GRE的结构化阅读2009年版 陈虎平--2008-12-17.doc

GRE的结构化阅读2009年版陈虎平Purposes 整体结构把握（段落之间 意群之间） 并列结构 对比结构 让步转折结构（句间关系） 常见考点把握（比较或对比 极端语言 中间人名 中间负评价/态度） 长句分析 题干分析 定位 语言变换与逻辑变换 选项差异比较Readings GRE阅读理解教程（阅读黄皮书）Preliminary Schedule 1-2 文章类型 首句与however句；特殊语言；基本题型及解法 选项的语言和逻辑变换p. 2 (sex ratios)3-4 p. 27(migration), 54(agrarian discontent), 72(starry flounder), 74(Olsens heritage); 76(more features), 80(nonelite study), 82-3(Wagners contribution), 89 (slavery, 结构)结构分析总结5-6 p. 94(Islamic law), 102(taboos), 104(vent food); 117(peptide hormones), 128(solar activity), 132 (archaeological finds, 结构)论点说明 现象解释/问题解决 题干分析总结7-8 p. 137(population growth), 142(not revolutionary), 147(pollination); 151(internal conflicts), 154(African music), 158(immigration), 165(snails)新老对比 9-10p. 167-8(womens status), 175(consumer revolution), 183(rhetoric), 185(flippers); 188(autonomous philosophy), 197(landmark), 205(Milky Way), 209(normoglycemia)复习安排MethodologyaGRE考试的学习方法bGRE阅读与其它考试的阅读阅读单词难度句子长度结构复杂文章类型academic 题型standardized 选项难度TOEFL 中18-20中moderately extremely 低GRE GMAT 中20-25高high high 高 LSAT中25-30极高extremely high 高 Time Economist高n/a极低non: narrative n/a n/a An Introduction to Structural Reading文章来源：学术期刊、著作文章类型：physical sciences, biological sciences, social sciences, humanities 无须背景、头脑空白 presentation and argumentation 论证：论点关系 1。GRE学术文章的基本模式（文章展开的方式 = KW之间的关系; PASSAGE）开篇/TW发展/KW态度/AWTS & CS现象解释phenomenon, fact;(problem, difficultypuzzle, question)Phen. (Prob.)1st explanation=kw1aw: -2nd interpretation=kw2 (solutions, way)有时TW=Phen. / Prob. Authors expl. (TD) 前负后正TS: explain +现象; way +问题首段首(末)句CS: 少见新老对比has been, traditionally, until recently; however, recentlyfrequently, widely, many however, now kw老however+反驳=aw-kw新 (TD)(评价)老：否定或次要新：正评价TS: 反驳或新观点however句 二段段首或一段后半部分CS: 少见 论点说明Thesis Dev.is, remain, prove + adj. can, may, should, must attitude words: +, -; recent study Thesis (TW)subthesis 1 = kw1subthesis 2 = kw2(Conclusion)作者自己观点TS = Thesis 首段某句，多为首末句 CS: 较短末段(=TS) 无TS CS: 综合各段主题 综合各段首句例文（p. 2, Q7; p. 10, Q1, 5; p. 23, Q 5）。主题 结构 态度 必考内容TW, TS, CS, KW, AW的位置：文章/段落/意群的前后场。并列负评价例外(AW: aw1, aw2, aw3)最重要是KW AW 各段首句 and/or however句四大原则 先文后题：题文；首句中间；主干修饰；主句从句结构与位置Main idea, supporting details (contrast and comparison) concession(Conclusion) KW(ts) a b c (cs)两步法：a. 各段首句 搭建基本框架b. 各段首句（第二遍）+ 中间内容略读 + 转折内容读如首句难点：两个意群：1/2处分隔；段落中间的对比和让步转折结构首段首句变化（曲折引入主题：从2 3 4段反推或在首段末尾）2段落模式 （KW展开的方式 = a b c 句子之间的关系; PARAGRAPH）首句线索词与句间关联词把握重点考题并列首句名词复数=NPsIn addition, Moreover, also another, furthermore并列所属的大主题分角度：并列词时间并列：时间负评价并列：否定词in order to主题首末句列举 并列内容之一因果机制首句 process, mechanism 中间各句: 连续动词，辅以时间顺序，表述physical process首句最后结果或关键步骤细节结果意群末句对比对象对比时间对比范围对比首句 differ, distinguish等词On the contrary, however,on the other hand, different,In contrast, alternative, other. 首句 new, development等词Until recently; recently Most; recent/new 特殊论证方式not, but Although, . Granted, However, . one may argue that, but. 对比的一对反义词有无对比或程度对比一对反义词否定 - 肯定 让步 - 转折(anticipate objections)细节小KW对比内容（谁和谁比, 比的什么）A-B相互取非一对反义词细节标记答案出现对比词( while, though, without, unlike, not the same ) 关联词（Linking Words）是把握段落以至文章结构的钥匙。并列关联词：要求大主题与作者态度都一致。对比关联词：对比双方同等重要。转折关联词：不仅表示两个观点之间的对比关系，而且确定后者否定前者。nevertheless, nonetheless: however, but, yet：1. 在观点之后，表示否定，如however + fail to；2. 转换主题：背景+Yet新主题；转换态度：并列内容；but另一并列内容3. 递进：a b c / Many factors, but X。