AP-心理学-讲义-Personality.pptx

Chapter10Personality APPsychologyMr Tusow Personality Personality Thepsychologicalqualitiesthatbringaconsistencytoanindividual sthoughtsandbehaviorsindifferentsituationsandatdifferenttimes Personalityisacontinuouslychangingprocess shapedbyourindividualneedsandcognitionsandbyexternalpressuresfromthesocialenvironment Itisthethreadthatconsistentlyrunsthroughourlives TwoMainTheories PsychodynamicTheory Freud stheorythatcallsattentiontomotivation especiallyunconsciousmotives andtheinfluenceofourpastexperiences HumanisticTheory Atheorythatemphasizesthepresent subjectivereality whatwebelieveisimportantnow whatwethinkofourselvesinrelationtoothersisimportantnow ClinicalPerspective Theclinicalperspectiveutilizesacombinationofthepsychodynamicandhumanistictheories Thisismostoftenusedbypsychologistswhoareworkingwithpeoplewhoareseekingcounseling SocialCognitiveTheory Social cognitivetheoryderivesfromexperimentsinpsychologyratherthanclinicalwork Thistheoryisbasedontheideathatpersonalityisaresultoflearning perceptionandsocialinteraction Despitewhatitseems social cognitivetheoryandclinicalperspectivecomplimenteachotherandsharesomecommonideas PsychodynamicTheories Althoughthereareavarietyofpsychodynamictheories theyoriginatewithFreud spsychoanalytictheory Inthistheory Freudsaidtheunconscious thehiddenpartsofthemind wasasourceofpowerfulimpulses instincts motives andconflictsthatenergizepersonality Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysisfocusesonhowthemind senergyisexchanged transformedandexpressed The mentalstream ofthesexdrivewascalledtheEros heGreekgodforpassionatelove Theenergybehindthisdrivewascalledlibido Latinforlust The mentalstream fordestructionwasThanatos Freudcalleditthe deathinstinct thatdrivesaggressiveanddestructiveactshumanscommitagainsteachother PersonalityStructure Freudsawhumanpersonalityasanicebergwiththreeparts theEgo SuperegoandId Inthismodel thesuperegoandtheidwereantagonistparts regulatedbytheego TheId InFreud smodel theidistheprimitive unconsciousreservoirthathousesthebasicmotives drivesandinstinctivedesiresthatdetermineourpersonalities AlwaysactsonimpulseandseeksimmediatepleasureTheonlypartofthepersonalitypresentatbirth TheSuperego Thesuperegoisthe police ofpersonalityandisresponsibleformoralsandvalueslearnedfromsociety ThesuperegodevelopsasthethechildformsaninternalsetofrulesbasedonexternalexperiencesTheinnervoiceofshouldsandshouldnotsOftenconflictswiththeidbecausetheidwantswhatfeelsgoodandthesuperegowantswhatisrightandmoreal TheEgo Regulatingtheconflictbetweentheidandthesuperegoisthejoboftheego theconscious rationalpartofthemind Theegomustfigureoutawaytosatisfyone sdesires whilenotviolatingone smoralcode Whenthisbalancebecomesupset conflictedthoughtsandbehaviorsthatsignifyamentaldisordermaybetheresult PsychosexualStages Freudbelievedthatourearlyexperiencesstayedwithusandaffectedusthroughoutourdevelopment especiallywithregardstosex Shouldsomethinghappenintheearlyyears peoplewillhaveproblemstoovercomelaterinlifespecificallydealingwithsexuality Oedipuscomplex boyinlovewiththeirmotherIdentification boyslovetheirmom identifywiththeirdadPenisenvy girlsdesiretohaveapenis attractedtomalesFixation occurswhendevelopmentisstoppedataparticularstage Freud sPsychosexualStages EgoDefense Egodefenseisthelargelyunconsciousmentalstrategytoreduceanxietyorconflict Repression theegodefensethatexcludesunacceptableorinappropriatethoughtsandfeelingsfromourawareness Acompletelistofegodefensesisonpage416 beabletoidentifywhattheseare AssessingtheUnconscious ProjectiveTestapersonalitytest suchastheRorschachorTAT thatprovidesambiguousstimulidesignedtotriggerprojectionofone sinnerdynamicsThematicApperceptionTest TAT