《演讲的艺术》PS_ W2.ppt

ChapterISpeakinginPublic Regardlessofthekindofspeechcommunicationinvolved therearesevenelements speaker message channel listener feedback interference andsituation Speaker yoursuccessasaspeakerdependson 1 yourpersonalcredibility2 yourknowledgeofthesubject3 yourpreparationofthespeech4 yourmannerofspeaking5 yoursensitivitytotheaudienceandtheoccasion6 yourenthusiasm successfulpublicspeakingismorethanamatteroftechnicalskill Youcan texpectpeopletobeinterestedinwhatyousayunlessyouareinterestedyourself Beforeanytechniquesofeffectivespeechmakingcanbeofmuchuse youmustfirsthavesomethingtosay somethingthatsparksyourownenthusiasm 6 TheSpeechCommunicationProcess Message Yourgoalinpublicspeakingistohaveyourintendedmessagebethemessagethatisactuallycommunicated Thisdependson 1 Whatyousay Narrowyourtopicdowntosomething somethingyoucandiscussadequatelyinthetimeallowedforthespeech Doresearchandchoosesupportingdetailstomakeyourideasclearandconvincing Organizeyourideassolistenerscanfollowthemwithoutgettinglost Expressyourmessageinwordsthatareaccurate clear vivid andappropriate 2 Howyousay Besidesthemessageyousendwithwords yousendamessagewithyourtoneofvoice appearance gestures facialexpression andeyecontact Makesureyournonverbalmessagedoesnotdistractfromyourverbalmessage 6 TheSpeechCommunicationProcess Channel thechannelisthemeansbywhichamessageiscommunicated Inapublicspeakingclassyourchannelisthemostdirectofall Yourclassmateswillseeyouandhearyouwithoutanyelectronicintervention Listener thelisteneristhepersonwhoreceivesthecommunicatedmeassage Withoutalistener thereisnocommunication Frameofreference Thetotalofone sknowledge experience goals values andattitudes Everythingaspeakersaysisfilteredthroughalistener sframeofreference Themeaningofamessagewillneverbeexactlythesametoalistenerastoaspeaker Audience centered Apublicspeakermusttakegreatcaretoadaptthemessagetotheparticularaudiencebeingaddressed Donotassumethatlistenerswillbeinterestedinwhatyouhavetosay Understandtheirpointofviewasyoupreparethespeech Worktogettheminvolved nottoobasicorsophisticated relatetotheirexperience interests knowledge andvalues 6 TheSpeechCommunicationProcess Feedback Mostsituationsinvolvestwo waycommunication Yourlistenersdon tsimplyabsorbyourmessagelikehumansponges Asapublicspeaker youneedtobealerttothefollowingreactionsandadjustyourmessageaccordingly Doyourlistenersleanforwardintheirseats asifpayingcloseattention Dotheyapplaudinapproval Dotheylaughatyourjokes Dotheyhavequizzicallooksintheirfaces Dotheyshuffletheirfeetandgazeattheclock 6 TheSpeechCommunicationProcess Interference externalinterferenceandinternalinterference Asaspeaker youmusttrytoholdyourlistener sattentiondespitethesevariouskindsofreference Situation thesituationisthetimeandplaceinwhichspeechcommunicationoccurs Thesituationcanhelporhurt Publicspeakersmustalsobealerttothesituation Certainoccasionsrequirecertainkindsofspeeches Physicalsettingisalsoimportant indoors outdoors smallclassroom gymnasium adenselypackedcorwd ahandfulofscatteredsouls 6 TheSpeechCommunicationProcess Situation Listener Speaker ChannelInterference AdaptingtoInterference Message Feedback 6 TheSpeechCommunicationProcess ChapterIIEthicsandPublicSpeaking Thegoalofpublicspeakingistogainadesiredresponsefromthelisteners butnotatanycost Speechmakingisaformofpowerandthereforecarrieswithitheaveyethicalresponsibilities Inanidealworld allpublicspeakerswouldbetruthfulanddevotedtothegoodofsociety Yethistorytellsusthatthepowerofspeechisoftenabused sometimeswithdisastrousresults 