人因工程学与设计.docVIP

外文翻译英文题目：Ergonomics and Design中文题目：人因工程学与设计专业班级：工业工程09-2姓 名：许小会学 号：31090202020510Ergonomics and DesignModern high-tech society of rapid development, is gradually changing to the production of human life in every aspect the display of human greatness and unparalleled wisdom, but it has brought new human anguish and anxiety That is the feeling of loneliness, alienation and emotional imbalance. In a high-tech society,people would seek a balance:a high-tech and high emotional balance. Technology progressed, the greater the desire to balance strong. So John that : No matter where needed compensatory high emotion.We hope to create more high emotional environment, the techniques used to balance the software side of rigid side. Such emotion and humanity to achieve balance, and human life as closely related to the design of the responsibility.Goods modeling and ergonomics is combined. They can be described as : Center for psychological, physiological radius, used to establish and things(products)harmonious relations between the way to maximize the potential of excavation,a comprehensive and balanced use of muscle energy, the protection of human health, and thereby increase productivity. From the context of industrial design,the big aerospace systems, urban planning, infrastructure construction, factory automation,mechanical equipment, transport, small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups,bowls and chopsticks production, such as the creation of life with the objects in the design and manufacture must take the human factor as an important condition to consider. If the product categories divided into professional supplies and general supplies,professional supplies in ergonomics, on the other hand, there will be more consideration,It relies a lot on the level of physiology; and general products it must balance the psychological problems need more aesthetic and the design trend,which is to be the product of human nature-based demand.Ergonomics application areas : 1 Computer terminal: computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;2 industrial design application, Information design and market/user research, medical equipment, seating design and comfort study,seating design and classification, classification and selection of furniture; 3 man-machine interface design and evaluation : the man-machine interface design and development, knowledge systems, man-machine interface forms, HCI/MMI prototype GUI prototype 4 office ergonomics and design : office automation, office equipment and office design, office layout and ergonomics;other special ergonomic applications : nuclear energy, the military, process control, cultural surveys and research methods,Automatic Speech Recognition；Many aspects of the application of ergonomics. Well,how to evaluate it in ergonomics standard for a product? Germany design center, for example, in selecting the annual quality products, ergonomic set on the following criteria: 1) products and human dimensions, shape and strength match; 2) the product is easy to manage and make good use; 3) to prevent the use of operator injury and accidents at the wrong time with the danger; 4) the practical operation of the units; placement of the components on the significance of it can no doubt be identified; 5) whether or not the products to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and repair.So-called ergonomics, which is the application of anthropometry, the human body mechanics, work physiology, working on the fields of psychology research methods, the human body structure and function characteristics, body parts of the size, weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope of the human and structural characteristics of parameters; also part of the human effort, the scope of its activities, movement speed, movement frequency, focus changes and movements of human habits function parameters, the analysis of the visual, auditory, skin sense and sensitivity, and other sensory characteristics of function; Analysis of labor in the various physiological changes, energy consumption,;The mechanism of fatigue on various labor load adaptability; to investigate the impact of the work of psychological factors and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact.Ergonomics research content and design disciplines for the role can be summarized as the following : Industrial design products function that provides a reasonable scientific basis : a modern industrial design, If pure functional material creative activities without considering the needs of ergonomics, it will be creative activities failure. Therefore,how to solve the product and people related to the