中学英语语法分类复习-代词3.doc

相信自己 打败自己 提升自己 成就自己三. 代 词一、代词的定义 是用来代替名词或起名词作用的短语的词。二、代词的分类 按意义、特征及语法功能可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。人称数主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词一单Imemyminemyself复weusouroursourselves二单youyouyouryoursyourself复youyouyouryoursyourselves三单hehimhishishimself单sheherherhersherself单itititsitsitself复theythemtheirtheirsthemselves每个人称代词，不管是单数还是复数，都有5种形式：1）作主语，要用主格形式：I saw herShe saw meIt astonished them2）作宾语，要用宾格形式：She saw meI saw herThey looked at it3）表示所有，要用形容词性物主代词：This is my houseMary brought her umbrellaThe dog wagged its tail在这种代词后可加own来加以强调，表示某人自己的，而非任何别人的。This is my own（=my，and not any others）houseMary brought her own umbrella4）如果形容词性物主代词所修饰的名词刚刚提到过，可以用其名词性物主代词，以避免重复前面的名词，它的意思等于“形容词性物主代词+前面刚提过的名词”：That is Marys house, and this is mine（=my house）I left my umbrella at home，but Mary brought hers（herumbrella）with her5）如果宾语和主语表示同一人或物，就要用反身代词：I hate myselfShe looks at herself in the mirrorThe matter speaks for itself（本身就可说明问题）这种自身代词也可用来强调前面的名词或代词：I myself（=I, and nobody else）will do itMary herself madethe dressConfucius himself（=Even Confucius）was not without faultsI have never seen my father himself代词的用法1人称代词 人称代词指“我”“你”“他”等词，有人称、数、格、性的变化：1)人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语。在正式场合中，作表语的代词通常采用主格形式，但在现代英语中，尤其在口语中，也可用宾格形式。 I have an English book. She is in Dalian. It has two legs. He gave me three books. If I were her, I would take the advice. Who is it? Its me.在复合句中，若主句和从句的主语相同，从句的主语一般用代词，主句的主语用名词。 When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。电话用语中常用主格作表语。 -I wish to speak to Mary. 我想和玛丽通话。 -This is she(speaking)我就是玛丽。人称代词作同位语时，要根据所同位的名词词组在句中的成分选择主格或宾格。 We, Tom and I, prepared a meal for her.注意 在强调句式中，强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格，如： It was he that / who did it. It is her that we are talking about.2)在 think.to be, suppose.to be, look upon.as.等后也多用宾格。人称代词单独使用时，一般用宾格： People supposed the best singer to be him. 人们认为最好的歌手是他。 He looked upon me as her.他把我当成了她。 Whos standing there? Me.谁在那边站着？我。3)she 和he 可用于拟人，she可指月亮、土地、国家、船只、党派、猫、鸟等柔美、可爱的东西，he可指雄性动物或强壮凶猛的动物，如： The moon has risen. She is round and bright. 月亮升起了，她又圆又亮。 Give the cat some meat. Maybe she is hungry. The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.4)在比较状语从句中，than 和as后的人称代词的主格和宾格在不引起歧义时，主格可用宾格替换（特别是口语中）。如： He is older than I / me.他比我年龄大。 He is as old as I / me.他和我一样大。 His wife likes the dog better than he (likes it). 他妻子比他更爱狗。 His wife likes the dog better than (she likes) him. 他妻子爱狗胜过爱他。5)人称代词的排序： 几个人称代词同时作主语或宾语时，排列顺序通常为：1)单数人称代词并列：按“二三一”人称顺序排列，尊重对方与第三方，自己谦让放在后。 You and I were fated to meet你我注定要相遇。 He and I decided to have the expenses on our trip. 我和他决定均摊旅行费用。 I didnt know you and she were on such intimate terms. 我不知道你和她关系这么密切。You, she and I should work together and play together. 我、你和她应当一起工作、一起玩。