1 TheImportanceofEthics Thepowerofthespokenwordneedstobeguidedbyastrongsenseofethicalintegrity Justasthereareguidelinesforethicalbehaviourinotherareasoflife soarethereguidelinesforethicalconductinpublicspeaking MakeSureYourGoalsAreEthicallySoundBeFullyPreparedforEachSpeech youhaveanobligationtoyourselfandtoyourlistener topreparefullyeverytimeyoustandinfrontofanaudience Bepreparedforaspeechinvolveseverythingfromanalyzingyouraudiencetocreatingvisualaids organizingyourideastorehearsingyourdelivery Mostcrucialfromanethicalstandpoint though isbeingfullyinformedaboutyoursubject doingenoughresearch Don tcommunicateerroneousinformationormisleadingadvice 2 GuidelinesforEthicalSpeaking BeHonestinWhatYouSay Blatantcontemptforthetruth Subtleformsofdisonesty jugglingstatistics quotingoutofcontext misrepresentingthesourcesoffactsandfigures paintingtentativefindingsasfirmconclusions portrayingafewdetailsasthewholestory citingunusualcasesastypicalexamples subsitutinginnuendoandhalftruthsforeveidenceandproof AvoidName CallingandOtherFormsofAbusiveLangugePlagiarism GlobalPlagiarism globalplagiarismisstealingyourspecchentirelyfromanothersourceandpassingitoffasyourown Itissometimestheresultofdeliberatedishonesty Moreoftenithappensbecauseaspeakerputsofftheresearchonhie herspeechtopicuntilthelastminute 2 GuidelinesforEthicalSpeaking Plagiarism PatchworkPlagiarism patchworkplagiarismhappenswhenaspeakerpilfersfromtwoorthreesources Asstudents youarenotexpertsontheirspeechtopics youarenotexpectedtocomeupwithnewideasthatevenexpertshaven tthoughtof Thekeyisweatheryoudoenoughresearchandthinkingtocomeupwithyourownslantonthetopic Waystoavertit startworkingonyourspeechassoonasyoupossiblycan Consultalargenumberofsourcesinyourresearch Ifyouonlyhavetwoorthreesourcestoturntoforinspiration youarefarmorelikelytofallintothetrapofpatchworkpalgiarismthanifyouconsultawiderangeofresearchmaterials 2 GuidelinesforEthicalSpeaking Plagiarism IncrementalPlagiarism Itoccurswhenthespeakerfailstogivecreditforparticularpartsofthespeechthatareborrowedfromotherpeopleevenwhenthespeechasawholeisnotpirated Itispossibletocommititquitebyaccident Quotations Whenyouquotesbdirectly youmustattributethewordstothatperson Paraphrase Whenyouparephraseanauthor yourestateorsummarizeherorhisideasinyourownwords 2 GuidelinesforEthicalSpeaking Plagiarism PlagiarismandtheInternet manypeoplearenotawareoftheneedtogivecredittotheauthorsofmaterialsfoundonline Makesureyoukeeparecordofthefollowing ThetitleoftheInternetdocument Theauthorororganizationresponsibleforthedocument Thedateonwhichthedocumentwaslastupdated Theaddressofthewebsite Thedateonwhichyouaccessedthesite Whenyoupresentyourspeech youneedtospecifytheauthorandthewbsite Caution Don tgotowebsitesthatsellentirespeechesorpapersThereareInternetservicesthatspecializeinindentifyingpapers speeches andotherkindsofacademicworkthatareplagiarizedfromthenet Thematerialsyoucanbuyforthosewebsitesareofverylowquality 2 GuidelinesforEthicalSpeaking ChapterIIIListening Mostpeopleareshockinglypoorlisteners Hearingdoesn tmeaninglistening Hearingisaphysiologicalprocess Listeninginvolvespayingcloseattentionto andmakingsenseof whatwehear Wecanfakepayingattention Evenwhenwethinkwearelisteningcarefully weusuallygrasponly50percentofwhatwehear After24hourswecanrememberonly10percentoftheoriginalmessage Listeninghasbeencalledalostart 1 Hearingdosen tmeanlistening Theartoflisteningcanbehelpfulinalmosteverypartofyourlife Anumberofstudieshaveshownastrongcorrelationbetweenlisteningandacademicsuccess