function of the optimization,created with the physiological and psychological muscle coordination can be the product,which will be contemporary industrial design, in a functional issue a new topic.The designer would consider ergonomic principles and laws before the design .Ergonomics notable feature is that the serious study of the “man-machine-environmental”on the basis of characteristics, which not simply focus on the individual elements of the fine or not, but would use objects and designed objects and with objects by the coexistence of the environment as a system to study . Ergonomics in the system will be known as man-machines-environmental system.The system,man-machine-environment interactions between three elements, interdependent relationship determines the overall system performance. The subject of man-machine system design theory is that the scientific use of the three elements of the organic links to search the best system parameters.The general design approach that usually clears system general requirements in the whole system will focus on analyzing and studying the man,machine,environment to sure that they effect the overall performance of system,such as how to division of labor between the man and the machine in the systems;how to cooperate; how to make environment adapt to the man;whats the relation between the environment and the machine;and so on, through constant revision and perfecting the three elements of the structure, ultimately ensure that the optimum combination is achieved. This is the ergonomics of the Industrial Design opened up new ideas, and offers a unique design methods and theory.Design and ergonomics of the arts and cultural atmosphere and man-machine interface using inexpensive to make products more user - in the human self-transformation gradually returning to the material world, to gradually create a human living space of their own. Design elements of the modeling for the design concerns the most important aspect The essence of design and characteristics must pass some form of which is clear, specific, to fruition. In the past, for a very long time it was known industrial design as the industrial images, although not very scientific and norms, However, the number of shows in the design modeling of the importance and attention was. Product Semantics, Modeling has become an important symbol. Italian designers stalled Kosovo roots in the 1980s designed Bra chairs, the chairs using the traditional structure, However, it covers the use of soft and full of design curves of the female body shape, and people get comfortable and soft to the imagination. very interesting. The design and colors have to rely on themselves to form can exist, we must shape if it is a reflection of specific significance. But color is a specific configuration and integration, it will have a very strong feeling and color features and a powerful spiritual impact. Contemporary American visual arts psychologists Mexico said : various colors to arouse emotions and express their feelings, even affect our normal physiological feelings. So is the general aesthetic color most commonly in the form of colors design humanized expression of the important factors. Bauhaus modern design uphold the tradition of modernist design, mostly black, white, gray and other colors of the neutral expression of language, reflect a calm, rational product characteristics. Modern Design strongly opposed empty and the few decorations, decorative anti-known. However, in line with mechanized technology for large-scale production, under the premise of the decorative design can really increase the taste and character. enable design at T. J. Modern designers often use industrial design or add natural materials, through material adjustment and changes to increase natural amenities or the sentimental mood to create a strong emotional response. Modern methods of production have a standardized design and process requirements on the design of spectrum and type series. Its purpose is to seek to design and the use of standardized mass production design means, to achieve reunification of the normative sense of beauty and order. Product design must see clearly the development of science and technology trends, pay close attention to new theories, new technologies, new processes, the emergence of new materials should be used as much as possible. full play to advanced scientific and technological research results into practical function of the value of the media, design aesthetic characteristics of the times and cultural inclinations products. Design products with the conditions of the times and social environment and social and psychological accordingly to reflect the