Aviation Assignment英文版).ppt

AviationAssignment Submittedby MinuPaulineD3 FIAT Cochin ACKNOWLEDGMENT Itakethisopportunitytothankallmyteachersandcolleaguesforhelpingmeouttocompletethispresentation IspeciallythankourAviationfacultyMrs Rossforgivingallassistanceinmywork IalsothankallthefacultyandmycolleaguesatFrankFinnfortheirhelpandsupport LastbutnottheleastIthankGodAlmightyforHisloveandcare Introduction ThisworkisastudyonthedevelopmentofaviationinIndia lowcostairlines domesticairlinesandimprovingeconomyofIndia ThisgivesusanideaaboutCockpit Cargoandabouttherelevanceofacabincrew ThiscoversthearealikedealingthespecialpassengersandalsoaboutAirbus AviationIndustryinINDIA Indiaisoneofthefastestgrowingaviationmarketsintheworld WiththeliberalizationoftheIndianaviationsector theindustryhadwitnessedatransformationwiththeentryoftheprivatelyownedfullserviceairlinesandlowcostcarriers AsofMay2006 privatecarriersaccountedforaround75 shareofthedomesticaviationmarket Thesectorhasalsoseenasignificantincreaseinnumberofdomesticairtravelpassengers SomeofthefactorsthathaveresultedinhigherdemandforairtransportinIndiaincludethegrowingmiddleclassanditspurchasingpower lowairfaresofferedbylowcostcarriers thegrowthofthetourismindustryinIndia increasingoutboundtravelfromIndia andtheoveralleconomicgrowthofIndia LowCostAirlines Alow costcarrierorlow costairline alsoknownasano frillsordiscountcarrierorairline isanairlinethatoffersgenerallylowfaresinexchangeforeliminatingmanytraditionalpassengerservices TheconceptoriginatedintheUnitedStatesbeforespreadingtoEuropeintheearly1990sandsubsequentlytomuchoftherestoftheworld Thetermoriginatedwithintheairlineindustryreferringtoairlineswithaloweroperatingcoststructurethantheircompetitors Whilethetermisoftenappliedtoanycarrierwithlowticketpricesandlimitedservices regardlessoftheiroperatingmodels low costcarriersshouldnotbeconfusedwithregionalairlinesthatoperateshortflightswithoutservice orwithfull serviceairlinesofferingsomereducedfares LowcostairlinesinIndia DOMESTICAIRLINESININDIA INDIGOAIRLINESGOAIRAIRLINESSPICEJETAIRLINESPARAMOUNTAIRLINESJETLITEAIRLINESKINGFISHERAIRLINESJETAIRWAYS INDIGOAIRLINES Indigo or individualsonthego forthefirsttimeallowedindividualtravelerstheabilitytoreserveandpurchaseasingleseatonatraditionalcorporateorbusinessjetwhichthenflewa scheduled flightlikeatraditionalairline PriortoIndigotheonlybusinessjetservicesavailabletoconsumersconsistedofjetownershiporcharter bothexpensiveoptionstoregularairlinetravel Indigoisregardedastheoriginatoroftwonewcategoriesofcorporatejetairtravelservice perseat highfrequencyandthepublicorcommercialcorporatejet IndigoAirlinescommencedoperationson4August2006withaservicefromDelhitoImphalviaGuwahati TheairlineisownedbyInterGlobeEnterprises IttookdeliveryofitsfirstAirbusA320aircrafton28July2006andreceivedsixaircraftduring2006 Ninemoreaircraftweredeliveredin2007takingthetotalto15 Thecarrierhassetatargetofservingapproximately30Indiancitiesby2010withafleetsizeof40A320andA321aircraft Theairlinewillreceiveall100A320familyaircraftby2016 FormerUSAirwaysExecutiveVice President MarketingandPlanningBruceAshbyhasjoinedIndigoAirlinesastheirChiefExecutiveOfficer TheIndianGovernmenthasapprovedtheairlines aircraftimportplan inprinciple Theairlinehasalsoacquired3parkingspotsinNewDelhiandMumbaiairports INDIGORouteMap SpiceJetisalow costairlinebasedinNewDelhi India ItbeganserviceinMay2005 EarlierknownasRoyalAirways itisareincarnationofModiLuft SpiceJetmarkeditsentryinservicewithRs 99faresforthefirst99days Therewere9000seatsavailableatthisrate ItfolloweditupwithaRs 999promotionalschemeonselectroutes