翻译方法说明及80难点句型.doc

成人英语三级翻译技巧：能够直译尽量不意译英译汉时应注意以下几个方面1 总的原则（1）翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯（2）翻译不可太拘泥。拘泥、刻板的翻译因死守原文语言形式而损害了原文思想内容。好的译文应该是形式与内容的统一（3）能够直译尽量不意译（4）翻译的过程应该是先理解后表达。现就这一点作进一步论述。2 结合英文写作特点对语言进行整体理解首先，英文段落的首句一般为topicsentence，然后展开说明。展开的写法有多种，可分可总，可下定义，可同义重复，可以代词复指等。利用这一技巧，先通读全文，便能更好的理解文章的意思，把握段与段之间的关系，在翻译时就能在上下文中确定词义，从而进行准确的翻译。其次，就具体而言：（1）对词的理解可以从构思法、词的搭配关系和词汇之间的逻辑关系等方面入手（2）对句子的理解可以从句子的内在逻辑、成分之间的从属关系和句子的语法组成等方面来实现（3）对于长句，可采用如下译法：顺译法：按照原文顺序译逆续法：顺序与原文顺序相反重复法：重复前一个词分译法：一个句子分成几个部分来翻译括号法：在译文后加括号进行解释和说明等终合法：综合运用上述各种方法3 表达正确理解原文后，还要通过适当的翻译技巧用规范的汉语表达出来。这些技巧有：（1）增词法。根据需要增加一些词语，如名词等（2）减词法。根据汉语习惯，删去一些词（3）肯否表达法。原文为肯定句，译成汉语是为增强修饰效果，可以译为否定句。反之亦然（4）变换法，名词译成动词或动词转译成名词等（5）分合法。一个长句可分成若干部分来译，或者把原文的几个简单句用一个句子表达出来。（6）省略法：两种语言由于存在差异，表达时不可能总是对等，经常可以省略一些词和句子成分，如英语中的冠词汉语里没有，译时可以省略4.应试中还应注意的问题（1）词的指代问题要搞清楚（2）汉语知识的应用，如修辞等（3）部分否定和否定重点。部分否定，如notall;否定重点，如Idontteach becauseIhaveknowledge.（我并非因为有知识才去教书）。否定重点为 because,而不是teach.（4）虚拟语气。这种语法现象有时并非只表示字面意思，它经常有感情色彩，译时要注意。（5）要认真地通读全文，根据上下文来确定词义、句意，切不可断章取义，望文生义.5.核对原文既要核对译文是否准确、通顺，还要注意关键词的采分点。同时不要忘记全文结构的表达，这部分还有0.5分呢。考试翻译的复习与应试翻译是一门艺术，同时又是一种实践。它是对英语综合能力的考查，没有一定的英语基本功，要想在这部分得到高的分数是不可能的。但是，具有了一定的英语基础，并不等于具有较高的翻译能力。因此在学习和复习时掌握一些翻译的基本常识和一些常用方法，针对考试中经常出现的一些语言现象，仔细分析一些翻译实例，总结出一些规律性的东西，再加以必要的练习，对考生来说是非常必要的，而且在短时间内提高自己在该部分的得分是完全有可能的。试题与考生应试情况分析 通过考试试题的分析，我们发现英译汉试题中的英文句子大致有以下三个特点：1. 句子较长，其中包括定语从句、状语从句等从属结构，致使句子结构复杂，意思不容易把握。 2. 句子虽然不长，但其中包含着较难理解的词、词组或短语，尤其是一些表示抽象意义的词，另外，句子中往往含有比较复杂的语法现象。 3.考查的翻译技巧主要包括：（1） 定语从句的译法；（2） 被动语态的处理；（3） 长句的处理等等。 掌握这些规律为我们复习应考提供了很大的方便，考生可以根据自己的实际情况，多选择一些与上述内容有关的文章，多做一些有关的练习，并结合这类文章的特点，在练习的过程中总结出一些规律性的东西。根据我们的经验,考生在这部分表现出的主要障碍有以下几个方面:1.缺乏基本的翻译常识 作为公共英语学习者，由于客观条件的限制，他们在英语学习的过程中很少或根本就没有进行过系统的翻译训练，更缺乏对翻译要求以及翻译过程等一些常识性的东西基本的了解，因此在考前复习和考试过程中一筹莫展，无从下手。 2.对于英译汉翻译技巧知之甚少 任何事情都有其内在的规律，翻译也不例外，作为考生，在备考时应掌握一些英译汉过程中经常采用的翻译技巧，注意体会英语和汉语之间的差异，同时要特别注意考试中经常考的一些技巧，并总结其中的翻译规律。 3.划线的部分理解不透为了增加试题的难度，试题设计者往往选择那些语法结构错综复杂的部分，这就要求我们在复习时，对于翻译练习的句子，要仔细分析它们的语言结构，尤其是要注意那些具有分割定语从句等复杂语法现象的句子，在分析好句子结构并真正理解之后，再动手翻译。 4.语表达不清，缺乏中文表达能力英译汉是英语和汉语两种语言之间的转化，要求汉语准确完整，符合汉语的表达习惯，因此，考生在复习时也应该注意训练自己的汉语表达能力。另外，考生在使用汉语表达时，还存在着用词不准，违反自然科学常识的现象。 5.有些代词翻译得不够明确 语言的使用总是发生在一定的语言环境之中, 在语言的使用过程中, 为了避免重复，往往需要使用一些代词来代替前面所提到的人或物, 在考试的过程中, 考生应该仔细地阅读全文, 找出划线部分中英语代词所指代的人或物, 并尽量明确地把它们翻译出来。而且，还要把代词翻成它（们）所代的名词、短语。在英译汉的过程中值得我们特别注意的几点:（1） 汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容, 即句子或文章的意义, 而不是句子结构；（2） 在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。因此，在做英译汉的题目时，汉语所表达的意义应与原文保持一致，而汉语的句子结构只是为这一表达服务，而不应拘泥于原文。（3）应付英译汉考试和一般的从事翻译创作不同，因为各自有不同的衡量标准，翻译创作的标准为 信、达、雅 , 而英译汉考试则只要做到 忠实、通顺 即可。要做到忠实原文，就应该掌握好适度原则，即要把原文的内容准确完整地表达出来，既不能改变和歪曲，也不能增加或删减。汉译英实例分析1、 这封信必须交给威尔逊本人。 The letter is to be handed to Doctor Wilson himself. (首先分析句子结构：它是一个含有被动语态的简单句，另外要注意谓语动词必须交给如何表达。) 2、主席建议这个问题下次再议。 The chairman proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting. (首先分析句子：这是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。主句中用了propose一词，因此宾语从句要用虚拟语气。然后确定时态为过去将来时的被动语态。) 3、不言而喻，青年人的教育对于一个国家的未来是至关重要的。 It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the future of a country. (此句是一个形式主语从句，it is self-evident that 是一个常用的句型，另一个重要的短语是be vital to 对是重要的，关键的。) 4、千万别说可能会被别人误解的话。 Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood (此句是一个祈使句的否定句。还有两个重要的短语：be sure to do sth,一定做,be capable of donging sth：有能力做。) 5、我们彼此相识刚好一年。 It is /has been just a year since we got to know each other. (这句涉及到动词的完成时，因为know是非延续性动词，因此常用从句it issince 的句型，前面我们已经讲过。) 6、一辆卡车驶进了积雪覆盖的操场。 A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school. 7、她刚收到儿子的来信，大大减轻了她的忧虑。 A letter from her son, which had just been delivered to her, greatly relieved her anxiety.(注意非限定性定语从句被动语态的使用。) 8、每月一定要留出足够的钱，这样你就能买下学期的教科书了。 Be sure to set aside enough money each month so that you can buy the textbooks for the next term.(此句是祈使句，而且含有结果状语从句。) 9、尽管困难重重，我们仍决心执行我们的计划。 In spite of all the difficulties, we are determined to carry out our plan. (两个重要的短语：in spite of 和be determined to do sth) 10、众所周知，我们的许多问题至少部分是由于没能交流思想而引起的。 It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate.(it is well known句型的使用。)成人英语三级复习指导：近来流行词汇的翻译安居工程 housing project for low-income urban residents 信息化 information-based; informationization 智力密集型 concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive 外资企业 overseas-funded enterprises 下岗职工 laid-off workers 分流 reposition of redundant personnel 三角债 chain debts 素质教育 education for all-round development 豆腐渣工程 jerry-built projects 社会治安情况 law-and-order situation 民族国家 nation state 台独 independence of Taiwan 台湾当局 Taiwan authorities 台湾同胞 Taiwan compatriots 台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory. 西部大开发 Development of the West Regions 可持续性发展 sustainable development 风险投资 risk investment 通货紧缩 deflation 扩大内需 to expand domestic demand 计算机辅助教学 computer-assisted instruction ( CAI ) 网络空间 cyberspace 虚拟现实 virtual reality 网民 netizen ( net citizen ) 电脑犯罪 computer crime 电子商务 the e-business 网上购物 shopping online 应试教育 exam-oriented education 学生减负 to reduce study load大学英语阅读难点80句翻译1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives； it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the drivers responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However， you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle； or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle； or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so， and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age， and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University， he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain， which relate to intellect （智能） and