change is inevitable. Research and forecast the trend of this change, tend to grasp the design and characteristics of the designer is extremely important. Because of all the worlds countries and regions, the nations geographical location and the environment, political and economic conditions, Cultural traditions and beliefs of different cases have developed its own unique character, hobbies, interests, habits and the pursuit This requires different branches of product design with different art forms and styles, corresponding to the formation of a nations character. Design is to take the initiative to understand the users present and future needs, and attention to the different needs of different levels, constantly designed to meet the different needs of various user products.Design is a kind of peoples thinking of the form, Design is all the beautiful creatures entrusted to be the purpose and achievement, and outstanding design is the embodiment of truth, virtue and beauty. Designed to function from the past to meet the increased further to the right person in the spiritual care, which is designed into the culture, increase the value-added products of the culture of lies, this is the responsibility of the designer. With the level of human understanding gradually improved, deepened and increased human knowledge will be the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom, which is the development of knowledge essential law. And the design of mankind will inevitably raise their awareness to a higher level, that the human society has been pursued by the idealistic, the arts and the way of living creatures, to consciously or unconsciously, by the pursuit of material needs of both the main and the main pursuit of the spirit of enjoyment. Design of the continuous development and improvement in the process that is the understanding, thinking and feeling constantly improve the process, human design is the emotional, cultural and ethical spirit of the mapping. Design is no intelligence and there is sentimental. Intelligence that the mapping of the human ordinary design; Design is no life. Also have life, life that contains a human right in the design and use of the process. All human societies have been hallmarks of the human spirit awareness of the brand, the design is no exception. Let me quote a designer of the United States said the timing to end this paper : People always think that the design of 3-D : aesthetic, technology and the economy, but more important is the fourth dimension : human nature. 人因工程学与设计现代社会高科技的迅猛发展，正逐步改变着人类生产生活的方方面面，在展示人类伟大和空前的聪明的同时，也带给人类新的痛苦和焦虑，那便是人情的孤独、疏远和感情的失衡。在高科技的社会里，人们必然去追求一种平衡：一种高科技与高情感的平衡。技术越进步，这种平衡愿望就越强烈。所以约翰认为：“无论何处都需要有补偿性的高情感。我们的社会里高技术越多，我们就越希望创造高情感的环境，用技术的软件一面来平衡硬性的一面。”而这种情感和人性平衡的实现，作为与人类生活相关的设计是有责任的。产品的造型与人因工程学是结合在一起的。我们可以将它们描述为：以心理为圆心，生理为半径，用以建立人与物(产品)之间和谐关系的方式，最大限度地挖掘人的潜能，综合平衡地使用人的肌能，保护人体健康，从而提高生产率。仅从工业设计的领域来看，大至宇航系统、城市规划、建筑设施、自动化工厂、机械设备、交通工具，小至家具、服装、文具以及盆、杯、碗筷之类各种生产与生活所创造的“物”，在设计和制造时都必须把“人的因素”作为一个重要的条件来考虑。若将产品类别区分为专业用品和一般用品的话，专业用品在人因工程上则会有更多的考虑，它比较偏重于生理学的层面；而一般用品则必须兼顾心理层面的问题，需要更多的符合美学及潮流的设计，也就是应以产品人性化的需求为主。人因工程的应用领域：1、 计算机终端：计算机产品和外围设备的设计与布局、计算机终端工作站、显示屏设备与规则、显示屏健康与安全、办公室环境的人因工程学研究。2、 工业设计应用，“设计信息、市场/用户研究、医疗设备、座椅的设计与舒适性研究、座椅设计与分类、家具分类与选择；”3、 人机界面设计与评价：人机界面设计与发展、知识系统、人机界面形式、HCI/MMI原型、GUI原型；4、 办公室人因工程与设计：办公自动化、办公室和办公设备设计、办公室布局和人因工程。其它特殊的人因工程应用：原子能、军队方面、过程控制、文化调查与研究方法、自动语音识别；等等，许多方面都应用到了人因工程学。那么，对于一件产品是如何用人因工程学标准评价它的?以德国设计中心为例，在评选每年优良产品时，人因工程上所设定的标准为： 1) 产品与人体的尺寸、形状及用力是否配合； 2) 产品是否顺手和好使用； 3) 是否防止了人操作时意外伤害和错用时产生的危险； 4) 各操作单元是否实用；各元件在安置上能否使其意义毫无疑问的被辨认；5) 产品是否便于清洗、保养及修理。所谓人因工程学，亦即是应用人体测量学、人体力学、劳动生理学、劳动心理学等学科的研究方法，对人体结构特征和机能特征进行研究，提供人体各部分的尺寸、重量、体表面积、比重、重心以及人体各部分在活动时的相互关系和可及范围等人体结构特征参数；还提供人体各部分的出力范围、活动范围、动作速度、动作频率、重心变化以及动作时的习惯等人体机能特征参数，分析人的视觉、听觉、触觉以及肤觉等感觉器官的机能特性；分析人在各种劳动时的生理变化、能量消耗、疲劳机理以及人对各种劳动负荷的适应能力；探讨人在工作中影响心理状态的因素以及心理因素对工作效率的影响等。人因工程学研究内容及其对于设计学科的作用可以概括为以下几方面：为工业设计中考虑“人的因素”提供人体尺度参数：应用人体测量学、人体力学、生理学、心理学等学科的研究方法，对人体结构特征和肌能特征进行研究，提供人体各部分的尺寸、体重、体表面积、比重、重心以及人体各部分在活动时相互关系和可及范围等人体结构特征参数提供人体各部分的发力范围、活动范围、动作速度、频率、重心变化以及动作时惯性等动态参数分析人的视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉以及肢体感觉器官的肌能特征，分析人在劳动时的生理变化、能量消耗、疲劳程度以及对各种劳动负荷的适应能力，探讨人在工作中影响心理状态的因素，及心理因素对工作效率的影响等。人体工程学的研究，为工业设计全面考虑“人的因素”提供了人体结构尺度，人体生理尺度和人的心理尺度等数据，这些数据可有效地运用到工业设计中去。为工业设计中“产品”的功能合理性提供科学依据：现代工业设计中，如搞纯物质功能的创作活动，不考虑人因工程学的需求，那将是创作活动的失败。因此，如何解决“产品”与人相关的各种功能的最优化，创造出与人的生理和心理肌能相协调的“产品”，这将是当今工业设计中，在功能问题上的新课题。在设计前，设计师会考虑人体工程学的原理和规律。人因工程学的显著特点是，在认真研究人、机、环境三个要素本身特性的基础上，不单纯着眼于个别要素的优良与否，而是将使用“物”的人和所设计的“物”以及人与“物”所共处的环境作为一个系统来研究。在人因工程学中将这个系统称为“人机环境”系统。这个系统中，人、机、环境三个要素之间相互作用、相互依存的关系决定着系统总体的性能。本学科的人机系统设计理论，就是科学地利用三个要素间的有机联系来寻求系统的最佳参数。系统设计的一般方法，通常是在明确系统总体要求的前提下，着重分析和研究人、机、环境三个要素对系统总体性能的影响，如系统中人和机的职能如何分工；如何配合；环境如何适应人；机对环境又有何影响等问题，经过不断修正和完善三要素的结构