四级词汇讲座.doc

四级词汇讲座一概述四级有4500个单词，核心单词大致在2000左右，常考的词组700个左右。新四级中，考查单词的重地是：深度阅读、完型填空和翻译。深度阅读15个单词中，动词名词占到10个。翻译的五道题中，可以说每道题都涉及到动词，考查的搭配也能占到半数。完型中的20道题，动词和名词也联手吃掉了70%左右。形容词虽然数量不多，但是每年都会露个脸。特点就是根据词的感情色彩来考查。即便知道了四级考查的重点是动词名词，但是还是范围宽泛。那么现在要清楚的就是：重点看那些有搭配的动词、名词以及形容词。他们和介词的搭配是四级考试的最爱。词汇对其他题型的“渗透性”：改革后没有以往的专门的词汇语法单选题，但词汇的作用并没有削弱。总体趋势是“篇章化”（如快阅；复合听写；阅读理解；完型填空等都是较完整语篇），把对词汇的考核置于阅读理解范畴中，即“篇章词汇理解”或选词填空。当然完型填空题、听力复合式听写部分比较集中地涉及到词汇的掌握。这要求大家除了积累词汇外，还要注意语篇层面上的训练，即多阅读（不一定是多做阅读理解题），增强对语篇整体的把握和感觉。听力听力考查的难词、生词多是日常生活中可能用到的词汇或日常交际中常用的词组（注意大家手头的听力教材中的词汇表中你不熟悉的词汇，极有可能是你听力中的生词）。注意场景联想，或意群。常见有学习生活、工作社会、家庭生活、娱乐休闲、公共生活、交通场景、用餐场景、天气场景、买卖消费、医疗健康等。听写词汇：许多同学都有词汇书，但是背了多遍也会发现做听写题依旧遇到词汇方面的困难。其中的原因很简单我们忽略了单词很重要的一个组成部分发音。音与形对不上。单词的记忆似乎被仅仅局限于看到了能认识，这远远不够，特别是在听写过程中，除了注重速记技巧以外，更重要的是要能准确地把音与形对上，并写下听到的单词。因此，单词虽不再是单独的考点，大家仍要注意单词的发音、拼写、用法等。写作最大困扰就是可用的单词量。其实很多考生的词汇量并不算小，但总觉得一提起笔就思维阻塞，平时学到的词汇大多想不起来，其实，这主要是词汇学习没有章法造成的。对于作文的词汇的记忆方法也可以采取场景联想记忆，这样考试时应对不同的文章自然就有词可用。其次，同义词或类似表达在写作的词汇积累中也异常重要。许多考生在写作中辞藻贫乏，大量重复good一类的低端词汇，这是写作中的大忌。大家在平时就要加强对同义词、近义词、同义表达的了解和辨析，增加写作词汇的多样性和正确性，从而提高作文质量。增强大家的表达手段，不会因某单词不会而卡壳。篇章词汇理解篇章词汇理解（即选词填空）的测试形式：一篇与传统阅读题型长短相当的文章（220-250词），其中有10个空白处，要求考生从所提供的由15个词构成的词库中选出最合适的分别填入空白处，每个词只能选择一次。表面是考词汇，实则考篇章理解，或者说注重考查对词汇在现实交际语境中的具体应用。注意点：篇章词汇理解所考查的范围不针对冠词、介词等虚词，而只考查名词、动词、形容词、副词等实词；不以语法为考点，所选择的词不需要在时态和语态上进行转换，因而解题时可对一些语法现象进行利用；除了纯干扰项外，各选项也会干扰，一个误填可引起连锁反应。总的解题步骤1） 通览15词，标出其词性，注意词库中的同义或反义词，多义词；2） 速览全文，找出主题句，弄清文章大意，注意单词意群（所考单词一般应与文章主题有关）。首句一般不设考点；3） 边读文章边解题。可先根据词性、前后语法照应、固定搭配、词汇复现等将可选范围缩小到最小，然后再根据上下文、文章的主旨大意或各部分间的逻辑关系等进行最终判断、选择；4） 选完后一定要再次通读全文。注意从整体上检查语法、逻辑和全文的连贯性几位老师各有分工，今晚我的主要任务就是翻译与完型填空相对比较传统、大家也比较熟悉的题型。二词汇记忆1记忆高原现象2记忆法：social/society3课本的作用4不要放弃、忘记语法学习三翻译（汉译英）翻译的基础是对词汇的理解和辨析，属于词汇的掌握、应用层次。撇开语法结构、句型句式（后面要讲）不说，词汇部分的重心将仍在实词和实词与介词或副词间的搭配即词组，以及一些惯用表达等。学习中的注意点1不要忽视我们课本的作用课本词汇及词汇表；课本中的词汇练习/结构部分的练习（表达/句型等）。2注意、学会利用近义词或近义表达3也可利用旧题型、旧题目（语法、词汇题）注意所选词的用法与搭配，特别是自己觉得不熟悉的、新奇的表达。词汇应试要点利用前后衔接、语法上的一致等来缩小“猜测”范围；不要过多“延伸”中文字眼；1动词短语动词与虚词的搭配是翻译的考查重点，包括动词+介词/副词/副词+介词。这类动词主要有break, bring, call, come, get, go, hand, hold, keep, let, make, put, run, set, take, turn等。例1：Computer technology (会给工商管理带来革命). 2004.11-3A表示课本第一册第三单元text A。下同答案：will bring about a revolution in business administration析：will可表示“会”，bring about“带来”。常考有bring aroung/roung说服，使信服；使恢复知觉或健康； bring back带回；使想起；bring forth生（孩子）；开花；结果；bring off圆满完成；bring out出版，推出；使显出；激起，引起；bring up养育，教养；提出。例2：The early pioneers had to go (历尽艰辛，以在新的土地上定居).2000.6?答案：through many hardships to settle on the new land析：go through“经历；获通过；详细讨论”. 常考有Go along with同意; go back on违背，背弃; go into进入；调查，审查；深入探讨；go up兴建；上升，增长；烧毁。2名词短语例1：Every culture has developed (偏好)certain kinds of food and drink and equally strong negative attitudes toward others.2004.1 42B答案：its preferences for析：固定搭配preference for sth/doing sth.