存目：第三层 = 句子展开的方式 = 子句之间的关系 句子的把握原则，参考长难句分析 Skills & Solutions3读文章的重点与标记重点：文章主题词、段落关键词、态度词汇、结论句；关联词 TW, KW, AW, CS=TS; LW 首句 + however句其中态度词特别重要 段落首末句 + 下段首句 考点：常考的特殊语言 可以适当记下位置标记GRE常考的特殊语言：意群或段落中间人名、物种名 首字母提炼 Hargrave and Geen: H.G; cladocerans: c 便于定位比较与对比 like, unlike, contrast, rather than, more than, on the other hand 数字比较 连续数字出现 时间比较 过去与现在 让步 although, though, while; despite, in spite of + NPdid/does, has, may/might, may/might seem, there might be, there is some evidenceof course, certainly; undoubtedly, no doubt, no problemIt is true that, to be sure, Granted; this is not to deny 无上述提示词而突然出现的相反态度或内容为让步1: TS x; 2: KW1+ a bP c doe; 3: KW2- x yH z KW3 CS3+; 4: CS1 CS2. 4题型及基本解法核心题问主题或态度或结构。定位到TW, TS, CS, KW, AW解题 各段首句（有时看首段but句；末句）1主题与结构题 题干有如下形式。定位到TW, TS, CS, KW, AW. 可问内容或结构。The primary purpose of the passage is toThe author of the passage is primarily concerned with discussingWhich of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization? 有TS，定位TS，并特别注意TS中的NP。无TS，则1) 找CS；无CS，2) 综合各段TS，即综合各段首句（和首段的however句）注意：AW态度错误；NP错；片面KW错；行文顺序错误（前文 and 后文）。2态度题 选项为态度词。定位到AW：文章、段落、意群前后场+下段首句混合评价的选项 1) but, though, without, while, despite，不能用and 联结2) qualified agreement, tempered by, guarded, restrained, partially, critically, reservation 混合评价的定位方向：各段首句不同态度的综合、含有态度的让步转折、中间态度词（少见） 注意：态度相反、主要态度相反、态度正确但内容不符。3写法EXCEPT题 题干问哪种方法原文没有使用。排除法解题。# 每道核心题必定位，切忌凭印象做题。选项设计存在陷阱（a+b+c vs. a+b+x）；必须对照TS各个成分，特别NP。信息题发问对象涉及多句或全文内容。解法：a) 核心排除TS/CS排除首末句排除（2-3个与主题无关、与结论相反、与态度相反）b) NP再定位KW? 比较各段首句KW，确定段落。典型错误：新否定 新比较 most, only, more than. 4信息题The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers? 此处pressure本为某段主题，故全段定位The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions? 全文定位定点题题干往往出现according to, infer, imply, suggest等词，考察某句内容，不牵涉上下文。定位之后直接将原句改写即为正确答案。答案为原句的语言变换（+）逻辑变换做题步骤：题干分析回文定位预想答案对照选项/在选项中找答案中心词。切忌先读选项。优先定位段落常考语言。定位后找出答案中心词，以中心词排除3个选项；剩余2个选项如有相似成分，比较其差异，再以差异定位。5细节题=直接事实题针对某一细节内容发问。提炼题干名词，比较各段首句KW，确定定位段落后再到段中寻找。答案为定位句的句法改写、或说逐字逐句改写，最常见为同义词改写。例1Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living (35)at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logicalthinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space.The passage suggests that to consider people asthinking machines (line 37)is to consider them as(A) beings separated from a historical context(B) replaceable parts of a larger social machine(C) more complex than other animals(D) liars rather than honest people(E) infallible in their reasoning例2Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have(A) scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite(B) indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice(C) focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feelings of different social groups toward crime and the law(D) been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts (E) been based for the most part on the trial testimony of police and other legal authorities6列举题连续列举 原文连续并列三到四个内容，题干问哪个没有提到：mention/cite/refer to/state EXCEPT 论据列举 原文存在并列证据，题干问作者提到哪个是缺陷或原因，答案为并列其中之一。例3Although much has been accomplished for the modern period, premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory.All of the following are stated by the author as problems connected with the sources for knowledge of premodern cultures EXCEPT (A) partial completeness (B) restricted accessibility (C) difficulty of interpretation (D) limited quantity (E) tendency toward contradiction例4Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and are necessary for many plants to thrive, but they have escaped widespread investigation until recently for two reasons. First, the symbiotic association is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living root.