自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国文艺复兴时期一天全掌握.doc

English Literature The Renaissance Period 1. age: 1500-1660 2. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; Englands Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church 3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet; (2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain (3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing mans dignity and his worldly happiness Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓賽 1. The poets poet; 2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealism The Faerie Queen 仙后 (The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌) An allegory; a historical poem to present the example of a perfect gentleman; a hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful loves Christopher Marlowe 克里斯扥夫.馬洛 （Blank verse University wit） 1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama 2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English drama Dr Fauctus 浮士德博士 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人 1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亞 The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity“The Kings government must be carried on” (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的) (Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.) literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality Sonnets 十四行詩 The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 Hamlet 哈姆雷特 (Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯; The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet; Shakespeares greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth 1. 154 poems; English form 2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews (Shylock). 3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death Francis Bacon 弗蘭西斯.培根 a well known philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern science; his Essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose brevitycompactnesspowerfulness Of Studies 论学习 It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character John Donne 約翰.鄧恩 John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 the leading figure(代表人物) of the metaphysical school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Sonnets a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than static A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanist The Sun Rising 太阳升起 Death, Be Not Proud 死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonnets） Paradise Lost 失樂園 1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love 2. a bold challenge to the proud Death Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of Man时间界定 English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 浪漫主义时期英国“湖畔派” 英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家，是华兹华斯（17701850）、柯勒律治（17721834）和骚塞（17741843）。他们曾定居于英国西北部的湖区故得名“湖畔派”。 华兹华斯/Wordworth 为他和柯勒律治共同创作的抒情歌谣集/Lyrical Ballads 所作的序言，被认为是英国浪漫主义文学的宣言。 华兹华斯/Wordworth 十分热爱并善于描写大自然，被誉为“自然的诗人”，代表作是序曲，柯勒律治/Coleridge 的代表作是长诗古舟子咏。 subjects and the faculties本质 of the Romanticism. The subjects are: love, nature, nationalism, individualism, The faculties they cherished are: imagination, spontaneity自发性, 浪漫主义的本质特征是主观性与抒情性。浪漫主义者崇尚大自然，歌颂自然之美。浪漫主义者重视民间文学，艺术上喜用夸张手法，追求强烈的美丑对比和出奇制胜的艺术效果。 . 浪漫主义文学家认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，同时可以净化人的心灵。 浪漫主义者还体现了强烈的民族精神。 哥特小说也是浪漫主义的一部分，它盛行于英国18世纪末浪漫主义前期。布莱克 William Blake 诗人与雕刻家，曾被人认为天才和疯子 From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. declare that I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION & Vision,and that The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative. 他认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，他的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满了想象与幻觉。 主要作品：天真之歌经验之歌天堂与地狱联姻老虎先知书 Poetical Sketches is his first printed work, which is a collection of youthful verse. Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻 Blakes Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. In this poem, Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. 写作特色：Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language语言直白朴素. His poems ofen carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.他的诗歌富有抒情诗的美丽以及深远的意义。 He distructs the abstractness他不喜欢抽象的词汇 and tends to embody his view with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.并常用实实在在的比喻及形象来体现他的视野。The Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry. 大范围的使用象征也是他作品的鲜明特征.plain,direct,lyric.beauty,symbolism 选读作品： The songs of Innocence: 天真之歌 It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world. though not without its evils and suffering. 表述了宗教只是一种安慰，一种想象中的极乐世界的社会环境。 The songs of Experience 经验之歌 It paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy/doleful: 悲哀的tone. Childhood is central to Blakes concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference. 