例2：Niagara Falls is (一个绝好的旅游胜地)drawing millions of visitors every year. 2000.1答案：a great tourist attraction例3：In a sudden (盛怒之下)the man tore up everything within reach. 2000.1答案：burst of anger析：a burst of 感情一时冲动或爆发3.形容词短语例1：Its very (你很体谅人)not to talk about while the baby is asleep. 2004.1 35A答案：considerate of you例2：Young people ()stand and look at works of art, they want art they can participate in. 2000.6 ?答案：are not content to析：be content to do sth.。不可用be content with sth.或be satisfied with sth.4.介词短语例1： (如果没有帮助)of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation. 2003.1 ?答案：But for the help析：but for有虚拟语气，合题意。亦可用Without the help.例2：The rest of day was entirely (任凭他支配) for reading or recreation. 2003.6?答案：at his disposal析： at sbs disposal “任某人处理/支配，供某人使用”。5固定搭配例1：Not only the professionals but also the amateurs (将受益于)the new training facilities. 2003.6 18B答案：will benefit from例2：The British Constitution is (在很大程度上)a product of the historical events described above. 2000.6?答案：to a large/great extent/degree例3：Improved consumer confidence (具有关键性作用) an economic recovery. 2000.1 ?答案：plays a key role in/ is crucial to翻译语法要点从历年四级考题来看，必考语法点为：虚拟语气；非谓语动词用法；谓语动词时态和语态；主谓一致；情态动词；从句；倒装/强调/比较结构等。1虚拟语气（也可揣摩旧题型中的词汇语法题中的相关题目）11 虚拟语气用于非真实条件句主、从句的谓语动词形式如下：虚拟时间If 从句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在过去时/wereWould/should/could/might+动词原形过去Had+过去分词Would/should/could/might+have+过去分词将来一般过去时were to+动词原形should+动词原形Would/should/could/might+动词原形例1：Things might have been much worse if the mothers (坚持她的权利)the baby. 2002.1答案：had insisted on her right析：过去的虚拟例2：Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she (要是找到工作) she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.答案：were to get a job析：将来的虚拟12 用于宾语从句常见动词wish+that（常省去）从句表示愿望：1）从句用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反；2）从句用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反；3）从句用would+动词原形表示希望或对将来的愿望。例1：Sometimes I wish I (生活在) in a different time and a different place. 2000.1答案：were living 析：现在的虚拟。注意标志词wish例2：He didnt go to the party, but he does wish he (当时在那里). 1992.6答案：had been there析：过去事实相反。其他一些表示人的意愿、命令等动词+用动词原形或should+动词原形的that从句。这类动词常见的有command, demand, urge, suggest, propose, order, arrange, insist, require, request, desire, recommend等。以前的语法题也常考这类动词后从句的虚拟用法。13 虚拟语气用于It is +形容词或部分名词+that从句常见的这类形容词或名词有advisable, appreciate, basic, desirable, elementary, essential, fitting, fundamental, imperative, important, impossible, incredible, natural, necessary, obligatory, proper, strange, urgent, vital, a pity, a shame, no wonder that等，其虚拟形式为（should）+动词原形。可以看出，有许多形容词与上述表意愿等的动词或下述的名词是同根词。例1：It is essential that these applications forms (尽早寄出去). 2000.1答案：be sent as early as possible.