英语非谓语动词讲解及练习非谓语动词是指分词.doc

英语非谓语动词讲解及练习非谓语动词是指分词清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供英语非谓语动词讲解及练习一非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式，（一） 1. 不定式 主动 被动一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 2. 动名词的语态和时式一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 3. 分词的语态和时式现在分词 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done过去分词 / done （二）在英语里，两个动词如果同时出现，之间必须有连词连接，否则，其中一个就必须使用我们刚才所讲的非谓语动词形式，而连词就是他们之间得以并存的“关系”。（三）、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not,never.即not/nevertodo,not/neverdoing（ 四）、非谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构：for/ofsb.todosth.动词ing形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing(-ing形式作主语时，用的所有格doing)（五）、非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用done;之后常用todo;同时常用doing。 二现在分词是分词。（一）分词可以作定语，状语，补语和表语，但不能做主语和宾语。1现在分词(ing)和过去分词(ed)区别：现在分词，表示要么是主动，要么动作没有结束还在进行；现在分词用法也是这样，即两都含有，也可能只有一种意义。伴随状语一般是现在分词做的多，表示伴随、同时进行，一个动作出来，另一个动作跟着出来，就用ing形式。2过去分词，表示是被动或动作已经结束。过去分词可能即表示被动也表示动作已经完成，两种都包括，也可能只含其一。4不定式表将来或目的5分词可以做各类状语，如时间状语、原因状语、方式状语、地点状语、条件状语，表示目的状语只能用不定式(to do)。三动名词的结构和现在分词的结构相同，都是ing形式，动名词具有名词的性质，是由动词变过来的名词。动名词的作用：在句子中可以做主语也可以做宾语。简单地说，英语语法中的动名词有以下特点：它在句子里起名词作用，可以有主语、宾语、表语等一般名词的句法功能。四1此外,在doing和done短语作状语的句子中,如果动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致,可以省略,否则不能省略。Seen from the top , the city looks beautiful.Reading the book, John laughed.2.分词固定短语：（有时表示说话人态度的分词结构已成为固定短语，不遵循其逻辑主语和句子主语一致的原则）。 eg.)1.Judging from her accent, she must be an American3.但独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不是同一个人或事。 独立主格结构名词普通格或代词主格+其它成分（形，副，介短，分词和不定式）（它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系） 独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。主要用于书面语,表示描述. eg.) 1.今天是星期天，你不必去上学。 A) 用原因从句表达： Because it is Sunday, you neednt go to school. B) 用分词独立结构表达： It being Sunday, you neednt go to school. 但不能写成：Being Sunday, you neednt go to school. (因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。) 2.官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。 A) 用分词独立结构表达： All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. B) 用时间状语从句表达： After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 3. 天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。 A) 用分词独立结构表达： Weather permitting ,well go to the Summer Palace. B) 用条件状语从句表达： If weather permits , well go to the Summer Palace. 4.所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。 All the work done, you can have a rest. =All the work is done and you can have a rest. 5.他看着这情景，张大着嘴。 He watched the scene, his mouth ( being ) wide open. 6. 会议结束后,他们都回家了。 The meeting (being) over, they all went home. (逻辑谓语是adj./adv 时,前面省略being) 有时,独立主格结构可以由with引出: eg.) The child trembled, with hands red with cold. The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green. 树叶都绿了，使得公园很漂亮。 The road is beautiful, with trees and flowers growing well here and there. 有时, 这种结构中的冠词或物主代词可省去,称为泛指结构,反之,称为特指结构. Eg.)He came out, umbrella in hand. =He came out, with an umbrella in his hand. The guards stood at attention, guns on shoulders. = The guards stood at attention, with guns on their shoulders. 五1.三种非谓语动词的构成、形式和语法功能及用法对比。2非谓语动词的完成式、被动式的用法和特点。3非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式。His being late made me unhappy.Not having received his letter , I wrote again.4不定式与动名词，动名词与现在分词，现在分词与过去分词，分词作壮语与独立结构等用法对比。5不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别是这一语法项目考查的热点。6过去分词作定语，不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。7不定式标志to和介词to的用法判断等。8带to与不带to的不定式的用法及区别。 在实际运用中,非谓语动词有一些比较细的规则和特殊用法.如果运用以下口诀,联想学习中的一些,答案时思路就会清晰的多。(一)、看句中作何用,形式时态慎选择 例: European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most famous popular sport in the world .(NMET98)A. making B. has made C.made D. to make 此题答案为A.making 是现在分词,在句中作壮语,与主语European football 是主动关系, D 项是不定式的主动形式,可作目的壮语,但目的壮语前不用句号,B、C项均属语法错误.(二)、看动词作搭配,约定俗成是规则 例: (1) While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need (上海96) A to persuade B persuading C being persuaded D be persuaded cant help 是 “抑制不住,情不自禁”的意思,其后要接 doing 或 being done 的形式,属固定搭配,故排除 A 、D两项,从句意来看,是人们“被说服”,故答案为C。 (2) I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office, she just refuses _ talking while she works.(北京2006) A working stopping B to work stopping C working to stop D to work to stop cant stand 后接 Ving 形式,表示难以忍受,refuse后用to do,表示拒绝做某事。故答案为C。(三)、看句型与句意,特殊用法要记牢 例: 1 How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden ? (MET93) A to take B take C taking D to be taking how / what about doing (n/pron) 是固定句型,答案是C ,该句中的the two of us 是动名词taking 的逻辑主语,the two of us taking 一起构成动名词的复合结构,在句中作介词about 的宾语.2 The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it . (NMET2002全国卷) A begins B having begun C beginning D begun解析: 非谓语动词的用法,new events 与add“增加”该句中的once begun 是once it is begun 的省略句,意为一旦开始,所以答案为D.3 -How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers ? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers?(NMET 2002 北京卷)A to solving, making B to solving, made C to solve, making D to solve, made 该题中的the key to sth. /doing sth.意为“的关键, 的答案”, to 为介词,其后要跟名词和动名词,第二空有短语by the customers,很明显要选过去分词made,所以正确答案为B, 该句的意思是“解决这个难题的关键是满足顾客所提出的要求。”【高考真题点击】（下划线项为正确项）1Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.(MET91) A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 点击感官动词see, watch, , notice, observe, listen to, hear, look at和使役动词let, make, have等后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,如变为被动句，不定式前要加to。feel ,help2.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact, it is very comfortable to_.(MET88) A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on 点击sit on与chair有逻辑关系上的动宾关系，sit是不及物动词，故需要加介词on.注意：heavy, pleasant, comfortable等一些作表语的形容词后用不定式的主动式表被动。3. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. _Well. now I regret _ that.(NMET95) A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done点击remember, forget和regret三词后跟动名词，表示一个过去、完成的动作；后给不定式表示一个将来是动作。4. Mother _ us stories when we were young.(MET88) A was used to tell B is used to telling C used to tell D used to telling 点击 由when we were young 这一信息句判断，应用used to 表示过去常常。A 项意为“被用来去做，B项意为现在习惯于做。D项有语法错误。5We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet .(NMET95) A having met B meeting C to meet D to have met 点击 由 pretend , agree , want , wish , hope , expect , decide , promise , manage, refuse 等动词后接不定式作宾语。如是不定式，应将not 放在to不定式之前。6. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16 th century .(NMET94) A having written B to be written C being written D written 点击 此题是考查过去分词作定语的用法。过去分词作定语表示一个已经被完成的动作。7. Tom kept silent about the accident _ lose his job .(MET90) A so not as to B so as not to C so as to not D not so as to 点击 so as to 相当于 in order to ，否定词 not 应放在不定式 to 之前。但 so as to 不可置于句首引导目的壮语。8. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path .(MET90) A to have rested B resting C to rest D rest 点击 stop to do sth. 相当于stop and do sth.意为“停下所做的事去做另一件事”。stop doing sth.意为“停止做某事”。9 Last summer I tool a course on _ .(MET90) A how to make dress B how dress be made C how to be made dress D how dress to be made 点击 how /what 加不定式结构，可作介词宾语，相当于一个宾语从句。why 不可与to do连用.10. On Saturday afternoon , Mr Green went to the market,_ some bananas and visited his cousin.(MET91) A bought B buying C to buy D buy 点击 从题干中的 and visited 可知，这是三个一连串的动作在句中做并列谓语。11 I would appreciate _ back this afternoon .(MET92) A you to call B you call C your calling D youre calling 点击 在 finish, mind, enjoy, practise, suggest, consider, imagine, appreciate 等动词后用动名词（或其复合结构 ）作宾语。12_ a reply , he decided to write again .(MET92) A Not receiving B Receiving not C Not having received D Having not received点击 根据句意可知，分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，因此用现在分词的完成时。否定式 not应放在分词之前.13. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off. (NMET92) A to have stolen B to be stealing C to steal D stealing 点击 此题考查了catch sb.doing （发现某人做某事）这一结构。girl与 catch之间是被动关系，因此用 catch的过去分词作后置定语，相当于a girl who was caught stealing 。另请注意 get/send /keep sb. Doing sth.的用法。14. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (MET92) A to be taken B to take C being taken D taking 点击 should love to =would like to 且take 与 Jim 之间是动宾关系。15. - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change ?(MET92) A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try going 点击 由题干中的for a change 可知，Why not do ？