常用材料的力学性能.doc

苏联锅炉元件强度计算标准和管道应力计算导则PTM2403808-72规定高温管道取用与时间有关的强度指标105h持久强度平均值除以安全系数1.5确定许用应力，但没有明确指出高温管道和零部件的设计寿命，直至1979年才规定电厂高温管道的计算寿命应按2105h考虑。苏联10803102-75标准第三次修订本提供了高温管道计算寿命为2105h的许用应力值。 无论采用外径管还是内径管，都应注意对接焊口的问题。我国火电施工质量检验及评定标准第七篇(管道)规定：内壁错边量在1mm及以下为合格；外壁错边量等于4mm及以下为合格。 表 2.0.1 设 计 规 定钢种和工作温度st45.844010CrMo910540X20CrMoV121560 本规定 取用105h持久强度平均值除以安全系数1.5的许用应力值(MPa)52.6752.0074.67 联邦德国DIN2413 取用2105h持久强度平均值除以安全系数1.25的许用应力值(MPa)53.6054.4076.80 美国ASME B & PV Code Section 规定高温管道和零部件的许用应力值，取用105h持久强度平均值除以安全系数1.5和105h蠕变应变为1%的应力值中的较小值。电厂管道设计准则B 31.1-1989的许用应力值与ASME B & PV Code Section I &的规定相同，除特殊情况外，认为一般高温管道和部件的设计寿命可达40年(对于二班制运行的电厂，至少可达30年)。最近EPRI已制定RP2596等检验导则，以祈使用寿命延长至50年或更长的时间。附表1.1 常用国产钢材的许用应力表(Mpa)钢号与标准号10GB30878220GB30878220GGB53108515CrMoGB53108512Cr1MoVGB53108512Cr2MoWVTiB*GB53108512Cr3MoVSiTiB*GB531085Q235-AGB7008816MngGB7138620b33339240244144153962737247020s196226226225255333441216305管 壁 温 度 ()201111311341471471802091241562501041251251131492601011231231111462809611811810514030091113113143101135320891091091401323408410210213613035080100100135143129360789797132141127380759292131138122400708787128135117410688383127133420667878126132430617272125131440556363124130管 壁 温 度 ()4504955551231284604747122126470414112012548037371191244901121215009611851082110(99)5206998(88)5305986(79)5404977(72)901105504071(65)849756057(52)798757050(46)7475580696559064586005951 注：1.碳钢制成的管子或集箱，其金属温度不应超过430，对于20G钢，若要求使用寿命不超过20年，使用温度可提高至450，但使用期间应加强金属监督。 2.相邻金属温度数值之间的许用应力，可用算术内插法确定，但需舍弃小数点后的数字。 3.铸钢件的许用应力值取表中相应数值的0.7倍；锻钢件的许用应力，当用钢锭锻造时，可取表中响应钢号数值的0.9倍。 4.表中粗线下方的数据系按持久强度计算的，对于右角带*的钢号，此粗线并不表示按持久强度计算许用应力的起始温度。 5.12CrlMoV-栏中括弧内的许用应力值，为本规定推荐采用的数值。 附表1.2 常用国产钢材的弹性模量数据表 钢号与标准号10GB30878220，20GGB308782GB53108515CrMoGB53108512Cr1MoVGB53108512Cr2MoWVTiBGB53108512Cr3MoVSiTiBGB531085Q235-AGB7008816MngGB71386工 作 温 度 ()20100200250260280300320340350360380400410420430440450460470480490500510520530540550560570580198191181176175173171168166164163160157156155155154153198183175171170168166165163162161159158155153151148146144141129206199190187186183181179177176175173172171170169168167166165164164163162161160159208205201197196194192190188187186183181180178177175174172170168166165163162160158157153153152213208204201200199198196194192190188186185184184183183182182181180179216206200192188187186184206200189185184183181179177176175173171附表1.3常用国产钢材的线膨胀系数数据表(从20上列温度)(10-6) 钢 号102020G15CrMo12Cr1MoV12Cr2MoWVTiB12Cr3MoVSiTiBQ235-A16Mng工 作 温 度 ()10020025026028030032034035036038040041042043044045046047048049050051052053054055056057058011.9012.6012.7012.7212.7612.8012.8412.8812.9012.9212.9613.0013.1013.2013.3013.4013.5011.1612.1212.4512.5212.6512.7812.9913.2013.3113.4113.6213.8313.8413.8513.8613.8713.8813.8913.9013.9111.9012.6012.9012.9613.0813.2013.3013.4013.4513.5013.6013.7013.7313.7613.7913.8213.8513.8813.9113.9413.9714.0014.0314.0614.0914.1213.6013.7013.8513.8813.9414.0014.0414.0814.1014.1214.1614.2014.2314.2614.2914.3214.3514.3814.4114.4414.4714.5014.5214.5414.5614.5814.6014.6214.6414.6811.0011.9012.4012.5012.7012.9012.9613.0213.0513.0813.1413.2013.2313.2613.2913.3213.3513.3813.4113.4413.4713.5010.3111.4611.6911.7411.8311.9212.0212.1212.1712.2212.3212.4212.4912.5612.6412.7112.7812.8512.9213.0013.0713.1413.1613.1813.1913.2113.2313.2513.2613.2812.2013.0013.2313.2713.3613.458.3110.9911.6011.7812.0512.3112.4912.6812.7712.8613.0413.22附表 1.4 联邦德国钢材的许用应力表(MPa) 钢 号壁 厚S(mm)20b(MPa)20s(MPa)管 壁 温 度 ()20200250300350400410420430440450460470st45.8/1641053025513613611210693867868605246393316S402451301161039040S602351261131009015Mo34045060027015015013612011310610610510410410310210240S602601401301131061009998989796959513CrMo444044059029014614614614313312612512412212112011911840S6028013612612011811711611411311211260S8027013012011311211010910810610610510CrMo9104045060028015015015015014313613513413213113012812540S6027014613613012812712612412312212060S8026014013012312212011911811611511414MoV634046061032015315315315314313313112912712512312111940S60310146136126124122120118116114112X20CrMoV1218069084049023023023023023023023023023023022021320615NiCuMoNb560610760440203203203203203203203203200182163140116st45.8/164105302552816S4024540S6023515Mo34045060027095786249393140S6026013CrMo4440440590290118108917762524032262240S6028011110860S8027010410410CrMo9104045060028011310190786860524538342940S6027011360S8026011214MoV6340460610320117115113100877766564840S60310110108106X20CrMoV121806908404901891731561401241119885746454463915NiCuMoNb560610760440926946 注：本表的许用应力值是按DIN17175-79的强度特性和本规定的安全系数确定的。 附表 1.5 联邦德国钢材的弹性模量数据表(kN/mm2) 钢 号20100200300400500600St458/21220520019218317516615Mo321321020219318517616613CrMo4421321020219318517616610CrMo91021420920219518717716714MoV63213210202193185176166X20CrMoV12121821320619818917916615NiCuMoNb5210205198190182174164附表 1.6 联邦德国钢材的平均线膨胀系数数据表(10-6) (从20至下列温度) 钢 号100200300400500600st458/12.513.113.614.014.414.715Mo312.513.113.614.014.414.713CrMo4412.513.113.614.014.414.710CrMo91012.013.013.014.014.014.014MoV6312.513.113.614.014.414.7X20CrMoV12110.811.211.611.912.112.315NiCuMoNb512.312.813.313.814.114.4附表1.7 苏联碳素钢和锰钢的额定许用应力(MPa) (根据全苏标准10803102-75) 