例2：It is important that the hotel receptionist (确保客人) registered correctly. 2000.1答案：make sure that guests are14 虚拟语气用于表语从句或同位语从句常见的这类名词有：advice, decision, desire, demand, idea, importance, instruction, necessity, motion, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, resolution, request, requirement, suggestion等。其虚拟形式为（should）+动词原形。例1：The suggestion that the mayor (颁奖) was accepted by everyone. 2000.6答案：(should) present the prizes15 用于某些特定结构常见的有if only, would rather+从句, as if/though, It is (high) time that等。would rather+从句和It is (high/about) time that中的从句常用过去式。例1：Who would you rather (与你同去), George or me? 2002.6 4-?答案：went with you例2：If only the committee (批准这些规定) and put them into effect as soon as possible. 1997.1答案：would approve the regulations析：If only现在和将来的虚拟时动词用一般过去式或would+动词原形。例3：“You are very selfish. It is high time (你意识到) that you are not the most important person in the world.” Edgar said to his boss angrily. 1999.1答案：you realized16 用于状语从句lest , for fear that引导的目的状语从句谓语动词用(should)+动词原形，in case常不用虚拟式；而as if, as though引导的状语从句则要根据对过去、现在或将来的虚拟而具体选择。例1：He was punished lest (再犯同样错误). 2001.6 答案：he should make the same mistake again例2：Give me your telephone number (以便万一我需要你的帮助).答案：In case I need your help2非谓语动词21 现在分词211 现在分词作状语，表示原因、结果、时间、条件、让步、伴随状况等。例1：This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, (不仅抗风，而且适应) the same type of soil. 1999.6答案：being both wind-resistant and adapted to 析：作伴随状语212 作宾补主要出现在感官动词如feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch, listen to, look at 等后，强调动作正在发生；或出现在使役动词如get, have, bring, keep, leave, send, set, start等后。例1：His remarks left me (想知道他的真实目的).答案：wondering about his real purpose析：leave是使役动词213 现在分词的完成式或被动式例1：Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it (被种植) in Cuba. 2000.1答案：being cultivated214 现在分词复合结构也称独立主格结构，形式是名词/代词+分词，其中的名词或代词与分词是逻辑上的主谓关系，作状语。有时可由介词with/without引导。例1： (由于这么多董事缺席), the board meeting had to be put off. 2001.1答案：So many directors being absent析：从句与主句主语不一样，且用逗号隔开，可译成复合结构或从句。22 动名词221 作动宾有些动词只可接动名词而不可接不定式，常见有abandon, acknowledge, admit, advice, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, quit, recall, recommend, resist, resent, risk, save, suggest, tolerate, understand, worth等。例1：That young man still denies (在商店后面放了火). 2000.1答案：having started the fire behind the store.例2：People appreciate (与他一起工作) because he has a good sense of humor. 1998.1答案：working with him222 作介宾特别注意带介词to的一些短语后接的是动名词，而不是不定式。常见有abandon oneself to, adhere to, stick to, cling to, admit to, confess to, contribute to, feel up to, get down to, give ones mind to, give way to, yield to, keep to, lead to, look forward to, object to, take to, turn to, succumb to, point to, see to, be/get used to, be accustomed to, be addicted to, be committed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to, be opposed to, be reduced to, be subject to, resort to, submit to等例1：The man in the corner confessed to (对经理说了谎)of the company. 