揭示出宗教的本来面目，即为儿童带来灾难痛苦。 indicates the conditions of the exploitation被剥削的 of child labour,which make religion a consolation起安慰作用的, reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. the tyger 老虎（历年考题长考这首） suggests fear,represents energy,symbolizes the French Revolution in 1789;the forest of the night symbolizes the world of experience;fearful symmetrysuggests the harmony of the two opposite aspects of Gods creation. 第四节诗人把老虎的创造过程同铁匠造物结合起来，进一步加强感叹的效果。 第五节中诗人暗示：创造和平纯洁的也可以制造出恐怖的力量，制造出暴力以及可怕的东西。 Read the quoted part and answer the questions: 1. A little black thing among the snow Crying weep! weep! In notes of woe where are thy father & mother? Say? They are both gone up to the church to prey. (1)Identify the poem and poet. (2)Explain notes of woe. (3)What does the sentence mean they ate both gone up to the church to prey. Answer: (1)It is from The Chimney Sweeper (from songs of experience) by Blake.(P172) (2)notes of woe means the songs/notes of sadness. (3)It implies: religion is the instrument of their repression/ oppression, its nature is to help bring misery to the poor children.(P169) 2 Then naked & white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind, And the angle told Tom, if hed be a good bye, Hed have God for his father, and never want joy. (1)Identify the poem and its poet; (2)What does the poem implies? Answer: (1) The poem is take from The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence), which was written by William Blake.(p171) (2) This is a lovely poem presenting a happy and innocent world, though the wretched child are exploited and orphaned, they had nice dream for life and the world, which implies religion make people obedient to exploitation, and from religion, they can get consolation and an illusory happiness.(p168)William Wordsworth 华兹华斯Wordsworth、柯勒律治Coleridge、和骚塞Southey他们曾定居于英国西北部的湖区故得名“湖畔派”Lake Poets。 Wordsworth is regarded as a worshipper of nature. 华被称为大自然的膜拜者。 1842年政府为他发了津贴goverment pension，次年他压倒骚塞成为了桂冠诗人Poet Laureate。 主要作品： 代表作序曲The Prelude Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集 An Evening Walk 黄昏散步 To a Highland Girl 致高地姑娘 The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 The Ruined Cottage被摧毁的房屋 The Old Cumberland Beggfar老坎柏兰的乞丐 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如行云独自游 主题与风格： Wordsworths short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.按主题，华的短诗分为关于自然和生活。 Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his theme. 华认为普通人的生活应该是文学的主题，他的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。 Beyond the pleasure of the picturesque独特的 with the eye and the external aspects of nature, however, lies in deeper moral awareness, a sense of completeness完全 in multiplicity多样性. (it means poem not only deals with the beautiful world, but express moral) Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华是个怀旧的诗人。 To him, life is a cyclical journey. 生命是循环的旅程。Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. 生命之始也恰恰是终结之处。His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.他的这种人生哲学体现在他的代表作序曲中。 Wordsworths deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled. 华对简洁朴素风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。 He thought poet is a man speaking to men, poetry is the spontaneous自发的overflow洋溢 of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility宁静. He always writes an elusive 难捉摸的beauty of simplicity朴素 or a rural乡村风味的 figure. 他的贡献和影响： William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the local poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly清新的, sympathetically关心的 and naturally自然的. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing iteself, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。 选读作品： 历年第二、三是重点I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如行云独自游又名The Daffodils黄水仙 is perhaps the most preeminence卓越的 poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core核心 of Wordsworths poetic beliefs. 2Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,1802作于西敏寺桥上 在作者去法国的路上创作的。突然意识到伦敦也是自然的一部分。主要是对论坛清晨美景的描述和歌颂。 A vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London,Italian sonnet. the rhyme scheme of the poem is abbaabba,cdcdcd. 3She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方 露西诗中的一首。描述了一位乡村姑娘远离尘嚣，在偏远之地的幸福生活。抒发了作者对时间与死亡的沉思。 4The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 鉴于作者丰富的想象力和联想力，这一普通的事情变成令人感叹的事件。作者成功地使读者与之产生共鸣。同时诗歌体现了作者对自然的激情。 应用：Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud” The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.塞缪尔泰勒克勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge 第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。 1798年他和华合作出版的抒情歌谣集Lyrical Ballads成为英诗的一个里程碑。 在哲学与文学批评方面，他反对18世纪局限的理性主义思维limitedly rationalistic。 他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神与宗教化的诠释。 他认为艺术是唯一能永远揭示现实的形式。 他高度赞赏华的纯净的语言，深邃的思想，真实的描述，非凡的想象力。