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following has been a factor influencing the extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has progressed? (A) Lack of funding for such research (B) Lack of immediate application of such research (C) Lack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi (D) Difficulties surrounding laboratory production of specimens for study (E) Difficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers7改善取非题 A不好，因为B；问怎样A会好，答“非B”。原文存在负评价，多在段落末尾或下段首句，有时因KW后的证据压缩，AW出现在段中。题干问如果怎样，文中某个观点会得到改进：if, would have been more convincing / would be improved）。would与+AW一起，暗示发问对象有缺陷，缺陷是负评价-AW，一定在意群的前后场。态度的另一种考法。 解法：定位缺陷、找出原因、取非原因或缺陷例5The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae. It can be inferred from the passage that the “first theories” of grazer control mentioned in line 4 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to (A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions (B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research (C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton (D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers (E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control例6Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various worksyet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt (A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction (B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors (C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history (D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition (E) assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically8 In order to / 作用题针对原文任何内容，问其在语境中（context）的作用。题干问文中提到某个句子成分、句子、观点为了干什么。题干常用词：in order to, serve to, intend.解法：所问对象指向的上一层主题。答案多往前找，偶尔也在后文。此类题极其常见。技巧：如问到例子的作用，答案就是它所说明的论点，答案常有 illustrate 或 give an example of。例7Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.The author mentions “common currency” in line 26 primarily in order to emphasize the (A) lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings (B) similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience (C) similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system (D) continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system (E) recurrent questioning by scientists of an accepted explanation about the nervous system例8According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on (italics mine).The description in lines 32-38 of an experiment in which electric stimuli were applied to different sensory fields of the cerebral cortex tends to support the theory that (A) the simple presence of different cortical areas cannot account for the diversity of mental experience (B) variation in spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses correlates with variation in subjective experience (C) nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous and are relatively unaffected as they travel through the nervous system (D) the mental experiences produced by sensory nerve impulses are determined by the cortical area activated (E) variation in neuron types affects the quality of nerve impulses例9In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to (A) point out affinities between Rosenblatts method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism (B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage (C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatts book made in the first paragraph of the passage (D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatts literary analysis (E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatts work次要定点题型 泛指：可归入细节题推理题型 逻辑、类比、举例应用：答案有原文未出现内容。也可归入细节题。重点：文章的三种模式；把握KW AW TW TS CS；6种题型，定位，语言和逻辑变换专项能力训练提纲How are Long and Difficult S