1997.6答案：having told a lie to the manager例2：Its time I got down to (思考一下那篇论文).答案：thinking about that essay例3：After the accident she (开车已力不从心)答案：didnt feel up to driving析：feel up to sth/doing sth觉得有精力，感觉有能力（做某事）223 用于固定结构常见的有be busy/engaged (in), burst out, cant help/stand/resist, feel like, give up, have a good time (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), keep from, leave off, look like, put off, its no use, theres no point in等，其后只能接动名词而不接不定式。例1：She was so angry that she felt like (扔东西打他). 1992.6答案：throwing something at him例2：She left off (弹钢琴) to answer the door.答案：playing the piano析：leave off停止（做某事），中断23 不定式231 作动宾常见接不定式宾语的动词有afford, agree, aim, appear, beg, choose, claim, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, except, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, resolve, seek, seem, threaten, volunteer, wish等。例1：With a large family to support, Mr. Johnson cant (连病都生不起).答案：afford to be sick析：afford to do sth/ afford sth.注意：begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, learn, like, dislike, omit, prefer, regret, remember, need, neglect, start, stop, try, etc.+动名词或不定式均可。但是，用法有差异：一般说来，不定工表示具体的或未完成的动作，动名词则表示笼统、经常性的或已成为过去的动作。如forget doing sth忘记自己做过了某事，forget to do sth忘了去做某事； try doing sth试做某事， try to do sth试图做某事，努力去做某事； remember doing sth记得做过某事，remember to do sth记得要做某事； regret doing sth对已经做过的事后悔， regret to do sth对要去做的事表示遗憾。例：Ill never forget (第一次遇到你的情形). 2001.1答案：meeting you for the first time232作宾补注意与前面现在分词2.1.2部分有重叠。不定式作宾补时，to在感官动词如see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel等和使役动词let, make, have等的宾语后可以省略。3从句3.1 定语从句as引导的非限定性定从相当于which引导的非限定性定语从句。但是as引导的可放于句首。例1： (正如所料), the response to the question was very mixed.答案：As (had been ) expected注意：that 和which指物时常可互换，但下列情况多用that1）当先行词是all, anything, everything, few, little, much, none, nothing, something等不定代词；2）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级或the very, the only修饰时；3）强调结构如It is that下列情况多用which：1） 非限定性定语从句；2） those+复形名词如goods后多用which；3） 介词之后用which。例1：It was the largest map (我所见过的).答案：that I ever saw3.2状语从句3.2.1 hardly/barely/scarcely/no soonerthan引导的时间状语从句例1：Hardly (飞机刚一着陆), when the waiting crowd ran toward it. 1990.6答案：had the plane landed例2：No sooner (我们一到山顶) than we all sat down to rest. 1991.6答案：had we reached the top of the hill322 as/though 引导的让步状语从句，形式为形容词/名词/副词等+as it may （be）？例1： (你尽管试）, you will never succeed.答案：Try as you may323 特殊引导词状语从句常见有now that(既然，由于), in that（因为，由于）, in case/for fear that/lest, sothat/suchthat, as long as/so long as, unless, if only, provided/proving(that), even if, even though.