局部解剖学名词解释(全英文).doc

1. Danger triangle of face:a triangle area bounded by the bilateral side of the nose and the upper lip, the facia vein pass through, it has no vavles, makes clinically important connection with the cavernous sinus through the superior ophthalmic vein and through the pterygoid venous plexus via the deep facia vein, infection of the facia vein can spread to the dural venous sinuses(硬脑膜窦) 2. Infratemporal fossa: a fossa in the deep part of lateral face bounded by the infratemporal surface of sphenoid bone superiorly, posterior surface of maxilla anteriorly, external plate of sphenoid bone medially and the ramus of mandible laterally, its main contents are lateral and medial pterygoid muscle, maxillay vessels and pterygoid venous plexus and the branches of mandibular nerve3. Pterygoid venous plexus: located in the infratemporal fossa around th maxillary artery and between the lateral and medial pterygoid, its tributaries correspond to the branches of the maxillary artery and communicate with both intracranial and extracranial veins4. SCALP: covers the vertex of the skull and extends between the right and left temporal line,and from the eyebrow to the superior nuchal line(上项线), it contains of five layers, the skin, the superficia fascia, the epicranial aponeurosis, the subaponeurosis loose connective tissue, the pericranium5. Cavernous sinus: placed on each side of the sella turcica(蝶鞍), and extends from the superior orbital fissure(眶上裂) in front, to the apex of the petrous part(岩部) of temporal bone behind, the internal carotid artery and abducent nerve pass through while th oculomotor and trochlear nerves and the ophthalmic and the maxillary nerve of the trigeminal nerve are embeded in the lateral wall of the sinus6. Investing fascia: the superficia fascia of the cervical fascia, it is tube shaped and ensheath the neck as a whole, it divide into two layers to enclose the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, the submandibular gland and parotid gland as well as th infrahyoid muscles, it forms two spaces the suprasternal space and submandibular space7. Pretracheal space: a potential space in front of the trachea and bebind the infrahyoid muscles and pretracheal fascia, the pretracheal lymph nodes, inferior thyroid vein, unpaired thyroid venous plexus, arteria thyroidea ima, brachiocephalic trunk and left brachiocephalic vein in this space8. Pervertebral space: space between the prevertebral fascia and the cervical vertabral column 9. Ansa cervicalis: the upper root is formed by the hypoglossal nerve and the lower root is formed by the anterior branches of the 2nd and 3rd cervical nerves, they units together on the common carotid at the level of the lower border of the larynx, it innervate the sternohyoid and sternothyroid10. Carotid sheath: encloses the common and internal carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve, it extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck, and connects with the enveloping fascia and the prevertebral fascia by loose connective tissue11. Carotid triangle:bounded by the inferior belly of omohyoid, the upper part of the sternocleidomastoid and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, it contains internal jugular vein, the common carotid artery, hypoglossal nerve and vagus nerve12. Muscular triangle: bounded by the superior belly of omohyoid, the lower part of the sternocleidomastoid and the middle line of the anterior neck, it contains the infrahyoid muscles and the pretracheal fascia, the thyroid gland, the cervical parts of esophagus and trachea13. Scalene fissure: bounded by the scalene anterior, scalene medius and the 1st rib, the brachial plexus and subclavian vessel pass through14. Triangle of vertebral artery: bounded by the longus colli muscles(颈长肌), scalenus anterior and the first part of the subclavian artery, it contains the vertebral artery and vein, the inferior thyroid artery, the cervical sympathetic trunk and the cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglion15. Sternal angle: the transverse ridge on the anterior surface of sternum at the junction of the manubrium with the body of the sternum, it forms a palpable landmark for the second costal cartilage and rib16. Arterial duct triangle: encircled by the left pulmonary artery inferiorly, left phrenic nerve anteriorly and left vagus nerve posteriorly, it contains left recurrent pharyngeal nerve, the arterial ligament and the superficia cardiac plexus17. Costodiaphragmatic recesses: the largest pleural recess formed by the reflection of the costal and the diaphragmatic pleurae, it is the lowest part of the pleural cavity18. Pulmonary ligament: the double layer mediastinum passes laterally from the esophagus to the lung, where it is continous with the visceral pleura19. Clavipectoral fascia: a strong fibrous sheet posterior to the pectoralis major, it occupies the interval between the pectoralis minor and the clavicle, and is pierced by the cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery and lateral pectoral nerve20. Triangular space: the upper edge is subscapularis and teres minor, the lower edge is teres major, the lateral boder is the long head of triceps brachii, it is pierced by the circumflex scapular vessels21. Quadrangular space: the upper edge is