Theirmarketingthemeis offeringlow everydayspicyfares andgreatguestservicestopriceconscioustravelers Itwasvotedasthebestlow costairlineinSouthAsiaandCentralAsiaregionbySkytraxin2007 Route Map Destinations Ahmedabad SardarPatelAirportBagdogra BagdograAirportBangalore BangaloreAirportCoimbatore PeelameduAirportDelhi IndiraGandhiAirportGoa DabolimAirportGuwahati LokapriyaGopinathBordoloiInternationalAirportHyderabad ShamshabadAirportJaipur SanganerAirportJammu SatwariAirportKolkata SubhashChandraBoseAirportMumbai ChhatrapatiShivajiAirportPune LohegaonAirportSrinagar SheikhulAlamAirportVaranasi BabatpurAirportVisakhapatnam VisakhapatnamAirport TheairlinewasestablishedinJune2004 On9June2005GoAirannouncedthatitintendedtolaunchoperationsinOctober2005withafleetof20leasedAirbusA320aircraft InitialflightswouldbeinthesouthernandwesternareasofIndiawiththefirstnineA320s theremaining11aircraftbeingaddedinthesecondyear AtthetimetheairlinewasindiscussionwithbothAirbusandBoeingonthepurchaseofbetween20and40newaircraft withacontracttobeinplacebytheendof2005andwithdeliveriestostartby2007 Destinations Ahmedabad SardarPatelAirportCochin NedumbasseryAirportDelhi IndiraGandhiAirportVascodaGama DabolimAirportJaipur SanganerAirportJammu SatwariAirportMumbai ChhatrapatiShivajiAirportSrinagar SheikhulAlamAirport Theairlinewasestablishedon20September1991andbeganoperationson3December1993withtwoBoeing737 200aircraftasSaharaAirlines InitiallyserviceswereprimarilyconcentratedinthenorthernsectorsofIndia keepingDelhiasitsbase andthenoperationswereextendedtocoverallthecountry SaharaAirlineswasrebrandedasAirSaharaon2October2000 althoughSaharaAirlinesremainsthecarrier sregisteredname On22March2004itbecameaninternationalcarrierwiththestartofflightsfromChennaitoColombo ItispartofthemajorSaharaIndiaPariwarbusinessconglomerate Theuncertaintyovertheairline sfatehascauseditsshareofthedomesticIndianairtransportmarketgodownfromapproximately11 inJanuary2006toareported8 5 inApril Destinations Hyderabad HyderabadInternationalAirportVisakhapatnam VisakhapatnamAirportDibrugarh MohanbariAirportGuwahati LokpriyaGopinathBordoloiInternationalAirportJorhat JorhatAirportRaipur ManaAirportIndiraGandhiInternationalAirportVascodaGama DabolimAirportAhmedabad SardarVallabhbhaiPatelInternationalAirportJammuandKashmirSrinagar SheikhulAlamAirportBangalore BangaloreAirport Kochi NedumbasseryAirportMadhyaPradeshIndore DeviAhilyabaiHolkarAirportAurangabad ChikkalthanaAirportMumbai ChhatrapatiShivajiInternationalAirportNagpur SonegaonAirportPune LohegaonAirportImphal TulihalAirportBhubaneswar BijuPatnaikAirportJaipur SanganerAirportChennai MeenambakkamAirportCoimbatore PeelameduAirportGorakhpur GorakhpurAirportKolkata NetajiSubhashChandraBoseInternationalAirport ParamountAirwaysisanairlinebasedinChennai India Itoperatesscheduledservices mainlytargetingbusinesstravellers ItshubisChennaiInternationalAirport ItisthefirstairlineinIndiatolaunchtheNewGenerationEmbraer170 190familyseriesaircrafts ParamountAirwaysisapremiumservicescheduleairlineofferingcompetitivefares andfirsttimedirectservicestoanumberofcommercialhubsinIndia connectingthesetoprimarymetrosacrossthecountry ItistheonlyairlineinIndiatoofferfullbusinessclassserviceatpricescomparativetonormaleconomyclassfaresofotherairlines Destinations ParamountAirwayscurrentlyfliesto12destinationsthroughoutSouthindiaandWestIndia Theairlineaddedits12thdestinationonNovember12 2008whenitresumedservicefromPune KingfisherAirlinesisanairlinebasedinBangalore India Itoperates218flightsadayandhasanetworkof38destinations withregionalandlong haulinternationalservices