, software will no doubt help future users make sense of complex data sets collected from networks of everyday objects and sensors.驱动器检测输入信号和响应不断变化的环境中的东西。例如，一个继电器是一个机械开关执行器，切换，从而可以引起良好的反应发生，如使照明，供热系统，发出声光报警，等等。如电机，气动，液压作动器，可移动物体和泵油。定位技术可帮助人与机器找东西，并确定他们的身体下落。传感器在航位推算中发挥了作用，但这种做法不符合实际需要的地理位置，导致无线方式的兴起，包括全球定位系统（通常是由其它信号增强）和蜂窝塔。固定或轨道发射机已知位置。他们播出的定时信号，接收设备，通过计算从每个发射器的延迟量三角。雷达，激光雷达，声纳可以探测事物的相对位置，取决于其电磁，光学，声学特性。有些事情，发送自己的电台，光，和/或声音，人与机器，以透露他们的下落。软件包括一个广阔的发展领域。物联网的发展将依靠软件功能的许多方面，包括分布式执行，自我描述的数据结构，以及更多。没有理论框架存在外接软件开发的限制，导致投机软件模拟人类推理和履行人民代表的任务。无论是期待已久的人工智能的优点，软件无疑将有助于未来的用户感，复杂的数据集从日常生活中的对象和传感器网络收集。第十一章Agent-oriented techniques represent an exciting new means of analyzing, designing and building complex software systems. They