管壁温度()232，23C，310，1215，15，1620，20182216，092102116,16152012213012713712713714416716717318618110010912111412712313314115615716818017412010611911112412213214015415616717817214010211610812212113113915115316617717115010111510612112113013915015216517617016099114104120120130138149151164175169180961111011171191291381461491631731672009310998115117127137144147162172166220871059311111212313414114515817116424081101871071061201311391431541691622507810084105104118129137142153168161260811021011151271351401501671592807598961091211311351451661543006894911041171271301411641503208699112123124136162142340819410711911913015913435078911041171171281571303607588101115124126380708395110118118400667890105111111410647584951001054206172778588100430587070747687440566565666873450535858616264460515151 注：1.对中间的温度值，许用应力用线性插值法确定。 2.表中所列举的应力数据，其荷载只考虑内压。 附表1.8 苏联低合金和高合金钢的额定许用应力(MPa) (根据全苏标准OCT10803102-75) 管壁温度()12，1215，12X2121122151112112121812，121810，14X2，1692091419B2，16142,1616220144150169164188196144144250142149163157182122300138144156150176117350134137149144168114400129130142137159109420126128139134155108440124126136131151106450122124135130149105460120122133128147104480118120130125142103500931031111041171025107683999210510152065688883941015305355797684100540447268761005503465627010510011356026585663959911257020*5251568595110580464551768810759040*40*46*677910460036*36*42*5972101 注：1.对于中间的温度值，许用应力用线性插值法确定。 2.带*的值只适用于计算寿命在50000h及以下的情况。 3.本表是按高压管道计算寿命为100000h的情况编制的。 附表1.9 苏联计算寿命为2105h的高压蒸汽管道的额定许用应力(MPa) 管壁温度()10，1020，2016，092，1021，1512，12151211511121812，121812，169240059759341060688142056627043050566144044495345037*424612212413514946032*35*40*12012213314747027*29*34*113118127136480100111118127490889810411650075839410651059708494520485775845303943677554034616755025*55629056049568957043508558038*45*7959034*41*7160030*37*656105862052*63048*64044*65041* 注： 1.带*的数值只在校核计算时采用。 2.本表是按OCT10803102-75标准第三次修订意见编制的。 附表1.10 苏联碳素钢管和低合金钢管的弹性模量(kN/mm2) 钢 号2010020030040050060008203207182153141151981831671542019818317516715825198196191185164302001961911853520619718617516740209206196452001911901715019621119660224208189174202001961911841762220720520119618815C2011921851741591412212206200195189179170152041681212092062021971891791661511210204197190182173166附表1.11 苏联碳素钢管和低合金钢管的线膨胀系数(10-6/) 钢 号2010020200203002040020500206000811.6012.6013.009.689.200811.6612.321011.6012.6013.001511.9012.5013.0013.6014.202011.1012.1012.7013.4013.902512.1812.6613.0813.4713.923011.1011.9016.7013.4014.093511.1011.9013.404012.4012.6014.5013.304511.5913.3213.0913.715012.0012.4012.9013.3013.705511.0011.8012.6013.4014.006011.0011.9013.5014.601512.1013.1013.702012.1013.1013.701613.0014.0015.3016.2016.101412.0012.5013.0013.5014.001211.2012.5012.7012.9013.2013.501511.9012.6013.2013.7014.0014.3012110.8011.8012.3512.8013.2013.65151111.2011.7012.5013.0013.5013.70 注：当温度为100；当温度为200； 当温度为300；当温度为400；当温度为500。 