个人主义集体主义.doc

comparison of individualism and collectivism under Chinese and Western cultureAs we know,there are so many difference between Chinese culture and Western culture,so,the individualism and collectivism in different culture is also different.China has a long history,and Confucianism has a great influence on Chinese traditional culture,so in our country, collectivism is the most important values.It is important than individualism.most chinese people think that individual is a member of the collective, We should subordinate our personal interest to that of the collective. Only when the monolithic solidarity holds land under heaven, just now, object is able to get bigger sufficient development and makes prosper! Only group interests are protected, individual interests will be met. So Each member must put the collective interests first. But in Western culture, most times, Individualism is the most important values and it is the ideological core of Western culture.just as the saying goes, Man is the soul of universe and Man is the measure of all things. In their opinion, All values must be people-centered, Individual itself is a goal, has the highest value .society is just a means to achieve personal goals; they think that Everyone is equal. Therefore, only when the interests of each individual are adequately met, the groups interests will be protected. Personal development is a prerequisite for the development of collective. In a word, Chinese and Western values are different, But the exchanges between China and the West is increasing, Maybe things will change in the future西方人的价值观认为，个人是人类社会的基础和出发点，人必须为自己个人的利益而奋斗，为自己才能维持社会正义，爱自己才能爱他人和社会，为自己奋斗也是为他人和社会奋斗。有个人才有社会整体，个人高于社会整体。每个人应该表现出自己的个性，一个人越是表现出自我个性，越能体现人生的价值。这种价值观来源于西方的重商社会。“在欧洲重商主义盛行的社会里，工商业为民本业，市井商贾，为谋取暴利，难免背信弃义。为扩大私有财产，常常六亲不认。为了经商，四处流动，家庭观念相对淡薄。家庭规模必然缩小。在群体观念微弱的社会里，个人主义必然扩张。在这种社会，以个人的活动为中心，突出个人的价值。在集体活动中，也要充分显示个人的相对独立性。”因此，个人主义往往是与这种商业自由主义紧密联系在一起。为了获得较多自由，个人则要求尽可能不受集体的限制和约束。为了取得商业成功，战胜风险，就必须抓住一切短暂时机，去战胜竞争者。与西方个人高于一切的价值观相对立，儒家伦理价值观念则以孔孟的仁义为核心，它强调社会第一，个人第二，个人利益应当服从社会整体利益。儒家伦理认为，只有整个社会得到发展，保持稳定，个人才能得到最大利益。当二者发生冲突时，应把社会利益放在第一位。与此同时，儒家伦理讲家庭和社会上的人际关系与道德标准，强调亲属之间、朋友之间，应为一体，天下一家，讲群体意识。这种群体意识与古代东亚地区农耕文化有直接关系。后者是形成东亚传统集体观念的根源。因为，在从事农业的社会中，人们在长期共同地域生活中处于相对稳定状态，彼此互相交往、互相帮助，比较容易形成浓厚的群体观念。“儒家的伦理道德观念，是国家集权主义的基础。它要求下级对上级绝对服从，不能有所异议。同样这种观念也是地区和家族集体主义的基础。在这种伦理观念制约下，国家或者民族，村庄或者家族，很容易形成命运共同体。在该共同体内所有成员休戚相关，荣辱与共。在共同体之内，一人成功，集体感到光荣；一人失败，集体感到扫兴。在这个群体之内，应该是同舟共济，有难同当，有福同享。” 东方人集体观念强，个人主义者受到排斥，在这种文化里面成长起来的人自制能力也比较强，在乎别人的看法，约束比较多，随心所欲的时候少，但是相对应的对于个人权利的重视程度没有西方人高，尊重人和尊重人的价值,强调个人自由和个人权利,最大限度