2000考研英语真题中英对照解析.doc

2000 Passage 1 adj. 不费力的 adj. 可怕的, 令人畏惧的 n. 1.障碍,阻碍2.缺陷;残疾3.加给强对手的不利条件eftlsadv.轻松地 dredful 极端的,糟糕的,讨厌的烦人的 hndikpvt.1.妨碍;阻碍2.使(某人)行动和生活不正常 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become 一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的a driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World 推动力。二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期 倍 npr,leldadj.无比的, 无双的, 空前的War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of 当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。skeln.1.规模;程度;范围2.等级;级别 scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。美国的国富民强是prsprsadj.成功的,繁荣的,兴旺的prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。2.必然发生的事，不可避免的事 2.大主教的职位 2.意料之中nvtbladj.1.不可避免的,必然发生的 pramsin.1.首位,首要 nevtbladv.1.不可避免地,必然地 It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, 随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。n.1.退却,撤退2.退军号,收兵号3.隐退处, 静居处 rtritvi.1.撤退;退却2.离开；离去 prdmnnsn.1.优势2.主导或支配的地位 at a loss 不知所措,亏本the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss 从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。fedn.褪色,枯萎,衰退 indstriladj.1.工业的,产业的2.用于工业的3.有很多产业的,工业发达的over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, 面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，rkshrink的过去式和过去分词2.退缩；畏缩n.精神病学家,心理学家 2.不复存在, 绝迹,消亡 rkvt.&vi.1.收缩;（使）缩水,收缩,缩小,皱缩 vnvi.1.消失,突然不见,（莫名其妙地）突然消失 had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television 已经萎缩或渐渐消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。marker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.) （现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。）n.1.纺织品,织物2.纺织业 4.（在投票等中的）大胜，全胜 5.弧线的；弯曲的 n. 1.家佣2.家庭矛盾3.棉布，平布tks,tal swipadj.1.包罗万象的2.影响广泛的,大范围的 dmstkadj.1.本国的,国内的2.家庭的foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was 外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。 岌岌可危 ropn.1.粗绳,绳索,缆vt.1.(用绳子)捆,绑 adv.暂时 ,smikndktn.物半导体on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented 人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了， kultin.1.伤亡者,伤员,亡者,遇难者2.牺牲品;受害者3.急诊室and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。3.危难时刻,病危期4.转折点 3.成功n.地名 美国 普罗斯佩里蒂 krassn.1.危机,危急关头2.决定性时刻, 关键阶段 prsprtin.1.幸运,顺利2.兴旺,繁荣3.认为是理所当然的对想当然All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to 所有这一切导致了信任危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。 rntdconj.1.假定;就算2.不把当回事；对不予重视 believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall 他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。 nkwarin. 1.打听,询问2.调查,查问3.探究,探索4.疑问;问题as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their 80年代中期，人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。 snsenladj.1.轰动性的,引起哗然的2.(报章等) 哗众取宠的；耸人听闻的3.极好的;绝妙的Sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。 sldadv. 1.连续地，不间断地2.全部地，完全地 How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while 情况的变化真快！1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候，美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。tribju:tvt.认为是;归因于 solliadv.唯一地;仅仅;独一无二地 divljuvt.1.使(货币)贬值2.降低(某事物)的价值Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or 没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。 jildvt.&vi.1.生产,出产,带来2.屈服,放弃;不再反对vi.1.变形,折断,塌陷2.让位于,被所取代n.1.产量,收益2.收益量,产物the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. American industry has changed its 到如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构， kwk,wtdadj.聪颖的；机敏的；机智的 adj. 1.有执行权的；实施的2.经营管理的；经理的；决策的structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive 消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德卡佛纳的看法。zkjtvn.经理，主管领导，管理人员dinn. 1.(大学的)学院院长, 系主任2.座堂主任牧师dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government. It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our “看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。” ,prodktvtin.生产率, 生产力 institju:tvt.建立,制定;开始,着手n.1.协会,学会;学院,研究院2.机构，机构建筑businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in 华盛顿特区的智囊团卡托研究院的史蒂芬莫尔说Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on 哈佛商学院的威廉萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为this period as a golden age of business management in the United States.“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。but与后一个分句之间又插入一个由if引导的条件状语if properly handled，该状语原来是一个if引导的条件状语从句，即if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled，其中的it is由于和该分句的主句部分主谓语一致而被省略掉了。