初中介词的学习.doc

教学过程(一) 知识概要 介词不能单独作句子的成分，而是用来表示名词或代词等和句中其他词之间的关系，通常放在名词或代词之前，构成介词短语。从意思上考虑，介词可以分为三类：1） 引导时间短语的介词：at, on, in, during, before, after, over, from, following, by, till, until, for, throughout, since, all through, 2) 引导地点状语的介词：in, at, across, to, down, under, near, between, over, from, into, through, onto, off, outside, out of, inside, within, beside, behind, below, among, beyond, around, before, up, ahead of, , in front of, along, past, opposite, above, next to3) 引导其他短语的介词：by, with, about, except, like, of, according to, instead of, without, due to, because of, along with, as for, in spite of, on account of ，owing to, on behalf of, against, apart from, for, including(二)易混淆介词的用法辨析一时间介词的用法辨析1.介词in用来表示一天中某段时间，指天、年、月、季节、周次等。如：in the morning 介词on用来表示某一天或星期几，指明具体的时间。如：on a rainy day 介词at用来表示特定的时间、节日、年龄等。如：at noon ，at Christmas介词by表示到的时候、用在天、时间的前面。如：by 2 oclock 2.介词for 表示一段时间，后面加时间段 如：I have been living here for 10 years. 介词since 表示从过去某一时间以来后面加时间点 如：I have been living here since 2000. 3.介词before表示“在之前” 如：He wont come back before five . 介词by表示“到时为止，不迟于”如：The work must be finished by Friday. 4. till和until的用法基本可以通用，在肯定句中，表示“直到为止”，如：I will wait till（until）seven oclock 用在否定句中，表示“在以前”或“直到才”。如：Tom didnt come back till（until）midnight till多用于普通文体，而 until则用于多种文体，并且在句子开头时，用until而不用till。如：Until he comes back，nothing can be done二方位介词与地点介词的用法辨析1. 介词on表示一物放在另一物上面，两者紧贴在一起，如：The book is on the table. 介词over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系，即“在上方”，如：Is there any bridge over the river? 介词above表示一般的“高于”，“在之上”，如：There is a clock above his bed. 2. 介词under是over的反义词即“在下方”，如：They are reading under the tree. 介词below是above的反义词即“低于”，“在之下”，如：They live below us. 3. 介词across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”，强调从表面穿过。如：She went across the street to make some purchases. 介词through着重于“穿越”，强调从一定的空间内穿过。如：The sunlight was coming in through the window. 介词past表示从“面前经过”，如：Someone has just gone past the window. 4.介词at表示较小的地方，如家、村、乡村等，如：He lives at a small village. 介词in表示较大的地方，如大城市、国家、洲等，如：He lives in Beijing. 5. 介词at用于门牌号，如：He lives at No.200, Nanjing Road. 介词on用于路名，如：He lives on Nanjing Road. 6. 地点介词in、on、to的用法辨析（方位上）介词in表示“包含”如：Beijing is in the north of China. 介词on表示“紧邻”如：Canada lies on the north of the U.S. 介词to表示“没接触”如：France lies to the south of England. 三其他易混介词的用法辨析1.原因介词because、as、for、since的用法辨析介词because表示“因为；由于”指直接的、明确的原因，用来回答why的问句，语气最强。 如：The boy was absent because he was ill. 介词as表示“由于；鉴于”指一种显而易见、谈话双方已知的理由。如：She stayed at home as she had no car. 介词for表示 “因为；由于”指一种间接原因，甚至只是一种附带的说明。如：It must have rained last night, for the road is wet. 介词since 意为既然，表示对方已知的无需加以说明的原因或事实. 如：Since everybody is here, lets begin our party.2. 材料介词of和from的用法介词of用于成品与材料的性质不变时，如：The desk is made of wood. 介词from用于成品与材料的性质已变时，如：Wine is made from grapes. 3. 介词between与among的用法辨析介词between 表示“在两者之间”如：Dont sit between the two girls. 介词among表示“在当中（三者或以上）”如：They lived among the mountains in the past. 4. 介词besides与except的用法辨析介词besides表示“除之外（全部计算在内）”如：We have been to Beijing besides Li Fang. 介词except表示“除之外（不计算在内）”如：We are all Chinese except Tom in our class. 四常见介词搭配 英语许多动词、形容词和名词都与特定的介词搭配，我们必须熟悉这些搭配关系。1.动词与介词（或副词）的搭配如：break into 闯入 break off 打断 break out 爆发 break down机器出故障 bring in 引进 bring up 教育培养 bring out使罢工 bring down 降低call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问look down upon 看不起 look forward to 盼望 look into 调查，审查look out 当心 look out for当心，提防 look up 查字典make use of 利用 make out 辨认出，理解 make up编造、化妆、组成、补充、虚构（故事、借口）2.