subscapularis and teres minor, the lower edge is teres major, the midial boder is the long head of triceps brachii, the lateral boder is the surgical necks of the humerus, it is transmitted by the axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex vessel22. Axillary sheath: it is continuous above with the prevertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia and encloses the axillary vessels and the brachial plexus 23. Carpal canal: it is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the groove of the carpal bones, it transmits the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficia and the flexor digitorum profundus , flexor pollicis longus and the median nerve24. Ulnar carpal canal: the ulnar end of the flexor retinaculum attached to the pisiform and the hook of the hamate and with the distal part of the palmar carpal ligament to form the ulnar carpal canal to transmit the ulnar nerve and vessel25. Radial carpal canal: the raidal end of the flexor retinaculum attached to the tobercles of the scaphoid and trapezium to transmit the tendon and tendious sheath of the flexor carpi radialis26. Myotendinous cuff: the tendon of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor muscles form the myotendious cuff, it is fused with the underlying capsule of the shoulder joint and strength it27. Humeromuscular tunnel: it is formed by three heads of triceps brachii and the sulcus for radial nerve of humerus, it extends from the medial to the lateral side of the back of the middle part of the humerus, and transmits the radial nerve and the deep brachial vessels28. Anatomical suff box: a triangular depression located in the posterior carpal region, its medial border is the extensor pollicis longus, the lateral border is the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis, the proximal border is styloid process of radialis and the floor is scaphoid(手舟骨), and the radial artery pass through it.29. Fascia lata:the deep facia enveloping the thigh and the buttock, it is thin medially and quite thick and strong laterally30. Lacuna musculorum: bounded by the inguinal ligament anteriorly, the ilium posterolaterally and the iliopectineal arch medially, it transmit the iliopsoas, the femoral nerve and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve31. Lacuna vasorum: bounded by the inguinal ligament anteriorly, the pectineal ligament posteriorly, the iliopectineal arch laterally, and the lacunar ligament medially, it transmit the femoral vessels, the femoral canal and the lymphatic vessel32. Femoral sheath: funnel shaped fascia tube which encloses the femoral vessel and the femoral canal, it is formed by the prolongation of the fasciae lining the abdomen33. Femoral canal: it is the medial compartment of the femoral sheath, about 1.5cm long and contains lymphatic vessels, a lymph node, loose areolar tissue and fat 34. Femoral ring:the superior opening of the famoral canal, it is closed by extraperitoneal tissue35. Femoral triangle:bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament, medially by the medial border of the adductor longus, laterally by the medial border of sartorius, it communicates with the adductor canal and transmit femoral artery and its branches, femoral vein and its tributaries36. Adductor canal:a deep furrow on the medial side of the middle of the thigh, starts at the apex of the femoral triangle and ends in the adductor tendinous opening of the adductor magnus, bounded anteriorly by the sartorius and the adductor lamina(收肌腱板), laterally by the vastus medialis and posteriorly by the adductor longus and the adductor magnus, it contains famoral artery, femoral vein the nerve to the vastus medialis and the saphenous nerve37. Popliteal fossa: a diamond shaped intermuscular space situated at the back of the knee, bounded by biceps femoris and semitendinosus and semimembranosus and the two head of the gastrocnemius, it contains the popliteal vessels, the small saphenous vein, the common peroneal and tibial nerves 38. Malleolar canal: behind the medial malleolus formed by flexor retinaculum and calcaneus, the structures transmit it from anterior to posterior are tendon of tibialis posterior, the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial vessels and tibila nerve and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus39. Campers fascia: the superficial layer of the superficial fascia on abdominal wall, it is thick and contains various amount of fat40. Scarpas fascia: the deep layer of the superficial fascia on abdominal wall, it lies immediately superficial to the aponeurosis of the oblique externus abdominis, it is more membranous, it continue with the superficial fascia of penis, scrotum dartos and the superficial perineal fasica41. Linea alba: a linear depression in the median plane extending from xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis42. Arcuate line: 4cm below the umbilicus all three aponeurosis are turned anterior to form the anterior layer of the sheath of rectus abdominis, the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis sheath disapear43. Rectus abdominis sheath: enclosed by aponeurosis of the oblique and transverse muscles, the aponeurosis of the obique external abdominis and the anterior layer of the aponeurosis of the oblique internus abdominis