Studentswiththehighestgradesareusuallythosewiththestrongestlisteningskills Listeningisalsoimportanttoyouasaspeaker Ifyoudon tlistenwell youwillnotunderstandwhatyouhearandmaypassalongyourmisunderstandingtoothers Anexcellentwaytoimproveyourownspeechesistolistenattentivelytothespeechesofotherpeople Thebestspeakersareusuallythebestlisteners 2 Listeningisimportant AppreciativeListening Listeningforpleasureorenjoyment aswhenwelistentomusic toacomedyroutine ortoanentertainingspeech EmpathicListening Listeningtoprovideemotionalsupportforthespeaker aswhenapsychiatristlistenstoapatientorwhenwelendasympatheticeartoafriendindistress ComprehensiveListening Listeningtounderstandthemessageofaspeaker aswhenweattendaclassroomlectureorlistentodirectionsforfindingafriend shouse CriticalListening Listeningtoevaluateamessageforpurposesofacceptingorrejectingit aswhenwelistentothesalespitchofaused cardealer Thecampaignspeechofapoliticalcandidate ortheclosingargumentsofanattorneyinajurytrial 3 FourKindsofListening ComprehensiveListeningandCriticalListening Theyarethetwotypesoflisteningthischapterdealsprimarilywith Theyarekindsoflisteningyouwillusemostoftenwhenlisteningtospeechesinclass whentakinglecturesnotesinothercourses whencommunicatingatwork andwhenrespondingtothebarrageofcommercials politicalmessages andotherpersuasiveappeals Theyarealsothekindsoflisteningthataremostcloselytiedtocriticalthinking CriticalThinking Itisamatteroflogic ofbeingabletospotweaknessesinotherpeople sargumentsandtoavoidtheminyourown Criticalthinkingisfocusedandorganizedthinking theabilitytoseeclearlytherelationshipsamongideas Itinvolvesrelatedskillssuchasdistinguishingfactfromopinion judgingthecredibilityofstatements assessingthesoundnessofevidence spottingweaknessinreasoning summarizinginformation recallingfacts distinguishingmainpointsfromminorpoints 4 ListeningandCriticalThinking ListeningandCriticalThinking Summarizinginformation recallingfacts distinguishingmainpointsfromminorpointsarecentraltocomprehensivelistening Separatingfactfromopinion spottingweaknessinreasoning judgingthesoundnessofevidenceareespeciallyimportantincriticallistening Listeningandcriticalthinkingaresocloselyalliedthattraininginlisteningisalsotraininginhowtothink Ifyoufollowthestepstoimproveyourskillsincomprehensiveandcriticallistening youmayalsobecomeabettercriticalthinkeratthesametime Andyoulldobetterinpreparingyourspeeches 4 ListeningandCriticalThinking NotConcentrating Thebrainisincrediblyefficient Althougwetalkatarateof120to150wordsaminute thebraincanprocess400to800wordsaminute Thisfactactuallydosen tmakelisteningveryeasy buthastheoppositeeffect becausewecantakeinaspeaker swordsandstillhaveplentyofspare braintime wearetemptedtointerruptourlisteningbythinkingaboutotherthings toletyourthoughtswanderratherthantoconcentrateonwhatisbeingsaid Concentratingisactuallyhardwork ListeningtoHard Sometimeswelistentoohard Weturnintohumansponges soakingupaspeaker severywordasifeverywordwereequallyimportant Intheprocess weoftenmissthespeaker spointbysubmergingitinamorassofdetails What sworse wemayendupconfusingthefactsaswell Efficientlistenersusuallyconcentrateonmainideasandevidence 5 FourCausesofPoorListening JumpingtoConclusions Puttingwordsintospeaker smouth Thisisonereasonwhysometimeswecommunicatesopoorlywithpeopleweareclosestto Becausewearesosureweknowwhattheymean wedon tlistentowhattheyactuallysay Sometimeswedon tevenhearthemout Prematurelyrejectingaspeaker sideasasboringormisguided Wemaydecideearlyonthataspeakerhasnothingvaluabletosayjustbecausethetopicsoftheirspeechesareoppositetosomeofouropinionsorseemnottobeinterestingtous