名词用法解.doc

名词用法讲解一、 名词的定义名词：名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。Lily(人), desk(事), London(地), time(抽)二、 名词的分类1、 名词分为专有名词和普通名词专有名词：表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称。Mark Twain, China, Eiffel Tower普通名词：表示某些人、某类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。worker, tree, water, peace1） 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。car, horse, fan2） 集体名词：表示一群人或一类事物的名称。family, class, police, army, people3） 物质名词：表示具体的物质或不确定形状和大小物质。air, water, tea, fire4） 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。health, love, friendship注意：个体名词和集体名词是可数名词，物质和抽象名词是不可数名词。2、 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词可数名词：可数名词有单复数之分，表示一个或多个。1）a book, an apple, ten birds, three hundred and sixty-five days2）few/a few/some/many/lots of/a lot of/a number ofpeople不可数名词：不分单复数。1）a cup of coffee, three glasses of tea2）little/a little/some/much/lots of/a lot of/a great deal ofwater兼作可数名词和不可数名词：有少数词既可以作可数名词，也可以作不可数名词，但含义不同。paper(纸)a paper(报纸/文件) glass(玻璃)a glass(玻璃杯) room(空间)a room(房间) wood(木头)a wood(树林) iron(铁)an iron(熨斗) chicken(鸡肉)a chicken(小鸡) lamb(羊肉)a lamb(小羊) work(工作)a work(著作/艺术品) youth(青春)a youth(青年) tea(茶)a tea(一杯茶) beauty(美)a beauty(美人) hair(头发)a hair(一根头发) food(食物)foods(多种食物) fruit(水果)fruits(多种水果) time(时间)times(时代)water(水)waters(水域) sand(沙)sands(沙滩) orange(橙汁)an orange(橙子)三、 名词的数1、 不可数名词：一般无单复数之分。maths, physics, glass2、 可数名词：可数名词有单复数之分，其构成规则如下：1）一般情况下，在名词后直接加-s。books, chairs, pens, cups2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加-es。buses, boxes, watches, dishes, 但stomachs3）以-o结尾的名词。Tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, Negroes photos, pianos, zoos4）以-y结尾的名词。Babybabies, familyfamilies, study-studies days, boys, monkeys5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词。 lifelives, knifeknives, wifewives (thief, shelf, leaf, half, self, loaf, calf)roofroofs, safesafes, chiefchiefs (proof, belief, grief, gulf, serf, reef)6）不规则变化： manmen, womanwomen, policemanpolicemen, policewomanpolicewomen footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese sheepsheep, deerdeer, peoplepeople childchildren, mousemice, oxoxen ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese GermanGermans Frenman-Frenchmen3、 单复数的习惯用法1） 物质和抽象名词通常只用单数常见的物质名词有：water, fire, earth, wood, brick, glass, coal, cotton, steel, silver, copper, iron, cloth, paper, money, smoke, grass, wind, rain, snow, air, oxygen, ice, chalk, coffee, sugar, tea, soup, fruit, sweat, soap, ink, oil, salt, meat, food, rice, wheat, milk, bread, butter, stone常见的抽象名词有：pollution, information, work, advice, knowledge, necessity, fun, youth, beauty, importance, news, traffic, happiness, baggage, relation, education, progress, victory2） 通常只用作复数的名词glasses(眼镜), clothes(衣服), trousers(裤子), boots(靴子), shoes(鞋), socks(短袜), shorts(短裤), scissors（剪刀）3） 集合名词的用法 常见的集合名词有： 集合名词作主语时，若表示一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若表示集合名词的每一个成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。a. His family is going to have a picnic. 他家要去野餐b. The whole family are watching TV. 一整家人都在看电视 注意：police(警察), cattle(牲畜), people(人们)总是视为复数The police are looking for the robber. 警察们正在寻找抢劫犯4） 合成名词的复数 合成名词的复数通常是将里面的主体名词变成复数即可。looker-on-lookers-on(旁观者) son-in-law-sons-in-law(女婿) 如果合成名词没有主体名词，则在最后一个词后加复数词尾。go-between-go-betweens(中间人) grown-up-grown-ups(成人) 由man和woman构成的合成名词，两个部分都要变化。man teachermen teachers(男教师) woman workerwomen workers(女工人)5） 字母、数字、文字和符号的复数形式，通常在后面加-s Dont use too many ands and ifs. 不要用太多的and和if6） 易混辨析 a number of和the number of+名词复数作主语a. A number of students are from Shanghai. b. The number of the students in this school is 2,000. many a和more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数a. Many a student has ever been to England.b. More than one student has seen the movie. a large(great, good) quantity of和large(great, good) quantities of+可复/不可数a. A great quantity of birds was shot yesterday.b. Large quantities of water are needed for irrigation. most/half/rest/part/some of+名词作主语时，谓语动词与of后的名词保持一致a. Most of his free time was spent on games.b. Most of the students are hard-working.四、 名词的格1、s式所有格1）一般情况下载后面直接加-s. JimJims my fathermy fathers2）复数名词的所有格. three years time Childrens Day2、of短语式所有格 Of短语式所有格常表示两个名词之间的所属关系，多用于无生命名词。the legs of the table3、双重所有格 She is a good friend of my mothers. 她是我妈妈的一个好朋友 a classmate of mine五、 名词的功用1、 名词作主语: The Gr