有些前面虚拟语气部分提过。例1：Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in (原因是这有助于) find and correct our mistakes. 1998.6答案：that it helps to例2：Now (既然你熟悉了作者的观点), try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can. 1992.6答案：that you are familiar with the authors ideas324 no matter+wh-疑问词和 wh-疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句二者基本可互换。但wh-疑问词+ever引导的名词从句不可用no matter替换。例1： (不论遇到什么困难), well help one another to overcome them. 2001.1答案：Whatever difficulties/ No matter what difficulties we may come across/meet例2：We agreed to accept (任何一位他们认为最好的) tourist guide.答案：whoever they thought was the best析：宾语从句，只可用whoever。4主谓一致根据意义一致、就近一致等原则确定谓语动词用数还是复数。需要注意either/neither of + 复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语用单数。例1：Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university (得以录取). 1998.1答案：was accepted5特殊结构51强调结构It is/was+被强调部分+that/who。指人时可用who或that，其他情况用that。注意It is/was not until that。例1：It (直到天黑) she realized it was too late to go home. 2000.1答案：was not until dark that 52 倒装结构521 有否定意义的副词或短语位于句首作状语(否定句, +)neither, never, no, nor, not, seldom, rarely, hardly, barely, scarcely, little, few, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case/way, on no account, on no condition, no soone等。例1：The organization had broken no rules, but (但是它也没有负责任地行动).答案：neither had it acted responsibly522 only位于句首修饰状语或宾语例1：Only under special circumstances (允许大学一年级学生) to take make-up tests.答案：are freshmen permitted523虚拟倒装虚拟语气让步状语从句在省略了if时主谓部分倒装。例1：Had (我如果听了你的话), all this misery might have been avoided.答案：I taken your advice53情态动词主要注意情态动词完成式所表达的意义。常见的有cant/couldnt have done不可能做过（表示对过去情况的断然否定）； could have done本可能（强调有某种能力，表示对过去情况的一种遗憾）；may/might(not) have done也许（没）做了（表示对过去情况各种可能性的猜测）；must have done肯定做过（表示对过去情况十分肯定的猜测）；neednt have done本不必；should (not) have done本（不）应做（表达后悔、责备语气）；would(not) have done（按正常规律）将（不）会。 例1：Some women (本来能够挣一份可观的工资) in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. 2000.1答案：could have made a good salary注意：翻译是两种语言的转换，因此大家还要注意语态的转换、词类的转换，利用增补或省略等方式来使译文符合英语表达习惯。完 型 填 空约200词短文20个空白。考试重点包括1） 词汇辨别（主要是实义词），约占一半；2） 语法知识包括时态、语态、非谓语动词、短语搭配、不定代词的用法、比较级、连接词选择等；3） 句、段间的因果、对比、递进、让步等逻辑关系；4） 对语篇整体和一致性、连贯性的把握。解题步骤：1） 通览全文。虽然所给出的文章被抽去了20个词，但是整篇文章的内容仍是可以理解的。我们在通读文章时，对于文章的第一句一定要加以注意，因为完型填空的第一句一般是不命题的，其目的就是要我们比较容易地掌握文章的主旨。注意把握文章的关键词、上下文关系等，注意主题，进行意群词汇联想；2） 复读解题。在做题时，如果有的难题一时做不出来，应立刻跳过此题，继续往下做。不要在某一题上花费大量的时间，随着空格变得越来越少，对文章的理解会越来越轻松，有时就能从下文的线索和暗示中找到答案，这样再回过头来填上答案，也未为晚也。3） 最后再浏览全文检查。题目填完后（除个别难度较大的题目外），大家应利用一到两分钟将答案带入原文通读，通读的目的是通过“语感”来核实答案。这样读下来，不仅可以改正填错的词，而且还可以在这一过程中得到启发，把做不上来的题目填出来。完型填空应试要点1 运用词汇知识主要关注同义词、近义词、形似词、一词多义，还有词组、固定搭配。平时要有意加强这方面词汇的记忆、辨别。