三人称单数两性并用，常遵循先男后女的规律。 He and she are classmates.他和她是同班同学。2)复数人称代词并列: 按“一二三”人称顺序排列。 We and you both have a long way to go. 我们和你们都有很长一段路要走。 You and they must undertake the responsibility. 你们和他们都得承担责任。We, you and they are all Chinese.我们、你们、他们都是中国人。3)但上司或长者对下属说话按“一二”人称排列（以示地位、尊严）；承认错误、承担责任或检讨工作失误等时用“一三二”人称排列（以示主动承担责任）。 I and you try to finish it.我和你去弄好它。 It was I and Peter that made the teacher angry. 是我和彼得惹老师生气了。 We and the children broke the vase. 我们和孩子们把花瓶打碎了。 I, he and you will be punished by the teacher.4)有不定代词时为“人称代词+不定代词”,如： I and one or two others visited the Great Wall. 代词的活用 代词有时可当名词用，使句子不仅简单而且更形象。 Is the new baby a he or she? 新生儿是男的还是女的？ I noticed that，as usual，there were more shes than hes in this room我注意到，这屋子里同往常一样，女人多于男人。 That me you saw is in fact somebody else. 你所看到的那个我实际上是别人。 But silly we，like foolish children，rest well pleased with coloured vellum，leaves of gold. 只有愚蠢的我们，如同愚蠢的孩子那样，才沉醉于彩色仿羊皮纸和金箔之中。 The person she loves is the other him.她爱的是另一个他。2. 物主代词物主代词是用来表示所有关系的。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，仅在名词前作定语；名词性物主代词功能相当于名词（等于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，避免了名词的重复），可作主语，表语和宾语。(名词性物主代词是在形容词性物主代词基础上变的，规律是无s结尾的加s，有s结尾的不变，只有mine特殊)。例如：(1) This is my school.（作定语）这是我的学校。(2) Her name is Kate.（作定语）她的名字叫Kate.(3) This isnt my shirt. Mine is over there.(名词性物主代词作主语)这不是我的衬衫，我的在那边。(4) Those new books are not yours, but theirs.（作表语）那些新书不是你们的，而是他们的。(5) Shes an old friend of mine.（作介宾）她是我的老朋友。(6) My bike is broken. May I use yours?（作宾语）我的自行车坏了，可以用你的吗？注意1）its与its的区别：这两个词读音相同，但its是形容词性和名词性的物主代词，而its是it is 或it has的缩写。 Its a room.这是一个房间。 its room它的房间 Its rained all morning.雨下了一上午。2）“形容词性物主代词+ own +名词”结构表强调，另外还可以在own前加very表示进一步的强调，如： Its nice if a man can have his own plane. 一个人要是能拥有自己的飞机就好了。 I want to have my very own computer. 我想拥有完全属于我自己的计算机。3）“a（an，some，any）+名词+ of ones own”该结构表示“某人自己的”名词前还可用this, that, these, four, those, several, another, no, which等修饰，但不能用the。如：a car of my own我自己的汽车 Students need those stories of their own. 学生们需要哪些他们自己的小说。4）介词+the+身体部位词。这里的定冠词不能用形容词性物主代词（参见冠词部分）。如： The teacher caught him by the arm.老师抓住了他的胳膊。 I patted him on the shoulder.我拍了拍他的肩膀。 He looked me in the face.他正视着我。 He pulled me by the sleeve. 他楸住了我的衣袖。5）在短语中，常用ones代表形容词性物主代词。 to ones joy, lose ones way, earn ones living, try ones best, take ones time, make up ones mind等。6）书信的结尾套语中常用到名词性物主代词yours结尾，指写信人的谦称，相当于中文书信信末的“xxx敬上”。结尾套语一般从正文下方2到3行从中间偏右处开始书写。结尾语措辞的变化依据情况而定，常有以下几种：写给单位或不相识的人的信和贸易关系信件常用Yours truly，Truly yours, Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours，Yours faithfully，Faithfully yours等。写给尊长、上司的信常用Yours respectfully, Respectfully yours, Yours gratefully, Gratefully yours, Yours appreciatively, Appreciatively yours等。写给熟人或朋友的信常用Yours, Yours ever，Ever yours，Yours cordially，Cordially yours，Yours devotedly，Devotedly yours等。