FocusingonDeliveryandPersonalAppearance Wetendtojudgepeoplebythewaytheylookorspeakandthereforedon tlistentowhattheysay Somepeoplebecomesodistractedbyaspeaker saccent personalappearance orvocalmannerismsthattheylosesightofthemessage Focusingonaspeaker sdeliveryorpersonalappearanceisoneofthemajorsourcesoftheinteferenceinthespeechcommunicationprocess wealwaysshouldguardagainstit 5 FourCausesofPoorListening TakeListeningSeriouslyandBeanActiveListener Somanyaspectsofmodernlifeencourageustolistenpassively Butinmanysituations activelisteningisimperative Tobeanactivelistener youshould ResistDistractions whenyoufindyourselfaregettingdistractedfromaspeechyouarelistening youcandothefollowingthingstopullyourmindback 1 Thinkalittleaheadofthespeaker trytoanticipatewhatwillcomenext Thisisnotthesameasjumpingtoconclusions Whenyoujumptoconclusions youputwordsintothespeaker smouthanddon tactuallylistentowhatissaid Inthiscase youwilllisten andmeasurewhatthespeakersaysagainstwhatyouhadanticipated 2 Reviewmentallywhatthespeakerhasalreadysaidandmakesureyouunderstandit 3 Listenbetweenthelinesandassesswhataspeakerimpliesverballyornonverballywithbodylanguage Activelistenerscanpickupallkindsofcluestoaspeaker srealmessage 6 HowtoBecomeaGoodListener Don tBeDivertedbyAppearanceorDelivery Eventhoughitmaytaxyourtolerance patience andconcentration don tletnegativefeelingsaboutaspeaker sappearanceordeliverykeepyourfromlisteningtothemessage Ontheotherhand trynottobemisledifthespeakerhasanunusuallyattractiveappearance Don tassumethataspeakerisspeakingeloquently justbecauseheorsheisgoodlookingandhasapolisheddelivery Besuretorespondtothemessage nottothepackageitcomesin SuspendJudgement Whenwehearthingswhichwedisagree ournaturalinclinationistoarguementallywiththespeakerortodismisseverythingheorshesays Butyoushouldhearpeopleoutbeforereachingafinaljudgement Trytounderstandtheirpointofview Listentotheirideas examinetheirevidence assesstheirreasoning Thenmakeupyourmind Ifyouaresureofyourbeliefs youneednotfearlisteningtoopposingviews ifyouarenotsure youhaveeveryreasontolistencarefully Ithasbeensaidmorethanoncethataclosedmindisanemptymind 6 HowtoBecomeaGoodListener FocusyourListening Skilledlistenersdonottrytoabsorbaspeaker severyword Rathertheyfocusonspecificthingsinaspeech ListenforMainPoints ListenforEvidence Acarefullistenerwillbeconcernedaboutevidencenomatterwhoisspeaking Youshouldbeonguardagainstunfoundedassertionsandsweepinggeneralizations Keepaneyeoutforthespeaker sevidenceandforitsaccuracy objectivity relevance andsufficiency ListenforTechnique Ifyouwanttobecomeaneffectivespeaker youshouldstudythemethodsotherpeopleusetospeakereffectively Thatis youshouldpayattentiontothetechniquesthespeakerusestogetthemessageacross Analyzetheintroduction whatmethodsdoesthespeakerusetogainattention torelatetotheaudience toestablishcredibilityandgoodwill Assesstheorganizationofthespeech Isitclearandeasytofollow Canyoupickoutthespeaker smainpoints Canyoufollowwhenthespeakermovesfromonepointtoanother Studythespeaker slanguage Isitaccurate clear vivid appropriate Doesthespeakeradaptwelltotheaudienceandocassion 6 HowtoBecomeaGoodListener FocusyourListening Skilledlistenersdonottrytoabsorbaspeaker severyword Rathertheyfocusonspecificthingsinaspeech ListenforMainPoints ListenforEvidence ListenforTechnique Ifyouwanttobecomeaneffectivespeaker youshouldstudythemethodsotherpeopleusetospeakereffectively Thatis youshouldpayattentiontothetechniquesthespeakerusestogetthemessageacros