form the anterior layer of the sheath, the aponeurosis of the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominis and the posterior layer of the aponeurosis of oblique internus obdominis form the posterior layer of the sheath44. Inguinal ligament: from anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, formed by the lower edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique abdominis 45. Reflect ligament: near the pubic tubercle, some fibers of the inguinal ligament run upwards and medially behind the spermatic cord and the medial crus to the anterior layer of the rectus sheath46. Superficial inguinal ring: is a triangular opening in shape of the aponeurosis of the oblique externus abdominis, the medial crus of the ring attaches to the pubic tuber towards the medial end of the pubic crest, the lateral crus of the ring attaches to the pubic crest47. Inguinal falx: some lower fibers of the internal oblique abdominis and transverse abdominis fuse together just immediately above the spermatic cord48. Hesselbach triangle: an area bounded laterally by the inferior epigastric artery, medially by the lateral border of the rectus abdominis and inferior by the medial half of the inguinal ligament, the posterior wall it is the site for direct inguinal hernia49. Hepatoduodenal ligament: the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the liver and the superior part of duodenum 50. Gastrocolic ligament: the greater omentum between the greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon51. omental foramen: lies behind the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament, it leads out from the upper part of the right border of the omental bursa into the greater sac52. Hepatorenal recess: located in right infrahepatic space, it communicates with right colic sulcus and omenta bursa via the omenta foramen , it is the lowest part of the abdominal cavity when the person is in supine position53. Stomach bed: the structure behind the posterior surface of the stomach including spleen, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, pancreas and transverse colon and mesocolon54. Ligament of Treitz: the suspensory muscle of duodenum enclosed by the peritoneum, it is the marker to identify the beginning of jejunum 55. Porta hepatis: the cross bar of the H-shaped deep groove on the viseral surface of the liver where the braches of the hepatic portal vein, the right and left braches of the proper hepatic artery, the right and left hepatic ducts, the hepatic nerve plexus and lymphatic vessels enter or leave the liver56. Second Porta hepatis: the superior margin of the sulcus for vena cava on the diaphragmatic surface of the live where the right, left and intermediate hepatic veins leave the liver and enter the inferior vena cava57. Third porta hepatis: in the inferior part of the sulcus for vena cava where the inferior vena cava receives several small veins from the viseral surface of the right half and tha caudate lobe of the liver58. Glisson system: the intrahepatic bile ducts, the branches of the hepatic arteries and the hepatic portal vein are distributed in the same course and bounded by connective tissue, which constitute a common tubular system59. Calot triangle: formed by the cystic duct, common hepatic duct and the inferior surface of the liver, the cystic artery pass through this area, it is a marker to identify and ligate the cystic artery60. Vater ampulla: the intraduodenal part of the common bile duct passing obliquely through the duodenal wall and units the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla61. Oddis shpincter: the thickened circular muscle around the lower part of the common bile duct, including the ampulla and the terminal part of the pancreatic duce62. margin artery: from the ileocecum to the sigmoid colon, the colic branches from the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries anastomose to form a complete arterial arch 63. Splenic pedicle: the structures which enter or leave the spleen including the splenic vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enclosed by connective tissue64. Renal angle: on posterior abdominal wall, the angle fromed by intersection of 12th rib and lateral border of erector spinal muscle65. Renal pedicle: the structure enter or leave the renal hilum including the renal vessels, lymphatics, renal pelvis and nerves enclosed by connective tissue66. Lesser Pelvis: posteroinferior to the great pelvis, a C-shaped cavity with a long curved posterosuperior wall formed by the sacrum and coccyx, and a short anteroinferior wall is formed by the rami of the pubes and the pubic symphysis, the lateral wall is formed by the ilium, body of the pubis, ischium, the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments67. Greater Sciatic Foramen: formed by the greater sciatic notch and the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, the pirifomis pass through it and divided it into the suprapiriform foramen and infrapiriform foramen, lot of vessels and nerves are tranmitted in this two foramen68. Pelvic Diaphragm: levator ani, coccygeus and fascia covering the muscles superiorly and inferiorly; It is the floor of pelvic cavity, and the region below it is perineum69. Retropubic Space: lies between the symphysis pubis and the bladder, it fi