写给亲戚或密友的信可用Yours, Yours ever, Ever yours, Yours affectionately, Affectionately yours, Lovely yours, Yours lovely等。3.反身代词 反身代词又叫自身代词。有些动词需要用反身代词作宾语，表示主语和宾语是同一人或一些人。 反身代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语，以及用在习惯用语中，如：Her father and herself will tell you the secret.作主语。He is teaching himself English.作宾语。The man admitted that the thief was himself.作表语。She is old enough to look after herself.作介宾。The president himself will attend the meeting.作同位语。Youd better ask the student himself.作同位语。带有反身代词的惯用语say to oneself 心里想 by oneself 亲自（独自地）talk to oneself自言自语 to oneself暗自make oneself at home像在家一样别客气of oneself f自动地 in oneself本质上amuse oneself自娱 call oneself自称为devote oneself to致力于 teach oneself自学for oneself为自己 dress oneself自己穿find oneself in不知不觉处于 excuse oneself自我辩解enjoy oneself过得愉快 lose oneself迷路help yourself to请吃；自取 buy oneself自己买absent oneself from缺席devote oneself to专心于；献身于engage oneself in忙于find oneself发现自己不知不觉occupy oneself in忙于behave oneself规规矩矩；表现得有礼貌congratulate oneself庆幸自己dress oneself（in）自己穿（）express oneself表达自己的意思 help oneself to随便吃make oneself understood使别人理解 seat oneself坐注意下面介词与反身代词的搭配： above oneself趾高气扬；自高自大 by oneself独自地 beside oneself（情绪上）失去自制力 in oneself本身 of oneself自动地 come to oneself苏醒 among ourselves我们之间 between ourselves秘密地；私下地 in spite of oneself不由自主地 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。 No one but myself（me）is hurt. 除了我以外没有人受伤。注意反身代词放在连系动词后可以表达“处于正常状态”的含义： Im not myself today.我今天不舒服。反身代词作同位语，以加强名词或代词的语气，一般表示“亲自；本身”。反身代词通常不能单独作主语，但在非正式语体中，在and，or，nor连接的并列主语中，第二或第三主语可用反身代词，尤其是myself. My colleague or myself will attend to the work. 我的同事或者我自己会关注这项工作。 Neither Fred nor yourself had anything to do with it. 弗瑞德和你自己都与此事无关。Jims elder brother and himself go to school at 7:00 every day. Jim的哥哥和Jim自己每天7:00上学。 祈使句中第二人称作宾语，通常要用反身代词。 Dont trouble yourself about that. 你不要为这费事了。4.指示代词 表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等意思的代词叫指示代词，这类词有this（这个），that（那个），these这些）， those（那些）。1） this, that, these, those的用法this和these一般指时间或空间上较近的事物 that和those一般指时间或空间上较远的事物，如： This is a book and that is a car.（指空间）这是一本书，那是一辆小汽车。 I have been busy this morning.（指现在时间）今天上午我一直忙着。 I was busy that morning.（指过去时间）那天上午我很忙。 this和these常指后面将要讲到的事物，that和those多指前面讲过的事物，如： I shall say this to you: he is a poor man.我将对你说这一点：他是一个可怜的人。 He was ill. Thats why he didnt come.他病了，那就是他没来的原因。在打电话时，this表示自己一方，that表示电话另一方：A：Hello! This is Mike. Whos that?喂！我是Mike.你是哪位？B: Hello! This is John.喂！我是John.that和those可代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复,如： The story is more interesting than that you read a few days ago. 这部小说比你前几天读的那部小说更有趣。 The computers made in China are as good as those made in the USA. 中国产的计算机同美国产的计算机一样好。注意 that和those与one和ones代替名词时的区别 that表特指，代替带定冠词或限定词的单数可数名词或不可数名词; one表泛指，代替带有不定冠词的单数可数名词，不能代替不可数名词; the one指代同类事物中特定的某一个，前面有复数名词时，可用one代替该复数名词中的一个；one或ones可代替带形容词的可数名词，如： My watch doesnt work. I want to buy a new one. 