ItsmainbasesareBangaloreInternationalAirport ChhatrapatiShivajiInternationalAirport RajivGandhiInternationalAirportandIndiraGandhiInternationalAirport KingfisherAirlines throughoneofitsholdingcompaniesUnitedBreweriesGroup has50 stakeinlow costcarrierKingfisherRed formerlyknownasAirDeccan AboutKingfisher India sImprovingEconomy IndiaisfamousforTOURISM TherearemanythingsforseenlikeHistoricalplaces Indianculture temples somanyofforeignpeoplecomehereandseetheseplacesandbecauseofdomesticairlinetheyeasilycanreachthereindifferentplaces AviationindustryisalsohelpindevelopingIndianEconomy IndiaisfamousforTOURISM TherearemanythingsforseenlikeHistoricalplaces Indianculture temples somanyofforeignpeoplecomehereandseetheseplacesandbecauseofdomesticairlinetheyeasilycanreachthereindifferentplaces AviationindustryisalsohelpindevelopingIndianEconomy PartsofanAircraft Airplanesaretransportationdeviceswhicharedesignedtomovepeopleandcargofromoneplacetoanother Airplanescomeinmanydifferentshapesandsizesdependingonthemissionoftheaircraft Theairplaneshownonthisslideisaturbine poweredairlinerwhichhasbeenchosenasarepresentativeaircraft Foranyairplanetofly youmustlifttheweightoftheairplaneitself thefuel thepassengers andthecargo Thewingsgeneratemostofthelifttoholdtheplaneintheair Togeneratelift theairplanemustbepushedthroughtheair Thejetengines whicharelocatedbeneaththewings providethethrusttopushtheairplaneforwardthroughtheair Theairresiststhemotionintheformofaerodynamicdrag Someairplanesusepropellersforthepropulsionsysteminsteadofjets Tocontrolandmaneuvertheaircraft smallerwingsarelocatedatthetailoftheplane Thetailusuallyhasafixedhorizontalpiece calledthehorizontalstabilizer andafixedverticalpiece calledtheverticalstabilizer Thestabilizers jobistoprovidestabilityfortheaircraft tokeepitflyingstraight Theverticalstabilizerkeepsthenoseoftheplanefromswingingfromsidetoside whilethehorizontalstabilizerpreventsanup and downmotionofthenose OntheWrightbrother sfirstaircraft thehorizontalstabilizerwasplacedinfrontofthewings SuchaconfigurationiscalledacanardaftertheFrenchwordfor duck Attherearofthewingsandstabilizersaresmallmovingsectionsthatareattachedtothefixedsectionsbyhinges Inthefigure thesemovingsectionsarecoloredbrown Changingtherearportionofawingwillchangetheamountofforcethatthewingproduces Theabilitytochangeforcesgivesusameansofcontrollingandmaneuveringtheairplane Thehingedpartoftheverticalstabilizeriscalledtherudder itisusedtodeflectthetailtotheleftandrightasviewedfromthefrontofthefuselage Thehingedpartofthehorizontalstabilizeriscalledtheelevator itisusedtodeflectthetailupanddown Theoutboardhingedpartofthewingiscalledtheaileron itisusedtorollthewingsfromsidetoside Mostairlinerscanalsoberolledfromsidetosidebyusingthespoilers Spoilersaresmallplatesthatareusedtodisrupttheflowoverthewingandtochangetheamountofforcebydecreasingtheliftwhenthespoilerisdeployed Thewingshaveadditionalhinged rearsectionsnearthebodythatarecalledflaps Flapsaredeployeddownwardontakeoffandlandingtoincreasetheamountofforceproducedbythewing Onsomeaircraft thefrontpartofthewingwillalsodeflect Slatsareusedattakeoffandlandingtoproduceadditionalforce Thespoilersarealsousedduringlandingtoslowtheplanedownandtocounteracttheflapswhentheaircraftisontheground Thenexttimeyouflyonanairplane noticehowthewingshapechangesduringtakeoffandlanding Thefuselageorbodyoftheairplane holdsallthepiecestogether Thepilotssitinthecockpitatthefrontofthefuselage Passengersandcargoarecarriedintherearofthefuselage Someaircraftcarryfuelinthefuselage otherscarrythefuelinthewings Asmentionedabove theaircraftconfigurationinthefigurewaschosenonlyasanexample