本句结构比较简明，只需注意but与it may become a driving force之间的if结构是一个插入语，并且是一个省略了主语和系动词的被动语态。此外handicap意为“不利条件”。Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.前一句中its workers the most skilled是一个伴随状语，省略了其中的being，补齐成分后应为its workers being the most skilled。后一句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的状语，beyond为介词，是“超越，超出”的意思。而whose economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians，原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。注意beyond一词的意思，它表示“在之外”。For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.该句带有一个表语从句，其表语从句中又套有两个并列的定语从句。全句主句部分的主谓结构是it looked.，as though（即as if好像）引导的从句是looked（看上去）的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of semiconductors，谓语为was going to be，而逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定语，同时又是插入语。注意理解the next casualty的含义，casualty本意为“伤亡”，此处是“被国外产品击败的美国本土产业”。Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.英语的句式词汇一般都比较简练，如果将本句用中国人习惯的语式讲出应该如下：Their sometimes surprising findings about the causes of Americans industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overseas nations.sensational即surprising。另外注意本句的中心意思在句末的the growing competition from overseas。Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.attribute. to.将归功或归咎于。solely作状语修饰attribute，this指代上一句中的five years of solid growth，此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作宾语such obvious causes的补语。yield to是“向屈服”，即“被取代”。此处使用了现在完成时，证明这种状态到现在已成型。2000 Passage 2 Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this 做男人总是充满危险，出生时男女比例大约是105:100，reiiun.比,比例,比率 mtjrtin.1.成熟;成熟期;发育完全2.(金融)到期3.(保险单等)到期（应付款）ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as 但到了成熟期，这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，n. 1.【逻辑学】全称命题,谓项2.【哲学】一般概念,junvsladj.1.普遍的,全体的2.广泛的,普遍 m:tlti:n. 1.必死性2.大量死亡3.死亡率men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as 但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。 n. 1.超过,过多之量2.过度,过分,过量3.放肆行为,越轨行为 至关重要的,关键性的 k,ssadj.超重的,过量的;额外的,超额的,附加的,过度的 kruladj.决定性的,紧要关头的 girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are 这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, 更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。50年前，the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too 婴儿（尤其是男婴）存活的机会取决于体重，过轻或过重几乎 ,vrieinn.1.变化,变动(的程度);（数量、水平等的）变化,变更,变异2.变奏(曲) 3.变异,变异的东西,变种,变体heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to 意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用，因为大部分差异eidntn.1.代理人,代理商;经纪人2.作用者,原动力,动因;作用剂3.（化学）剂 ,vlun, ,iv-n.演变;进化;发展genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。3.托付;交付4.自杀 3.自杀性行为；自毁；自取灭亡的行为 4.自杀者kmtvt.1.犯罪;犯错2.承诺;使自己受约束 ,i:vlu:nriadj.进化的 sjuisaidn.1.自杀2.自取灭亡There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are进化自杀还有另一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。f:tail adj.1.多产的,富饶的2.能生育的,可繁殖的,能结果的3.能产生好结果的；促进的4.点子多的；想像力丰富的as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays 现在没有几个人像过去那样具有旺盛的生育力。除了在一些宗教社区之外，没有几名妇女有15个孩子。 rfladv.1.粗略地;大体上;大致上2.粗暴地;粗鲁地3.粗乱地;随便地the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of 当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化，我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。f,sprn.1.子女,子孙,后代2.(动物的)崽 v.利用,欺骗;占.的便宜offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it 人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。 diminitadj.减少了的,被贬低的have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and 印度可以说明正在发生的一切。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，2.缺少;贫乏3.低劣;劣质 rmenadj.剩余的,剩下的 2.显赫的;高傲的3.非常愉快的,极好的pvtin.1.贫穷,贫困 trabladj.部落的 rndadj.1.壮丽的,宏伟的 ,midikrtin.平庸,第二流;平庸人 poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in 而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天这种极其显著的平均化每个人的生存机会和survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in 子女数量都相同意味着自然选择在印度中、上层已经失去了80的效力，上中阶层upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.与部落相比较。 ,vlunn.演变;进化;发展 jutopin.乌托邦(理想中美好的社会)For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little 对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束；生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化，physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years even the past 没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年甚至过去的100年中， trnsfrmvt. & vi.改变vt.使改变形态；使改变外观 vlvvt.&vi.演变;进化vi.(动植物等 )进化,进化形成100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines 我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。 