aprojectivetestinwhichpeopleexpresstheirinnerfeelingsandintereststhroughthestoriestheymakeupaboutambiguousscenes AssessingtheUnconscious TAT AssessingtheUnconscious RorschachInkblotTestthemostwidelyusedprojectivetestasetof10inkblotsdesignedbyHermannRorschachseekstoidentifypeople sinnerfeelingsbyanalyzingtheirinterpretationsoftheblots AssessingtheUnconscious Rorschach CriticismofFreud WhileFreudisstillwildlypopularinmediaandculture ithaslostmostofitsupportinthepsychologyfield ManyFreudianconcepts libido repression arevagueThefocusisonretrospectiveexplanationOnlylooksback doesn tgivecredittothepresentorfutureNothoughtgiventowomenTheunconsciousmindisnotassmart purposefulasFreudwouldlikeustobelieve Neo Freudians Freudwasacontroversialfigure andmanyofhiscolloguesbrokeawayfromhisview butstillmaintainedapsychodynamicaspecttotheirtheoriesAlfredAdlerimportanceofchildhoodsocialtensionKarenHorneysoughttobalanceFreud smasculinebiasesCarlJungemphasizedthecollectiveunconsciousconceptofashared inheritedreservoirofmemorytracesfromourspecies history HumanisticTheories Humanistictheoriesareoptimisticaboutthecoreofhumannature Personalityisdrivenbyneedstoadaptandlearn ratherthanunconsciousconflictsordefensemechanismsandanxietyMentaldisordersoccurwhenapersonisinanunhealthysituationthatcauseslowself esteemandunmetneeds notfromunhealthyindividuals AbrahamMaslow ThemostfamoushumanisticperspectivecamefromAbrahamMaslowwhocreatedahierarchyofneeds chapter8 Hesaidweneededsomethingthatdescribedgoodmentalhealthasmorethanjusttheabsenceofillness Maslowsawagroupofpeopleinpursuitof higherideals andwantedawaytoexplaintheirbehavior Self actualizingpersonalities healthyindividualswhohavemettheirbasicneedsandarefreetobecreativeandfulfilltheirpotentialities CarlRogers AnotherfamoushumanistswasCarlRogerswhotookadifferentapproach Heidentifiedhealthypersonalitiesasthefullyfunctioningperson Anindividualwhohasaself conceptthatispositiveandcongruentwithreality CriticismofHumanisticTheories Peoplecriticizehumanisticconceptsasbeingfuzzy whatisselfactualization Foralongtime self esteemwasthoughttocausepeopletoactthewaytheydo Morerecently psychologistshavearguedthatself esteemisn tthecauseofbehavior butratheraby productofbehavior Social cognitiveTheories Wherearetheclinicalviewslackscientificbacking thesocial cognitivetheoriesaresolidlyfoundedinscientifictradition withemphasisputonresearch Themostwellknownofthesetheoriesisobservationallearning supportedbyAlbertBandura Bandurasaidwearenotonlydrivenbyinnerforcesandtheenvironment butalsoexpectationsabouthowthoseactionswillaffectotherpeople theenvironmentandourselves ObservationalLearning Inobservationallearning welearnnewresponsesbywatchingeachothers behavior Personality thus islearnedbehaviorpatternsThesecognitiveprocessinvolveanongoingrelationshipbetweentheindividualandtheenvironmentcalledreciprocaldeterminism Social CognitivePerspective LocusofControloursenseofcontrollingourenvironmentsratherthanfeelinghelplessExternalLocusofControltheperceptionthatchanceoroutsideforcesbeyondone spersonalcontroldetermineone sfate Social CognitivePerspective InternalLocusofControltheperceptionthatonecontrolsone sownfateLearnedHelplessnessthehopelessnessandpassiveresignationananimalorhumanlearnswhenunabletoavoidrepeatedaversiveevents Social CognitivePerspective LearnedHelplessness PersonalityandTemperament Temperamentistheinheritedpersonalitydispositionsthatareapparentinearlychildhoodandthatestablish tempo and mood intheindividual sbehaviors Biologicaldispositionsaffectourbasicpersonalities TraitsandPersonality TraitsarestablepersonalitycharacteristicsthatarepresumedtoexistwithintheindividualandtoguidehisorherthoughtsandactionsundervariousconditionsTheFive FactorTheory Aperspectivesuggestingthatpersonalityiscomposedo