Individualaircraftmaybeconfiguredquitedifferentlyfromthisairliner TheWrightBrothers1903Flyerhadpusherpropellersandtheelevatorsatthefrontoftheaircraft Fighteraircraftoftenhavethejetenginesburiedinsidethefuselageinsteadofinpodshungbeneaththewings Manyfighteraircraftalsocombinethehorizontalstabilizerandelevatorintoasinglestabilatorsurface Therearemanypossibleaircraftconfigurations butanyconfigurationmustprovideforthefourforcesneededforflight Tools Technologyinaircraft Aircraftcommunicationsystems SatelliteaircraftcommunicationsystemsAircraftenvironmentcontrollers CabinmanagementsystemsAircraftescapeorejectionsystems Emergencyexitdoorsandwindows Evacuationslides Slideraftpacks WindowexitescaperopesAircraftfirecontrolorextinguishingsystems AircraftfireextinguishingsystemsAircraftoxygenequipment Chemicaloxygengenerators Portableoxygenbottles Protectivebreathingequipment SupplementaloxygensystemsCoolcontainers Refreshmentcarts Refrigerationunits StoragecompartmentsLifevestsorpreservers Flotationseatcushions LifepreserversLifeboatsorliferafts Emergencyrafts Sliderafts A 300 AirbusA 300 TheAirbusA300isashort tomedium rangewidebodyaircraft Launchedin1972astheworld sfirsttwin enginedwidebody itwasthefirstproductoftheAirbusconsortiumofEuropeanaerospacecompanies whollyownedtodaybyEADS TheA300ceasedproductioninJuly2007 alongwiththesmallerA310 FreightersalesforwhichtheA300competedaretobefulfilledbyanewA330 200Fderivative Airbusalsodevelopedthreedifferentversionsoftheplane ThefirstonewastheA300 600Convertiblethatcouldbeeasilyadjustedtocarrypassengersorcargo Thisversionhasn treceivedanyorders AverypopularversionistheA300 600F afullycargoversionoftheA300 Thisversioncancarrynopassengersandhastwocargodoorsforquickload ItusestwoGeneralElectricCF6 80C 2A5equippedwithFADECsystem lookatAirbusA320formoreinformation Simultaneously airlinescanalsochoosethePratt WhitneyPW4158 TheaircraftmadeitsfirstflightinDecember2nd1993 FederalExpressplacedanorderfor25A300 600Fwithoptionfor50more Airbusalsodevelopeda strange versionofA300 theA300 600ST aplanedesignedtoreplacetheAerospacelinesGuppythatusedtotransferthepartsoftheaircraftsfromthefactoriestotheassemblyline Theupperpartofthefuselageisenlargedsoastocarrylargepartsofaircraftssuchaswings partsofthefuselageetc Themaximumwidthofthefuselageis7 37m Theseplanesarecalled Beluga andfourofthemwereconstructed AirbusA300wasthefirstprojectofAirbusIndustriesandshowedtheabilitiesoftheEuropeanaircraftmanufacturers Throughthisaircraft AirbusmanagedtocompetewiththerulingBoeingandthisprojectgavetheavailabilitytothecompanytoconstructtheultimateplanes theA340andA320 Itwillremainasaveryusefulandefficientaircraftthatchangedthefaceoftheaircraftdesign Technology Airbuspartnersemployedthelatesttechnology somederivedfromtheConcorde Onentryintoservicein1974 theA300wasveryadvancedandinfluencedlatersubsonicairlinerdesigns Thetechnologicalhighlightsinclude AdvancedwingsbydeHavilland laterBAESystems with supercriticalairfoilsectionforeconomicalperformanceadvancedaerodynamicallyefficientflightcontrols222 inchdiametercircularfuselagesectionfor8 abreastpassengerseatingandwideenoughfor2LD3cargocontainersside by sideStructuresmadefrommetalbillets reducingweightFirstairlinertobefittedwithwindshearprotectionAdvancedautopilotscapableofflyingtheaircraftfromclimb outtolandingElectricallycontrolledbrakingsystem LaterA300sincorporateotheradvancedfeaturessuchas2 mancrewbyautomatingtheflightengineer sfunctions anindustryfirstGlasscockpitflightinstrumentsExtensiveuseofcompositesforanaircraftofitseraCenter of