英语非谓语动词.doc

初中英语语法梳理和提高七 非谓语动词 非谓语动词主要指在句中不能充当谓语，而是充当其他语法功能的动词。有三种：动词不定式；动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。一、不定式：to + 动词原形1、动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍可保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等2、动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语：句法作用例 句作主语To learn a foreign language is not easy.作表语My job is to clean the streets.作宾语She wanted to borrowed my radio.They began to read and write.作状语She went to see her grandma last Sunday .He came to give us a talk yesterday.作宾语补足语Lucy asked him to turn off the radio.She asked me to speak more loudlyJim told Ling Feng to go home at once .The father made his son study hard.作定语Have you got anything to say?I had something to eat this morning .注：1)作主语用的动词不定式常常为it替代，动词不定式或短语放在后面。常用的两种句型 : It be+ adj. (for/ of sb.) + to do sth. 形容词修饰事，用for sb; 形容词修饰人，用of sb It takes sb. some time to do sth It is not easy to learn a foreign language. It is very kind of you to help me with English. It took us three days to do the work.2)动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式（not to do）”构成. Tell him not to be late.The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.3、不定式省去to的情况:在感官动词see，watch，look at，notice, observe(观察), hear，listen to，feel, find和使役动词make，have，let等词后做宾语补足语，不定式应省去to，记住 ：一感feel; 二听hear, listen to; 三让make, let, have; 四看see, watch, look at, notice; 半帮助help即help sb (to）do sth.。但是在被动语态中不能省。如：Let me listen to you sing the song.He watched his son play computer games.I saw him run away.-He was seen to run away.The boss make the workers work the whole night.-The workers were made to work the whole night.但是当feel, perceive（感觉，意识到），（, observe（注意到） 后的宾语补足语是to be结构时，则不可省略to。I feel him to be a teacher.4、动词不定式和疑问词连用 动词不定式可以和疑问词what ,which, how, where, when 等连用，构成不定式短语。如： The question is when to start. I dont know where to go . He showed me how to use a computer. What to do is a big problem.5、用动词不定式作宾语的动词即 V. + to do sth结构ask, decide, hope, want, agree, choose, wish, would like, refuse（拒绝）, pretend（假装）, expect（期望）等I agreed to go with you . Would you like to have some tea, please?6、believe, think, suppose, find, feel, make等动词后可用it 作形式宾语，再加宾补，动词不定式作真正宾语。即：主语+V. +it +adj (宾补)+to do sthI think it important to learn English well.Miss Green makes it easy to learn English.7、用动词不定式作宾补：V. +sb. to do sth.ask, tell, order, send, want, like, wish, would like, allow, invite, prefer（更喜欢）, expect（期望）, wait for等Do you want me to help you? He asked the boy to clean the room.【注意】不能用 hope sb to do sth.二、动名词：V.+ing1、动名词的用法：1）作主语：Swimming is very funny.2) 作宾语：下面动词只能用动名词作宾语。如：finish, enjoy, practice, mind, suggest, keep (on), imagine, cant help, feel like, give up等We have finished reading the book. He enjoyed having Mr Browns class.下面动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语，意思基本相同如： like, love, have, prefer, start, begin, continue(继续)等，一般情况下，不定式表示某次具体的动作，动名词表示一般性的或经常的、习惯性的动作或行为。 I like swimming very much. (一贯喜欢) Its hot today, I like to swim. (表示就今天想去) 下面的动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语，意思不同如：stop doing sth 停止正在做的事：I have to stop running, Im too tired.stop to do sth.停下来做另一件事情: Could you stop to listen to me?forget/ remember doing sth. 忘记/记得做过某事I remember seeing her somewhere before.forget/ remember to do sth. 忘记/记得要做某事Dont forget to call me tomorrowgo on doing sth. 继续做同一件事After a shout break, he went on doing his homework.go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事After math, we will go on to learn English.try doing sth. 尝试着做某事 She tried drawing a picture of the farm and we liked it very much.try to do sth. 设法做某事，努力做某事 She tried to draw a picture of the farm, but she never did it.need to do sth. 需要做某事（表主动） I need to cut my hair.need doing sth. 需要被做（表被动） My hair needs cuttingwant to do sth. 想要做某事（表主动） He wants to paint the walls.want doing sth. 想要被做（表主动） The walls want painting.作介词宾语：Thanks for helping me.3) 作表语：My job is teaching English.4) 作定语：The swimming pool is very big.2、动名词的否定式：not +动名词Trying without success is better than not trying at all.三、分词现在分词：V. + ing : 表示正在进行或主动意义过去分词：V. + ed ：表示已经完成或被动意义1、现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作boiling water 沸水（正在沸腾的水boiled water 开水（已经烧开的水）developing country 发展中国家 (正在发展的)developed country 发达国家 （发展完了的）2、现在分词表示主动含义，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者；过去分词表示被动含义，说修饰的人或物是分词动作的承受者。