11 利用上下文或构词法例1：Neatly 77 and usually very frightened, they are (determined) to show that they have a good attitude and the (power) to succeed. 1998.6A) decorated B) dressed C) coated D)worn答案：B例2：At meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him (come) back for a second helping rather than give him as 74 as he is likely to eat all at once. 1997.6A) much B) little C) few D)many答案：A12 注意介词、副词的表意功能包括基本意义、用法、搭配。例：Do not talk too much to the child 75 meal times, but let him get on with his food; 1997.6A) on B) over C) by D) during答案：D析：on接日期；over从的开始直到结束；by到前；during在期间13 固定搭配主要有动词词组，形容词与名词/介词搭配，名词与介词搭配等。（几个同根词后的介词通常一样）例1：The (way) you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually (save) you money, or can 63 the cost. 2005.1A) up B) to C) in D) on答案：B析：add up合计；add to增加，添加。例2：We can change an utterance by 72 one word in it with 73 ; 72. A) replacing B) spelling C) pronouncing D) saying73. A) ours B) theirs C) another D) others答案：A； C(照应)2 运用语法完型语法考核点主要有定语从句、状语从句、虚拟语气、倒装句等，这些在翻译部分已经强调。需要注意其语法考核更受上下文语境制约。所以语法没专门考但却不能说“过时”，语法基础较薄弱的同学做做旧语法词汇题也是不错的选择。3 运用篇章知识既是篇章就不可避免要注意连贯、逻辑、衔接。其纽带包括语法、词汇、逻辑三类。31 利用省略、替代、照应等篇章技巧完型主要关注替代（避免重复）和照应。例1：The (ideal) student is considered to be 74 who is motivated to learn for the sake of (learning) not the one interested only in getting high grades. 1993.6一课一练每一单元A) such B) one C) any D) some答案：B析：名词性替代。其它还有ones, the same, the kind, the sort等，动词替代有do。下文的not the one也有助于解题。例2：But it does affect our future 75 a democratic nation and as individuals. 2004.6A) of B) for C) with D) as答案：D析：比较照应。and 连接两个并列as。其他比较照应词有than, such, so, likewise, same, equal(ly), other, another, otherwise等。 32 利用词汇同现、复现完型填空是一篇文章，其遣词造句必然要指向同一中心、说明同一主题，这就必然要利用词汇的同现和复现。同现指意义上相关的词汇出现在同一语篇中，构成某一话题为中心的词汇链。复现包括同一词重复、同（近）义词/反义词/概括词复现等。解题时要尽可能抓住文章主旨，把握关键词。例1：I have no doubt that (virtually) all of these people were 74 in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (they) may even have written it (on) a test. 2000.1A) advised B) suggested C) learned D) taught答案：D析：与school相关的是C、D选项；但learn不能以人为宾语。例2：He spoke perfect KoreanI was really amazed. He seemed like a good friend to me, (until) I saw him again in New York speaking 85 English instead of perfect Korean. 2002.1A) artificial B) informal C) perfect D)practical答案：C析：perfect复现。Instead of 也说明语义并列。33 利用逻辑关系逻辑关系主要通过表示时间与空间关系、列举/例证、比较/对比、递进/引申、让步/转折、原因/结果等的词汇来呈现。通常包括连词、连接副词或介词词组、非限定性分句等。解题时大家要注意推敲上下文的内在逻辑关系。例：Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by (means) of cries: for example, many birds utter (warning) calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter (different) cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. 67 these various means of communication differ in important ways (from) human lan