2013版考研英语长难句突破讲义.doc

2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文 答疑QQ：5767282972013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义主讲人：何凯文 北京外国语大学l 适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当英语者。l 课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为翻译和英文写作夯实基础。第一部分 方法论讲解 n 英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？l n 英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍句子可以是这样的：There is something by reason of which man is man.n 英语句子的分类： 句和 句 简单句的定义： 简单句的障碍来源简单句没有障碍的情况:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. William ，do you take Jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ? 简单句的障碍来源： 1. 2. 3. 4. 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法n 定语: 作用和识别：u 前置定语u 后置定语： a student unaware of my presence Otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou a picture painted by Picasso n. + a way to solve this problem an apple on the table a cat alive something important 处理：定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）定语从句的作用： 今生：.I have three books of which the red is my favorite.前世： 关系代词：定语从句的连接词： 关系连词： 介词+关系代词：定语从句的处理方法： Eg1.A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river.Eg2. Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.Eg3. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.Eg 4. The sun rises that looks beautiful.练习：请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子：The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired.The educated is not least among them.The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, The ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, n 同位语作用：识别：处理：Eg1. The Court supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principleEg2.Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge.A of B为同位语的条件：上下义词的作用：同位语从句：(不属于简单句的范畴)结构识别：名词+that+句子例子：I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.I have a dream today! From I Have a Dream Martin Luther King n 插入语： 作用：识别：处理： 万能插入语： Rather than:n 状语： 作用：例句：She is admittedly reliable.It is painfully apparent that she is a liar.He is obviously intelligent.The tomato is technically a fruit.Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 识别： 处理：例1：Using techniques developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor. (From TOEFL authentic test) 例2：A few art collectors-James Bowden of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia-introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. (From TOEFL authentic test) 对一种隔离结构的强调1.They maintain with a certain fidelity the principle of this school.2. He elected as his primary duty and happiness in his life the thinking activity about the moral problem. 非简单句的障碍来源非简单句的构成： 非简单句的障碍解决方案n 关联词和主句专一原则关联词分类：1. 关系代词：,2. 关系连词： 3. 标点符号： 4. 并列连词：主句专一原则:1. 一个句子只能有一个主句，主句中没有关联词。2. 一个句子中有n个分句，则只有n-1个关联词。例证： 句子之间的关联方式u1.并列l并列联词的用法1.2.3.4.例1He drank beer, and it made him fat. 例2. It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer and to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms. 并列连词的用法1.连接两个句子（句间的并列）2.连接两个句中成分可以是从句也可以是短语等（句中并列），从连词后往前寻找并列成分。3.并列连词表示并列的终结4.并列常常引起省略（可以是省略并列成分也可以省略连词如and等）例1 He drank beer, and it made him fat. 句间的并列 例2. It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer and to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms. （句中并列）解析：并列成分为to read and to find例3. A and B , C and D.解析：并列连词表示并列的终结就意味着：A and B 是一个并列成分和C 以及D构成并列；例4. TO see the world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour.一沙一世界 ， 一花一天国君掌盛无边， 刹那含永劫。例5. The love song of the sixth Dalai LamaTshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (1683- 1707 or 1746 ), was the Sixth Dalai Lama of Tibet, he was also a well-acclaimed poet.That day,I closed my eyes in the incense fog of the Buddhas Hall, suddenly heard the mantra from your voice;That month,I turned all the prayer wheels,not for my salvation, but for the touch of your fingertips;That year, I prostrated myself along the mountain paths,not for my pilgrimage, but for the warmth of being close to you;That life,I turned around mountains and rivers，I turned around all the Pagodas, not for earning my afterlife,but to meet with you in the way.那一天，闭目在经殿香雾中，蓦然听见你颂经中的真言。 那一月，我摇动所有的转经筒，不为超度，只为触摸你的指尖。 那一年，磕长头匍匐在山路，不为觐见，只为贴着你的温暖。 那一世，转山转水转佛塔啊，不为修来生，只为途中与你相见u2.主从复合（嵌套） 主从复合句的分类：三大从句：名词性从句： 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句： 状语从句常见的关联词：名词性从句：关系代词：what，who，whom，which, 关系连词：that, when, where, how, 形容词性从句：见定语从句副词性从句： 层次化句子阅读法:1. 层次化结构的表示形式例1：However, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.例2：It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurred through all the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.例3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. 3.完整信息链法 缘起： 主谓隔离： 谓宾隔离： 解决之道： 例1. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.例2. Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier.例3. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly.非谓语动词和独立主格： 例：President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.非正常语序之倒装句： 倒装句的分析方法倒装句的定义：倒装句的分类:倒装句的处理流程: 部分倒装：n 1. 部分倒装的定义： 2. 部分倒装的识别和还原： 完全倒装： 1.完全倒装定义： 2.完全倒装的存在环境:u 能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份 常见的系动词 Be, come, go, run, walk ,lie, crouch ,stand, descend ,ascend, become, u 3 .完全倒装的判断流程 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 例1：Herein lay the beginning of turn from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3：Young people in Canada ,today, married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth.例5：Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 例6Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities” for stress.例7：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.例8：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 例10：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.例11: All would be well ，were reason the only judge in the creationism and evolution debate. Snowflakes - by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow8Out of the bosom of the Air,Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken, Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fields forsaken,Silent, and soft, and slowDescends the snow.Even as our cloudy fancies takeSuddenly shape in some divine expression,Even as the troubled heart doth make in the white countenance confession,The troubled sky reveals the grief it feels.This is the poem of the air,Slowly in silent syllables recorded;this is the secret of despair,Long in its cloudy bosom hoarded,now whispered and revealedto wood and field. 强调句的分析方法n 1.强调句的构成n 2.强调句的处理方法例1：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a