emotion， and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties， but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are， however， as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker， bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges， and that the costs of living of our young men， while with you， would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things， and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are， however， not the less obliged by your kind offer， though we refuse to accept it； and， to show our grateful sense of it， if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons， we will take care of their education， teach them in all we know ， and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history， the earths postwar era， there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today， less than forty years later， as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously， there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers， but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings， but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote， and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea， there was little reason to ask many questions about it ， let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans？ had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts， the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths， a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade， which is recorded， and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work， but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean， and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible， do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills， and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think， to make decisions， to analyse and evaluate， and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is， how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling？29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing， but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay， which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors， but if his priorities had centred on the childs ideas， an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.31. Given the nature of government and private employers， it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they havent.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10，000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time， we could make a long list of hobbies， taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish， to learning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath， so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school ， business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past， could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty？40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence， but of rejecting its implications： that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order， that they have no cumulative effect， and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States， but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining the Black heritage of folklore， music， and religious expression from one generation to another， a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning， spending， organizing， marrying， taking part in political activities， fighting and so on ， is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences， even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken， of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types， however， proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences， which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.46. According to this theory， it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce， but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge ， and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that， where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution， a bimodal distribution is produced， one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces， the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out， and as regards our more immediate concern， the reliability of present day economic forecasting， there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space， minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish， intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic， regarded this earth with envious eyes， and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.51. Even the doctoral degree， long recognized as a required union card in the academic world， has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professors classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both， the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts， while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production （GNP） because it is not such a complete index of welfare， ignoring， on the one hand， that it was never intended to be， and suggesting， on the other， that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size， number， arrangement， and interconnection of the nerve cells， but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned， the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack， but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers， whose flights are within the Earths atmosphere， from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks， Hispanics， and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century， she argues， the concept of the useful child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the useless child who， though producing no income for， and indeed extremely costly to its parents， is yet