I hear someone closing the door.I hear the door closed.3、分词在句中的作用：分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用，可作定语，表语，补语或状语。（1）作定语单个分词作定语时常放在被修饰词的前面I am reading an interesting book.I bought some pained chairs. 单个分词作定语有时也可放在被修饰词的后面。There is something missing.Make sentences with the phrases given. 分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词后面。Do you know the man sitting there?(2) 作表语：The story is very touching. The chair was broken.(3) 作宾语补足语：I saw him climbing a tree. He saw the door closed.注 感官动词既可用不定式作宾补，也可用现在分词作宾补，不定式强调事情的全过程，表示动作已经发生或过程已经结束，现在分词强调正在进行的动作，表示动作还在继续。如：feel / hear/ see/ watch /find等 +sb. do sth./ doing sth.(4) 在被动句中作主语补足语：A man was seen sitting at the back of our classroom.(5) 作状语Looking out of the window, I saw some boys playing there.（时间）Being League members, we are ready to help others. (原因)He came running back to tell me the news. （方式）The child fell striking his head against the door. (结果)The boy sat in front of the house ,cutting the branch. (伴随)4、分词的否定形式：not + 分词Not daring to speak, they sat there silent.【拓展】动名词与现在分词的区别动名词相当于名词，只是保留了动词的功能，在句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等名词能充当的成分。现在分词相当于形容词，在句中作定语或状语。1.如果v-ing形式作定语时，动名词说明被修饰的名词的用途，性质现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上构成主谓关系。a sleeping car 节卧车车厢（ ） reading text 阅读课文（ ）a sleeping bag 睡袋（ ）a sleeping child一个睡着的孩子（ ） developing country发展中国家（ 2.如果v-ing形式在句中作表语时，动名词相当于一个名词，和主语间可以划等号(与主语指的是同一件箏)，此时 系动词相当于“是”，通常把主语和表语的位置互换，语法和意思不变。 My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.而现在分词作表语，相当于形容词，不能同主语划等号。它主要用以说明主语的性质，不能与主语互换位置。The story is interesting.不可改为Interesting is the story3. 如果v-ing形式在句中充当状语和补语，那么它一定是现在分词:说明主语怎么样，表示主语的形状、特征，起形容词和副词的作用，The news is very exciting, ( ）4. 如果v-ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语，那么它一定是动名词, 说明主语是什么，即主语的具体内容，强调主语的行为、功能和用途，起着名词的作用Laying eegs is her full-time iob. ( ）翻译下列句子，写出句中不定式充当的成分：1. To grow plants is very important.2. It is so nice to hear your voice.3. My dream is to be a pilot.4. He began to read and write at the age of five.5. The teacher asked me to speak more loudly.6. Tom came to see me last night.7. I am glad to see you.8. Have you got anything to say?9. There are many places to see in China.10.I asked him not to open the window.11. I dont know what to buy for you.12. I saw him dance.13. He often helps me clean the room.14. They are too shy to speak English.15. He was lucky enough to find his watch.16. I want you to go there together with me.选择最佳答案填空：1. Tell him _ the light. A. to turn B. not to turn on C. to not turn D. not to turn2. It took us more than two hours _ the dinner. A. prepare B. preparing C. to prepare D. to be prepared3. We felt the earth _. A. move B. moving C. to move D. be moved4. The students were made _ the text ten times. A. read B. reading C. to read D. to be read5. The chair looks rather hard _, but in fact it is very comfortable. A. to sit B. to sit on C. sitting D. sit6. Nobody knows _next. A. what to do B. to do what C. which to do D. how to do7. It is very important _ us _these words.A. to, to remember B. for, to remember C. for, remember D. for, remembering8. _ English well, one must have a lot practice. A. For speaking B. Speaking C. To speak D. Speak9. Im going to the library _ the books. A. return B. borrow C. to return D. to lend10. We went to town _ some shopping. A. doing B. did C. to make D. to do11. The funny story _ me laugh. A. make B. making C. to make D. made12. After the final exam, I think all the students want _. A. stop to have a rest B. to stop having a rest C. to stop to have a rest D. stopping to have a rest13. It is very kind _ you to help me with my housework. It is hard _me to do all the work.A. of, for B. for, of C. of, to D. to, for14. Many people think it very difficult _ English.A. to say B. to learn C. speak D. for speaking15. The teacher asked the students _ her _ the word again.A. listen to; to read B. to hear; say C. to listen to; speak D. to listen to; pronounce16.Remember _ the book here tomorrow.A. bring B. to bring C. take D. to tak