表示一种建议，而 try to do是“尽力设法做某事”， try doing 是“试着做”。16. _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old .(MET92) A The walk B Walking C To walk D Walk 点击 动名词作主语通常表示泛指、经常、习惯性动作。而不定式作主语则表示一次、具体的将来动作。由题干中的a good form of exercise 可知，这个动作是泛指的经常性的。17.“Cant you read ? ”Mary said _ to the notice .(MET93) A angrily pointing B and point angrily C angrily pointed D and angrily pointing 点击 现在分词在句中作伴随壮语，angrily 修饰said 。18The computer centre ,_ last year ,is very popular among the students in this school .(MET93) A open B opening C having opened D opened 点击 opened是过去分词作非限制性定语，与先行词 the computer centre 之间是被动关系，相当于which was opened last year .19Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer . (MET93) A to invent B inventing C to have invented D having invendted 点击 此句属于 consider sb.to do sth.结构，且 invent 的动作发生在 consider 动作之前，因此用不定式的完成式。此句可理解为consider Charles Babbage to have invented the first computer 原题是该句的被动语态。20How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden ?(MWT93) A to take B take C taking D to be taking 点击 what /how about +doing sth.是固定结构，而the two of us 是动名词的逻辑主语，它们合起来构成动名词的复合结构。21_ down the radiothe babys asleep in the next room . (MWT93) A Turning B To turn C Turned D Turn 点击 这是一个祈使句，意思是：“请把收音机的音量调小一些”题干中的破折号相当于一个连接词for ，说明音量调小的原因。22Rather than _ on a crowded bus ,he always prefers _ a bicycle.(NMET94) A ride ;ride B riding ; ride C ride ; to ride D to ride ; riding 点击 只要掌握prefer to do A rather than do B 或 prefer doing A to doing B 句型很容易选出 C 项。23- I must apologize for _ ahead of time . - Thats all right . (MET94) A letting you not know B not letting you know C letting you know not D letting not you know . 点击 letting 是动名词作介词for的宾语，否定词 not 应置于动名词之前。24The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him_.(NMET95) A not to B not to do C not do it D do not do 点击 如果不定式的内容与前面内容重复时，一般采用省略形式，即将to 后面的动词及宾语省略掉。25_ in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him .(NMET96) A Losing B Having lost C Lost D To lose 点击 lose in thought 意为“陷入沉思”， A、B、D 项与主语是主动关系，故排除。26 Robert is said _ abroad ,but I dont know what country he studied in .(NMET99) A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying 点击 因句中不定式to study 的动作发生在主句动作is said ( 据说)之前，所以应用不定式的完成时。27The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. (NMET2000春) A having hung B hanging C hangs D being hung 点击 hanging=which hangs,现在分词作后置定语。28The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. (NMET2000夏) A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out (NMET2000春)点击 carried out 在定语从句中作宾语补足语，表被动。如将这个定语从句补充完整，即是They would like to see the plan carried out the next year.29.Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music.(2004-3)A .making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D .to make herself heard (点击)考察不定式做目的壮语。从题意可知。这里大叫的目的是为了能让别人听到自己的讲话，所以答案为。六（1）.这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，既名词或主格代词 分词。All things _， the planned trip will have to be called offA consideredB be consideredC consideringD having considered句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。（2）判断动名词复合结构的方式主语位置上，或动词、介词后的“名词代词 非谓语动词”，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是“名词 定语”。请看以下各例：He insisted on the windows _ open while he was sleepingA leftB being leftC leaving D be leftinsist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求“开着窗子睡觉”，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。The road _ caused us to be late for our work for half an hourA blocked B was blockedC blocking D being blocked做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是“交通堵塞”，而不是“被堵的道路”，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。Mother was surprised at the news of his son _ to collegeA had been admitted B admittedC having been admittedD having admitted消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是“被录取的孩子”，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。（3）注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词；如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词；如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌握其更细的规则。如：做定语时：做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。