gravitycontrolbyshiftingaroundfuelThefirstairlinertousewingtipfencesforbetteraerodynamicsAllthesemadetheA300asubstituteforthewidebodytrijetssuchasMcDonnellDouglasDC 10andLockheedL 1011forshorttomediumroutes Ontheearlyversions AirbususedthesameenginesandsimilarmajorsystemsastheDC 10 AirbusA300 Cockpit Acockpitisthearea usuallynearthefrontofanaircraft fromwhichapilotcontrolstheaircraft Mostmoderncockpitsareenclosed exceptonsomesmallaircraft andcockpitsonlargeairlinersarealsophysicallyseparatedfromthecabin Cockpitasatermforthepilot scompartmentinanaircraftfirstappearedin1914 Fromabout1935cockpitalsocametobeusedinformallytorefertothedriver sseatofacar especiallyahighperformanceone andthisisofficialterminologyinFormulaOne Thetermismostlikelyrelatedtothesailingtermforthecoxswain sstationinaRoyalNavyship andlaterthelocationoftheship sruddercontrols Thecockpitofanaircraftcontainsflightinstruments calledaninstrumentpanel andthecontrolswhichenablethepilottoflytheaircraft Inmostlargeairliners adoorseparatesthecockpitfromthepassengercompartment AftertheSeptember11 2001terroristattacks allmajorairlinesfortifiedthecockpitagainstunauthorizedaccessbyhijackers Onanairliner thecockpitisusuallyreferredtoastheflightdeck ThistermderivesfromitsusebytheRAFfortheseparate upperplatformwherethepilotandco pilotsatinlargeflyingboats Thefirstairplanewithanenclosedcabinappearedin1913onIgoSikorsky sairplaneTheGrand However duringthe1920sthereweremanypassengeraircraftinwhichthecrewwereopentotheairwhilethepassengerssatinacabin Militarybiplanesandthefirstsingle enginedfightersandattackaircraftalsohadopencockpitsintotheSecondWorldWar Earlyairplaneswithclosedcockpitswerethe1924Fokkertri motor the1926FordTri Motor the1927LockheedVega theSpiritofSt Louis the1931TaylorCub GermanJunkersusedasmilitarytransports andthepassengeraircraftmanufacturedbytheDouglasandBoeingcompaniesduringthemid 1930s Open cockpitairplaneswerealmostextinctbythemid 1950s withtheexceptionoftrainingplanesandcrop dusters Cockpitwindowsmaybeequippedwithasunshield Mostcockpitshavewindowswhichcanbeopenedwhentheaircraftisontheground NearlyallglasswindowsinlargeaircrafthaveaAnti reflectivecoating andaninternalheatingelementtomeltice Smalleraircraftmaybeequippedwithatransparentaircraftcanopy Cargo Aircargoiscommonlyknownasfreight TherearemanyfirmswhichcollectfreightfromashipperanddeliverittothecustomersuchasNightfreightorUPS Aircraftwerefirstusedforcarryingmailascargoin1911 buteventuallymanufacturersstarteddesigningaircraftforfreightaswell TherearemanycommercialaircraftsuitableforcarryingcargosuchastheBoeing747andthebiggerAn 124 whichwerepurposebuilttobeeasilyconvertedtoacargoaircraft SuchverylargeaircraftalsoemployquickloadingcontainersknownasULDsmuchlikecontainerizedcargoships Cargoairlines orairfreightcarriers andderivativesofthesenames areairlinesdedicatedtothetransportofcargo Somecargoairlinesaredivisionsorsubsidiariesoflargerpassengerairlines CABINCREW Flightattendantsorcabincrew historicallyknownasstewards airhosts hostesses orstewardesses aremembersofanaircrewemployedbyairlinestoensurethesafetyandcomfortofthepassengersaboardcommercialflightsaswellasonselectbusinessjetaircraft ANEMPLOYEEOFANAIRLINEWHOISPRIMARILYRESPONSIBLEFORTHESAFETYANDCOMFORTOPASSENGERSDURINGTHEIRFLIGHTISCALLEDACABINCREW DutiesofaCabinCrew Directandassistpassengersintheeventofanemergency suchasdirectingpassengerstoevacuateaplanefollowinganemergencylanding Announceanddemonstratesafetyandemergencyproceduressuchastheuseofoxygenmasks seatbelts andlifejacketsWalkaislesofplanestoverifythatpassengershavecompliedwithfederalregulationspriortotake offsandlandings Verifythatfirstaidkitsandotheremerge