2007上试卷B参考答案及评分标准.doc

2007年 上学期2004级土木工程专业英语课程期末考试（B卷参考答案及评分标准）学院土木工程与力学学院 专业 土木工程 班级 学号 姓名 考试时间 120 分钟 考试方式 闭卷 考试成绩 一、 请分别用四种不同句型将下述四个汉语句子翻译成英语 (20分)评分标准：每小题5分（译文大意正确且关键词正确得3分， 只有个别地方译文表述问题得满分，介于二者之间得4分）1、广义地说，建筑物的艺术包含将环境和直接自然力控制在自己的需求之内的一切人类的努力。这门艺术除了建筑物本身外，还包含象水坝、运河、遂道、沟渠和桥梁等一切土木工程结构。In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs. This art includes, in addition to buildings, all the civil engineering structures such as dams, canals, tunnels, aqueducts(沟渠), and bridges.2、结构工程. 在这个专业中，土木工程师计划和设计各种各样的结构，包括桥，水坝，发电厂，设备的支柱，海岸工程的特殊结构，美国空间项目，发射塔，巨大的天文射电望远镜，和许多种其它的工程项目。Structural engineering. In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. 3、材料与建筑结构相结合构成一个建筑物的各种构件，包括承载框架，表面，地面和隔墙等Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. 4、建筑物的结构是其功能、环境及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function, its environment, and various socioeconomic factors. 二、 将下述句子翻译成中文(40分)评分标准：每小题4分（译文大意正确且关键词正确， 只有个别地方译文表述问题得4分，译文大意基本正确得3分，译文基本不正确得1分）1、 The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century： steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. 译：摩天楼的存在归功于19世纪的两大发展：钢骨架结构和乘客电梯。2、 They coodinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work.译：事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动。3、 Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods.译：许多从事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。4、 From the time of the cave dwellers to the present, one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements.译：从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有一个躲避风雨的地方。5、 After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall buildings being built of reinforced concrete.译：战后，由于钢材的短缺和混凝土质量的改善，高层建筑物用钢筯混凝土建筑。6、 Architecture calls for good proportionsa pleasing relationship of voids to solids, of height to width, of length to breadth.译：建筑要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。7、 Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required.译：因为所需墙体的厚度很大，承重墙结构限制了建筑物的高度。8、 It is this organic matter that causes a depletion (损耗)of oxygen in rivers and lakes, with consequent anaerobic (缺氧性的,厌氧性的) conditions leading to fish kills and noxious odors.译：因为这种有机物耗尽河水和湖水中的氧,造成厌氧状态,导致水中鱼类死亡和产生有害的臭气.9、 All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction; that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it.译：所有地表以下的土都处于受压状态，说得更精确些，这些土承受与作用在其上的土柱重量相等的压力。10、 Where wastewater discharges into rivers from which drinking water is taken downstream(下游), special attention is given not only to the removal of organic matter from the wastes but also to the disinfection processes that inactivate microorganisms(微生物). 译：从废水排入江河处的下游取用饮水时,不仅要特别注意从废水中清除有机物,而且要注意进行纯化微生物的消毒处理.三、 翻译下述词组(10分)评分标准：每小题1分（答对得满分，答错不得分）1、 all of mans efforts：尽人类的一切努力2、 A and B are combined to make up C：A与B相结合构成C3、 高层建筑：high-rise building4、 spandrel beam：(窗下墙的)墙托梁5、 圈墙：enclosing walls6、 dates from：源于7、 the first elevators： 第一套电梯组8、 Load-Carrying Frame:承载框架9、 By-product:副产品10、 As a consequence of skeleton construction：作为骨架结构的结果四、 翻译下述短文(30分) 评分标准：第（4）、（7）小题各5分，其它每小题4分；（译文大意正确且关键词正确， 只有个别地方译文表述问题得满分，译文大意基本正确得50%的分，译文基本不正确得20%的分，译文完全不对不得分）（1）The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.参考译文：上部结构是指建筑物的地面以上的部分，下部结构和基础是建筑物地面以下的部分。（2）The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-shin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.参考译文：早期的高层建筑物是以钢框架结构开始发展起来的。其后钢筯混凝土和薄壳筒体体系结构一直是颇具经济性和竞争力地用到了大量的商用建筑和住宅建筑之中。遍及美国的从五十层楼到110层楼的高层建筑的建设就是这种新体系结构的革新和发展的结果。（3）There do remain, however, cases of large metro-politan(大城市) areas that have not complete their clean-up campaigns(战役), and in many other regions discharges of untreated mixtures of sanitary (公共厕 所) wastes and stormwaters occur during heavy rains. These discharges emanate from large conduits that carry both sanitary and storm wastes. 参考译文：但的确还有一些大城市案例，还并没有完成其清洁战役，在许多其它地区，公共厕所污水和大雨季节的涌水混和在一起，并没有进行处理，就排放。这些排放的废水源于大管道既运送公共厕所污水，也排放雨季涌水。（4）In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.参考译文：例如，钢结构造价的节约措施可以根据建筑物平均每平方英尺地板面积所用的钢材量来制定。图1中的曲线A表示随着层数增加时平均每个惯用的框架的重量。曲线B代表在框架不受侧部负荷时的平均每个框架用钢材的重量。上下边界之间的间距表示对于传统的柱梁框架而言，由于增加高度而需要额外增加的钢材用量，结构工程师们已经提出了着眼于减少这个额外费用的结构体系。（5）Marina Towers (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States; its height588 feet (179 meters)is exceeded by the 650-foot (198-meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers.参考译文：芝加哥的Marina塔（1962年）是美国当时最高的混凝土建筑物，它高588英呎（179米）；后来被伦墩的650英呎高的邮电塔和其它的高塔所超过。（6）Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.参考译文：钢性带式桁架框架：为了把框架结构的外柱与内部垂直桁架连在一起，可以在（高层）建筑的中间和顶部设置钢性带式桁架系统。一个优良的范例是位于Milwau-kee市的建于1974年的Wisconsin州立银行大楼。（7）Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, f