主要考查分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。The project _ by the end of 2000， will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1，000，000 usersA accomplishedB being accomplishedC to be accomplishedD having been accomplished（4）熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与to加动名词其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式，只要平时注意积累即可。I have no objection _ your story againA to hear B to hearingC to having heard D to have heard从出题人的心理来看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的对比项，一般答案是to doing something。 with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找不着。with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不着。with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。（8）注意want/need/require表示“需要”时的特殊句式want/need/require表“需要”时，后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。【典型例题】60 He glanced over at her， _ that though she was tiny， she seemed very well put together （05广东卷）A noting B noted C to note D having noted答案：A61 He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left （05广东卷）A to find B finding C found D to have found答案：A62 The repairs cost a lot， but its money well （05湖北卷）A to spend B spent C being spent D spending答案：B63 _from other continents for millions of years， Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world （05湖北卷）A Being separated B Having separatedC Having been separated D To be separated答案：C64 _ in a white uniform， he looks more like a cook than a doctor （05湖南卷）A Dressed B To dress C Dressing D Having dressed答案：A65 I send you 100 dollars today， the rest _ in a year （05湖南卷）A follows B followed C to follow D being followed答案：C66 Is Bob still performing?Im afraid not He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official （05江苏卷）A to have left B to leave C to have been left D to be left答案：A67 _ in the mountains for a week， the two students were finally saved by the local police （05江苏卷）A Having lost B Lost C Being lost D Losing答案：B68 _ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease， the patient sought her doctors help to end her life（05江西卷）A Having given up hope of cure B With no hope for cureC There being hope for cure D In the hope of cure答案：B69 I think youll grow _ him when you know him better（05江西卷）A liking B to be like C to like D to be liking答案：C70 The manager， _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us， left the meeting room （05江西卷）A who has made B having made C made D making答案：D71 While watching television， _ （05全国卷3）A the doorbell rang B the doorbell ringsC we heard the doorbell ring D we heard the doorbell rings72 “You cant catch me！” Janet shouted， _ away （05全国卷3）A run B running C to run D ran答案：B73 The storm left， _ a lot of damage to this area （05全国卷1）A caused B to have causedC to cause D having caused答案：D74 He got wellprepared for the job interview， for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity （05上海卷）A to lose B losing C to be lost D being lost答案：B75 _ into use in April 2000， the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns （05上海卷）A Put B PuttingC Having put D Being put答案：A76 It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars （05上海卷）A had B having C to have D have答案：C77 More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays， _ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits （05上海卷）A taking B takenC having taken D having been taken答案：A78 _ more about university courses， call（920）7463789 （05浙江卷）A To find out B Finding outC Find out D Having found out答案：A79 Daddy didnt mind what we were doing， as long as we were together， _fun （05重庆卷）A had B have C to have D having答案：D80 You should understand the traffic rule by now Youve had it_ often enough （05天津卷）A explaining B to explain C explain D explained答案：D81 I dont want _like I m speaking ill of anybody， but the managers plan is unfair （05天津卷）A to sound B to be soundedC sounding D to have sounded答案：A82 I really cant understand _ her like that （05安徽卷）A you treat B you to treat C why treat D you treating答案：D83 All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas（05辽宁卷）A in order to have received B in order to recei