2.很无礼的,十分不懂规矩的 3.有机的,不使用化肥的,绿色的 nrntadj.1.无知的,愚昧的 rnkadj.1.器官的;器质性的2.有机(体)的,有机物的and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they look at an organic 达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们“看有机的生命 svdadj.1.未开化的;野蛮的,蒙昧的2.凶猛的;残忍的,凶残的vt.1.残害2.猛烈批评；激烈抨击n.未开化的人, 野蛮人being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension. No doubt we will 如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西”。毫无疑问， holi, holliadv.完全地,全部地remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our 我们将记住20世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解，但是，dsndntn.1.后代,后裔2.（由过去类似物发展来的）派生物descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.该句是由三个递进关系的简单句组成的并列句，句法结构比较清晰。第一个分句的关键词在born，表明该比数是婴儿出生时的性别比例；第二个分句的关键词在near balance（接近持平）和at the age of maturity，表示性别比例的持平状态发生在成年时期；第三个分句的70-year-olds指代的是“70岁的人们”，作名词。Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. 注意differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it是两个并列的主语，千万不要理解成people与the opportunity是between的并列宾语。and连接的两个并列部分是differences between people和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it，而不是people和the opportunity。另外注意句中的it指代的是differences between people。The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80 of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.该句的主语是The grand mediocrity，谓语是means，其后跟着that引导的宾语从句that natural selection has lost 80 of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes，其中compared to the tribes是分词结构作状语，省略了if/when being。破折号中间everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring是典型的插入语，其中survival和number of offspring都是介词in的宾语。grand在此处不是“宏伟，壮丽”的意思，而是“程度很深”；mediocrity也非“平庸，平常”，而是“平均化”或“折衷”；offspring是“后代”。另外要理解natural selection has lost 80 of its power in upper-middle-class India的意思，这里是指在原来的社会不平等的情况下，印度中上层阶级拥有一些能使自己在自然选择中处于优势的特权，而随着医疗和卫生条件的改变，下层人民也拥有同样的生存条件，因此中上层阶级就丧失了80的自然选择中的优势。Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.冒号后的句子是主句中a phrase的同位语。该同位语从句中的结构是A does something as B does something（A做某事的样子正像B做某事的样子）。those ignorant of evolution指对生物进化过程一无所知的人，其后的they也指代这些人。最后的his指代前面的a savage。beyond his comprehension超出了他的理解范围。2000 Passage 3达到（某年龄、水平、状况) n.1.提倡者,拥护者2.辩护律师,辩护人tenvt. & vi.1.实现,达到,获得 dvazbladj.明智的; 可取的 dv,ket vt.提倡, 主张When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are 当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在， frfttadj.牵强的 nriznbladj.1.不讲道理的,非理智的2.过分的,太多的aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in 因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议， nriznbladj. 1.不讲道理的,非理智的2.过分的,太多的 fju:tristn.未来主义者, 未来派艺术家 potrin. 1.诗篇,诗歌,诗集2.作诗法,诗歌艺术3.诗情,诗意years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather 将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同， dmtvt. & vi. 1.许可进入2.承认,供认difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be 因为无论未来派诗歌为何物即使承认其理论根据可能正确， vt.把归入某等级,把看作 ltr,tr, -tn.1.文学,文学作品2.文献,图书资料right it can hardly be classed as Literature.也很难称之为文学。 简单地说, 简而言之 adv.有条件地This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally 简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化； 加速 kns,kwntliadv.所以, 因此speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts 现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此， ,ndovt.经历，经受（变化、不快的事等） ,krspnd, ,kr-vi.1.相符合,相一致2.相当,相类似3.通信and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a 我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称，这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。 ntprtvt. 1.解释;说明2.把理解为；领会3.演绎（按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色）vt. & vi.口译; 翻译new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must 如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。涌出3.倾诉;倾吐 2.本质的,实质的n.1.要素,要点2.必需品3.实质 fa,natadj.1.有限的,有限度的2.语限定的1.倒出;使流出 snladj. 1.必不可少的,非常重要的 nhmpdadj.无妨碍的,无阻碍的 dktvn.形容词 pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. 我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。 kwl,faadj.使具有资格的 vbn.动词 m,tetvt. 1.模仿2.把作为例子3.模仿（某人的讲话、举止Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and 我们不应描绘声音，我们必须造出模仿声音的词语； 任意, 随意different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。 n.翻倒,扰乱adj.1.心烦的2.不舒服的 knfjuzdadj.1.糊涂的,迷乱的2.混杂的,不清楚的 pstvt. & vi.打翻,弄翻vt.1.打乱,扰乱2.使苦恼,使心烦;使不适Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the 他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有点生厌，kspln,triadj.解释的,说明的,阐述的 tkadj.土耳其的;土耳其人的n.土耳