表6 钢管的力学性能序GB5310序号钢类牌 号纵向力学性能横向力学性能抗拉强度bMpa屈服点sMpa伸长率5%冲击功AkvJ抗拉强度bMpa屈服点sMpa伸长率5%冲击功AkvJ不 小 于不 小 于1优质碳素结构钢20G41055024524354002152227220MnG415240223527325MnG4852752035274合金结构钢15MoG45060027022352027520MoG415220223527612CrMoG410560205213527715CrMoG44064023521354402252027812Cr2MoG1)45060028020351827912Cr1MoVG470640255213544025519271012Cr2MoWVTiB5407353451835271112Cr3MoVSiTiB6108054401635271210Cr9Mo1VNb58541520352713不锈耐热钢1Cr18Ni952020535141Cr19Ni11Nb52020535 1) 用12Cr2MoG钢制造的钢管，当壁厚不大于3mm，且外径不大于30mm或当壁厚大于16mm40mm时，屈服点允许降低10MPa；当壁厚大于40mm时，屈服点允许降低20MPa标准号级别UNS钢号公称化学成份bksi（MPa）sksi（MPa）5A213T21/2Cr-1/2Mo60(415)30(205)30T55Cr-1/2MoT5B5Cr-1/2Mo-11/2SiT5C5Cr-1/2Mo-TiT99Cr-1MoT1111/4Cr-1/2MoT121Cr-1/2Mo60(415)32(220)30T213Cr-1Mo60(415)30(205)30T2221/4Cr-1Mo60(415)30(205)30T919Cr-1Mo-V85(585)60(415)20T92K924601/2Cr-1/2Mo90(620)64(440)2018Cr-2Mo60(415)40(275)20A335P1C-1/2Mo5530(205)P21/2Cr-1/2Mo5530(205)P55Cr-1/2Mo60(415)30(205)P5B5Cr-1/2Mo-11/2Si60(415)30(205)P5C5Cr-1/2Mo-Ti60(415)30(205)P99Cr-1Mo60(415)30(205)P1111/4Cr-1/2Mo-Si60(415)30(205)P121Cr-1/2Mo60(415)32(220)P213Cr-1Mo60(415)30(205)P2221/4Cr-1Mo60(415)30(205)P919Cr-1Mo-V85(585)60(415)A213TP304S3040018Cr-8Ni7530TP304HS3040918Cr-8Ni7530TP304LS3040318Cr-8Ni7025TP304NS3045118Cr-8Ni-N8035TP309HS3090923Cr-12Ni7530TP310HS3100923Cr-12Ni7530TP316S3160016Cr-12Ni-2Mo7530TP316HS3160916Cr-12Ni-2Mo7530TP316LS3160316Cr-12Ni-2Mo7025TP316NS3165116Cr-12Ni-2Mo-N8035TP321S3210018Cr-10Ni-Ti7530TP321HS3210918Cr-10Ni-Ti7530TP347S3470018Cr-10Ni-Cb7530TP347HS3470918Cr-10Ni-Cb7530TP348S3480018Cr-10Ni-Cb7530TP348HS3480918Cr-10Ni-Cb7530附表1.12 常用美国钢材的许用应力(k.s.i)MPa 钢 号抗拉强度最小值管 壁 温 度(F)-29343371399427454482510538566593A106B碳钢管(60)413.7(15.0)103.4(14.4)99.3(13.0)89.6(10.8)74.4A335PH(60)413.7(15.0)103.4(15.0)103.4(15.0)103.4(15.0)103.4(14.4)99.3(13.1)90.3(11.0)75.8(6.6)45.5(4.1)28.2(3.0)20.7A335 P22(60)413.7(15.0)103.4(15.0)103.4(15.0)103.4(15.0)103.4(14.4)99.3(13.1)90.3(11.0)75.8(7.8)53.7(5.8)39.9(4.2)28.9附表1.13 常用美国钢材的弹性模量(kN/mm2) 钢 种工 作 温 度 ()2193149204260316371427482538593碳钢含碳量0.30%192.3191.0188.9186.1182.0177.2171.0161.3碳钢含碳量0.30%206.1203.4199.9195.1188.9184.1175.1164.1低Cr-Mo钢含1Cr至3Cr为止206.1203.4199.9197.2193.0188.9183.4177.2168.9158.6140.6附表1.14 常用美国钢材的线膨胀系数(10-6/) 钢 种工 作 温 度 ()(从21起至下列温度)93149204260316371427482538593碳钢和低1Cr至3Cr钢为止11.4811.8812.2812.6413.0113.3913.7714.1114.3514.62附表1.15 常用日本钢管材料许用应力(MPa) 种 类种别记 号合金成分(%)抗拉强度(最小值)(MPa)屈服极限(最小值)(MPa)