但是否定华说的诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样。 在诗歌方面的成就： Coleridges actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic【di:5mCnik】神袛诗 and the conversational对话诗. 一、The demonic group includes his three masterpieces: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古航海家之歌, Christabel 克丽丝特贝尔 and Kubla Khan忽必烈汗. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group. 二、he conversational group speaks more directly of an allied theme: the desire to go home, not to the past, but to what Hart Crane beautifully called an improved infancy. Among the conversational group, Frost at Midnight子夜寒霜 is the most important. 选读作品： Kubla Khan was composd in a dream after Coleridge took the opium鸦片. The poet was reading about Kubla Khan when he fell asleep. The images of the river, of the magnificent palace and other marvelous scenes deposited in his unconsciousness were expressed into about two or three hundred lines. But when he was writing them down, a stranger interrupted him and the vision was never recaptured. Only 53 lines survived. describes the pleasure dome of the Khan拜伦 Geroge Gordon Byron he was regarded in Enland as the perverted反常的 man, the satanic 邪恶的poet; while on the Continet, he was hailed as the champion of liberty自由冠军, poet of the people人民诗圣 . 早期出名作是长篇叙事诗恰尔德罗哈德游记第一二章。 the first two cantos of Childe Harolds Pilgrimage代表作是19世纪著名的讽刺史诗唐璜。 Don Juan is Byrons masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century. It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.西班牙传说，一个多情的公子是个引诱女人的好手。 作者在拜伦身上开发出了勇敢、慷慨、直白、诚恳等特点。 作者目的在于通过唐璜的游历来展现不同的社会情形。 特色：abundance of ideas,images,artiatic forms and innovations. 丰富的思想，想象力，艺术形式和创新。 bgcolor=#e0ffffByrons satire on the English society in the later part of the peom Don Juan can be compared with Popes ; and his satire is much less personal than that of Popes, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society. 在诗唐璜的结尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨，而是整个社会的虚伪。 写作特点：Byrons poetry, though much criticized by some critics on moral grounds, was immensely popular at home, and also abroad, where it exerted great fluence on the Romantic movement. This popularity it owed to the authors persistent attacks on cant political, religious, and moral, to the novelty of his oriental scenery, to the romantic character of the Byronic hero, and to the easy, fluent, and naturl beauty of his verse. Byrons diction, though unequal and frequently faulty, has on the whole a freedom, copiousness and vigor. His discriptions are simple and fresh, and often bring vivid objects before the reader. Byrons poetry is like the oratory which hurries the hearers without applause. The glowing imagination of the poet rises and sinks with the tones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling and sentiments. Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanze) from Italian mock-heroic poetry. 诗人不懈地抨击虚伪的政治，宗教以及道德。他笔下美轮美奂的东方奇景，他塑造的英雄形象，他诗中的平易近人、优雅流畅的语句。引用了意大利英雄体史诗的八行诗体。 拜伦式英雄Byrons greatest contributionByronic hero As a leading Romanticist, Byrons chief contribution is his creation of the Byronic hero, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble orgin. 高傲神秘反叛带有贵族血统With immense superiority in his passions and powers以自己超凡的情感与能力, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical 残暴的rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustibloe energies. The conflict is usually one of rebelious individuals agaisnt outworn 腐化过时的social systems and conventions规定. 主要作品：闲散时光，东方叙事诗，该隐，青铜时代。 选读作品： 卢德工人之歌Song for the Luddites 反映现实阶级斗争的诗作，卢德是这个运动的领袖，因而称为卢德运动。表达了诗人无比愤怒的激情。 希腊岛The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan, III) 全诗16个诗节，粉三层意思。前4节说明希腊光辉灿烂的过去。中间4节讲述现在遭受侵略而又懦弱无能的希腊，后8节唤醒希腊人民起来反抗侵略。 第一首的注解一，第二首的1、5、16节多看看。 练习题： 一、 Byrons greatest contribution is his creation of the Byronic hero What kind of the hero he is? Give comment on him. Answer: (1) Don Juan is Byrons masterpiece, a great comic epic, in which Byron described a hero named Don Juan. He was a great lover and seducer of women. In the conventional sense,al positives like courage, generosity, and frankness In a word, Don was proud Juan was immoral, but Juan had his own mor, mysterious, and a noble rebel figure. He was a young man with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies, one of rebellious individuals against outworn/outdated social systems and conventions. (2) Comment: The poets true intention is to present a panoramic view of different types of society,the main theme of the works the basic ironic theme of appearance andreality,during which the poet also presented various materials and the clash of emotions. (P194-196) 二。 Place me on Suniums marbles steep, Where nothing, save the waves and I, May her our mutual murmurs sweep; There, swan like, let me sing and die: A land of slaves shall neer be