英语中有大量成语由介词构成，单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语：at ease 稍息，安心 at first sight 一见（钟情） at first 最初，开始时at heart 在内心 at home 在家，随便 at last 最后 at least 至少 at length 最后,详细地at most 至多 at once 立即，同时 at peace(war) 处于和平（战争）状态at play(work) 在玩耍（工作） at present 现在，目前 at random 随意地，胡乱地at the risk of 冒的风险 at the same time （与此）同时 at the start 一开头at the time 此刻，这时 at times 有时候 at will 任意地3. 有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：day after day 日复一日地 year after year 年复一年 one after another 一个接一个地one by one 一个接一个 little by little 一点一点地 side by side 并肩step by step 一步步地 face to face 面对面 arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牵手地 day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天 heart to heart 互相交心的 4. 此外,“be+形容词+介词”也是一类成语：be afraid of 害怕 be full of 充满 be interested in 对有兴趣 be keen on 热衷于 be confident in 对有信心 be short of 缺乏be sick of 厌恶 be proud of 对感到骄傲 be loyal to 对忠诚be ashamed of 为感到羞耻 be worried about 为担心 be aware of 意识到be busy with 忙于（某事）be different from 和不同 be famous for 因而出名 课堂练习 一、请填入适当的介词1. Mid-Autumn Day usually comes _ September or October.2. Thank you very much _ asking me to Marys birthday party _Sunday.3. The farmers are all busy getting ready _ the next year.4. A: Would you like Chinese tea _ sugar and milk, Chen Hui?B: Oh no! Id like Chinese tea _ anything in it, please.5. Please draw a line _ A and B.6. _ the window, I could see a big tree lying across the ground.7. My sister has lived in France _ 1982.8. Do you know what we are working _ ?9. They often climb _ the hill.10. Professor Zhang has just come back _ Japan.二、选择正确的介词1. A fish cant live _ water.A. withB. atC. inD. without2.Christmas Day is _ December 25.A. at B. on C. inD. by3.There is a bookstore (书店) _ the other side of the street.A. inB. onC. forD. at4. The basket is full _ vegetables.A. about B. ofC. withD. on5. _ my way home, I met an old friend of mine.A. InB. ByC. OnD. At6.There is no hole(洞) _ the wall.A. onB. inC. atD. over7. We lay down _ a tree to rest.A. under B. over C. aboveD. below8.The plane has just flown _ my head.A. on B. over C. aboveD. at9. There is a railway _ these two cities.A. between B. amongC. inD. at10. We will listen to a talk _ British history.A. atB. onC. withD. by 课后作业一、选择正确的介词1.There are some flowers _ the house.A. in front of B. in the front of C. on front ofD. on the front of2. the man jumped _ the river to save the child.A. inB. intoC. onD. over3. The little girl saw a beautiful bird _ the tree.A. onB. inC. intoD. at4. A poor boy _ me couldnt go to school in the old days.A. aboutB. asC. onD. like5. He arrived _ Shanghai _ January 5 _ 10:00.A. in, on, inB. at, on, onC.in, on, atD. in, on, b6. They were talking _ the film when I met them.A. toB. withC. onD. about7. Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart _ it.A. inB. atC. intoD. to8. I am sure hell be back _ an hour.A. afterB. inC. forD. to9. They had learned one thousand English words _ the end of last term.A. atB. inC. byD. about10.My teacher often helps me _ my English, _ her help, I have caught up _ the class.A. with, under, withB. with, with, with C. of, with, toD. in, under, with二、阅读下面短文, 掌握其大意, 然后用适当的介词填空 。A library is a collection _ books. If you have fifty or sixty books _ home, this is your