我的手表坏了，我想买一块新的。（one代替a watch) The weather in Harbin is colder than that in Dalian in winter. 冬季哈尔滨的天气要比大连冷。( that指代不可数名词the weather） The story he told is different from the one you told. 他讲的故事与你讲的不同。( the one指代the story) There are many new bikes in the shop. He wants to buy one. 商店里有许多新自行车，他想买一辆。(one 指代 bikes中的一辆)this和that还可作副词用，表示程度，相当于so。 I cant speak this well.我说不这么好。 Sometimes it was a bit boring to work here because there wasnt always that much to do. 有时在这里工作有点没意思，因为总是没有那么多工作要做。 that和those可作定语从句的先行词。在作先行词时，只有those可指人。 He admired that which looked beautiful. 他欣赏外表漂亮的东西。 Those who were present were given a present. 凡是出席的人都得到了一份礼物。指示代词可用于一些惯用法中。 this spring今年春天 for this once就这一次 and all that等等 in this case既然这样 that morning那天早晨 to this day直到今天 by this means用这种方法 that is也就是 in those years那些年里 Thats that.就这样决定了。 that is to say那就是说 for all this（that）尽管如此 with this（that）紧接着；随即5.相互代词 表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词，有each other和one another两组，each other多指两者，one another用于两者以上的人或物之间，这种区别在现代英语中已不明显。相互代词一般在句中作宾语，用其所有格形式(each others或one anothers)作定语，如： We are all Chinese. We should help one another.（作宾语）我们都是中国人，我们应互相帮助。 Bill and Tom are good friends. They often help each other in their studies. Bill和Tom是好朋友，他们经常在学习上互相帮助。 The students pointed out each others weak points.（作定语） 学生们相互指出弱点。6.疑问代词 主要用来构成特殊疑问句，一般放在句首，在句中充当一定的成分，共有五个：who,whom,whose,what和which。1) who和whom的用法 who是主格，作主语和表语，口语中也可作宾语。whom是宾格，作宾语。提问时，将whom置于句首是正式用法，但现代英语以who开头较普遍。Whom/Who did you see？你看到了谁？ whom作介词的宾语，提问时，正式文体是以“介词+whom”开头，普通用法是以who开头，而将介词置于句末，但表达被动语态的by whom不宜拆开。如：Who went to the Great Wall yesterday? （作主语）昨天谁去长城了？Who is the girl? （作表语）这个女孩是谁？Whom will you meet this afternoon? （作宾语）今天下午你要去接谁？Whom/Who did you give it to? （作介宾）你把它给谁了？By whom was the window broken？（作介宾）窗户是被谁打破的？2）whose的用法 whose是所有格，和物主代词一样，可分成形容词性的和名词性的。是形容词性时，放在名词前作定语，是名词性时就单独使用，在句中作主语、表语等。如：Whose umbrella is this? （作定语）这是谁的伞？ Whose is this bike? （作表语）这辆自行车是谁的？3）what的用法 可用来询问姓名、职业、年龄、时间、尺寸大小、日期、天气、温度、颜色、价格、人物外貌及动作的对象、目的等，可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。1) what单独使用，构成特殊疑问句。 Whats your name? 你叫什么名字？ What are those in English? 那些用英语怎么说？ Whats four and five? 四加五等于几？ Whats on the wall墙上有什么？ Whats your age? 你多大了？ Whats the time? 现在几点钟？ Whats the date today? 今天几号？ What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ Whats the price of these apples? 这些苹果多少钱？ What makes that noise? 什么发出的噪音？ What else did they say? 他们还说了些什么？ What did he die of? 他死于什么病？ What can I do for you? 我能为你做些什么？ What happened after that? 那件事后发生了什么？2) what放在名词前，构成特殊疑问句。 What class are you in? 你在哪个班？ What grade are you in? 你在几年级？ What number is your cell phone? 你的手机号码是多少？ What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了？ What colour is your computer? 你的电脑是什么颜色？ What day is it today? 今天星期几？ What size do you want? 你要多大尺寸的？ What sport do you like best? 你最喜欢什么运动？ What tree is the one in full blossom? 开满花的那棵树叫什么树？ What country do you come from? 你是哪国人？what 与how用于有关度量等的提问中的区别： what主要与名词age, size, depth, height, length, width等连用，口语中“how + old/big/deep/high/tall/long/wide”更为普遍：What age are you? = What is your age? = How old are you?What height is he? = What is his height? = How tall is he?What size is it? = What is the size of it? = How big is it?what构成一些句型或结构：询问“某人或某物怎样”用What about.？ 提出委婉建议时也可用What/How about.?询问某人怎么了或某物有何毛病时，用Whats wrong/the matter with.?询问对某物的看法时，用What.think of.？意为“.认为.怎么样？” What do you think of China? 你认为中国怎么样？询问外表如何，用 Whatlook like? -What does she look like？她长什么样？ -She looks like her mother，tall and graceful，like a film star. 她长得像她的母亲，个子高高的，而且举止文雅，看上去像个电影明星。询问气候等情况时，用What is/was/.like? What was the weather like? 天气怎么样？询问做某事的目的时，用What.for? What did you do that for? 你为什么做那件事？表示“假如怎么办”用What if? What if we should fail again? 假设我们再失败，那该怎么办？作插人语的whats more，表示“而且”。whats worse表示“更糟糕的是” She learns quickly，and whats more，she remembers what she has learnt. 她学得很快，而且所学的全都记得。表示“等等”，用and what not。In her handbag I found a mirror, a lipstick, napkins, and what not. 我在她的包里找到镜子、口红、纸巾等东西。用what is called表示“所谓的”。 This is what is called Gulf War Syndrome. 这就是所谓的海湾战争综合症。用在一些常用的口语中。 So what? 那又怎么样？ Whats up? 怎么回事？What next? 还有什么？Or what? 还是别的什么？What if?若.，那又会咋样？4）which的用法 which提出两种或两种以上可供选择的人或物，在句中作主语、定语和宾语，如： Which is better, the red one or the green one？（作主语） 哪个更好，红的还是绿的？ Which book is more interesting? （作定语）哪本书更有趣？ Which will you choose? （作宾语）你选择哪一个？1)which, what的区别二者均可与名词连用，但二者有所不同。当选择余地不大时，一般用which，当选择余地较大而到底有多少种可能性还不清楚时，常用what。如： Which patent is more important in the first year of life?（选择余地不大） What colour are the flowers? （选择余地较大）如果与指人的名词连用，即使选择余地较大，有时我们也宁愿用which,如： Which writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家？二者作代词时区别同上。如： Which would you like - banana or apple? What would you like to eat?只有which后才能跟of 短语，如： Which of you wants to stay home? 你们中谁想呆在家里？2）who, what, which 后加上后缀-ever, 构成其强调形式。 Whoever wants the book may have it. 无论是谁想要这书都可以拥有它。 Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。 Take whichever you wish.随便拿哪一个都行。7不定代词 用来修饰或代替不定数字或不定范围的人或事物词叫不定代词。不定代词有名词性和形容词性之分，并有可数与不可数的区别，常见的不定代词有all, both, each, either, neither, (a)little, (a) few, much, many, another, other, some, any, such, the same, one等，以及由some-, no-, any-与thing, body, one合成的复合不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, none, no one等。现将不定代词的用法分述如下：1) one的用法 one泛指任何人或物，可以在形容词和that，this等词后代替刚提过的单数可数名词，在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语等。其所有格形式为ones，反身代词为oneself，复数形式为ones.泛指人 One should be strict with oneself.（作主语、宾语）人应该严格要求自己。表示“一个人或物” Chinese is one of the most useful languages in the world.（作表语）汉语是世界上最有用的语言之一。代替上文已出现过的可数名词，相当于a+该可数名词 Ive lost my pen. I want to buy a new one.（作宾语）我的钢笔丢了，我想买一支新的。作同位语 That is the child, the one that you referred to just now.那就是你刚才提到的那个小孩。one和it的区别one和ones是泛指，表示同类中的任何一个或几个，it是特指，指代上文出现过的某一物，如： This book is a good one. May I borrow it? （it代this book，one代替book）这本书是一本好书，我可以借吗？the one和the ones表示特定的人或物，如： No film is as good as the one I saw last week. 我上周看的电影最好。 Students who do well in examinations are the ones who ask questions in class.考试成绩好的都是上课爱提问的学生。one前可以有形容词修饰，这时它需带冠词或受形容词性物主代词修饰，如： I have two balls. The old one is on the floor. The new one is in my hand.我有两个球，旧的在地板上，新的在我手里。 He bought a new pen yesterday. His old one is broken. 昨天他买了一支新钢笔，他那支旧的坏了。one可用this, that, any, some, each, the next, every, which等修饰，如： Here are two umbrellas, which one is yours? This one or that one? 这儿有两把伞，哪一把是你的？这把还是那把？one 或ones带后置定语时，前面要加定冠词，如： Is this the one you want? 这是你想要的那个吗？2) some和any的用法 some和any均表示一些，既修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词；some一般用于肯定句中，any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，some和any可用作代词（作主语和宾语），也可用作形容词（作定语），如： Some of the students will go to Qing Dao tomorrow.（作主语）明天有些学生将去青岛。 Is there any left？（作主语）还有剩下的吗？ If you have food, please take some with you.（作宾语）如果你有食物，请带一些。 There isnt any time left.（作定语）没有时间了。some用于单数可数名词前(=a certain)，表示“某一（个）”，如： Ive read the story in some book.我在某书中读过这个故事。 Some girl is waiting for you at the school gate.有个女孩在校门口等你。some与数字连用，意为“大概”，“大约”如： The country has exported some two million bikes this year. 这个国家今年已出口了大约二百万辆自行车。some用于疑问句，表说话人希望得到肯定的回答，或表示请求、建议、邀请等。如： May I have some water? （请求，期待给予肯定回答） 我可以喝些水吗？ Would you like some apples？（邀请）想吃些苹果吗？any可用于肯定句，表“任何的”，修饰单数可数名词，如： You may choose any student.你可以选择任何学生。可用作状语，表程度，如： I cant stay here any longer.我不能再呆在这儿了。 Do you feel any better now? 感觉好些了吗？3) each和every的用法each“每个，各，各自的”强调个体，在句中充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语,every强调整体，“每个都”，在句中只能做定语，如： Each room can seat at least fifty people.（作定语）每个房间至少能坐50人。 Every one has strong and weak points.（作定语）每个人都有优缺点。 Each of the students will get a new book.（作主语）每个学生将得到一本新书。 Each child will find his own personal road to success.（作定语）每个孩子将会找到他个人的成功之路。 The headmaster shook hands with each of us in turn after the game.（作宾语）比赛后，校长同我们每个人一一握手。 We each have our own attitude to teaching students. (作同位语)在教学生问题上，我们每个人有各自的看法。each指两者或两者以上的人或事物中的每一个，every指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的每一个。 There are trees and flowers on each side of the street. 街道的每一边都遮布树和花。 Every student has read a poem.每个学生都读了一首诗。every可以表示“每隔”,构成“every+数词+复数名词”,“every+few+复数名词”, every+other+单数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”。each无这种用法。如： every three days/every third day.每隔2天，每3天 every other hour/every second hour每隔1小时 every few days每隔几天4) both和all的用法 both“两者都”，all指“三者或三者以上都”,“全体”。在句中可作主语、宾语